Transformations of visuospatial images

Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 96-118

  Zacks, Jeffrey M ^a   Michelon, Pascale ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Imagery; Mental rotation; Visuospatial

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; BODY MOVEMENT; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; DEPTH PERCEPTION; HUMAN; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; OCCIPITAL CORTEX; PARIETAL LOBE; PROBLEM SOLVING; REVIEW; TASK PERFORMANCE;

CEREBRAL CORTEX; HUMANS; MENTAL PROCESSES; PROBLEM SOLVING; SPACE PERCEPTION; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 27544513015     PISSN: 15345823     EISSN: 15524159     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1534582305281085     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Aguirre, G. K., & D'Esposito, M. (1999), Topographical disorientation: A synthesis and taxonomy. Brain, 122, 1613-1628.
2. Amorim, M.-A., & Stucchi, N. (1997). Viewer- and object-centered mental explorations of an imagined environment are not equivalent. Cognitive Brain Research, 5, 229-239.
3. Aubrey, J. B., & Dobbs, A. R. (1990). Age and sex differences in the mental realignment of maps. Experimental Aging Research, 16, 133-139.
4. Avraamides, M. N., Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., & Golledge, R. G. (2004). Use of cognitive versus perceptual heading during imagined locomotion depends on the response mode. Psycological Science, 15, 403-408.
5. Awh, E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Buxton, R. B., Frank, L. R., Love, T., et al. (1999). Rehearsal in spatial working memory: Evidence from neuroimaging. Psychological Science, 10, 433-437.
6. Briggs, S. D., Raz, N., & Marks, W. (1999). Age-related deficits in generation and manipulation of mental images: The role of sensorimotor speed and working memory. Psychology & Aging, 14, 427-435.
7. Briggs, S. D., Raz, N., & Marks, W. (2001). Age-related deficits in generation and manipulation of mental images: I. The role of sensorimotor speed and working memory [Correction to Briggs et al.]. (1999). Psychology & Aging, 16, 449.
8. Brockmole, J. R., & Wang, R. F. (2003). Changing perspective within and across environments. Cognition, 87, B59-B67.
9. Buckner, R. L., & Braver, T. S. (1999). Event related functional MRI. In P. Bandettini, & C. Moonen (Eds.), Functional MRI (pp. 441-450). Germany: Springer-Verlag.
10. Bundesen, C., & Larsen, A. (1975). Visual transformation of size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 1, 214-220.
11. Butters, N., Barton, M., & Brody, B. A. (1970). Role of the right parietal lobe in the mediation of cross-modal associations and reversible operations. Cortex, 6, 174-190.
12. Carpenter, M., & Proffitt, D. R. (2001). Comparing viewer and array mental rotations in different planes. Memory and Cognition, 29, 441-448.
13. Colby, C. L. (1998). Action-oriented spatial reference frames in cortex. Neuron, 20, 15-24.
14. Cook, R. G., & Katz, J. S. (1999). Dynamic object perception by pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 25, 194-210.
15. Cooper, L. A., & Shepard, R. N. (1973). The time required to prepare for a rotated stimulus. Memory & Cognition, 1, 246-250.
16. Cooper, L. A., & Shepard, R. N. (1975). Mental transformations in identification of left and right hands. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 104, 48-56.
17. Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (1998). Human cortical mechanisms of visual attention during orienting and search. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 353, 1353-1362.
18. Creem, S. H., Downs, T. H., Wraga, M., Proffitt, D. R., & Downs, J. H., III. (2001). An fMRI study of imagined self-rotation. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 1, 239-249.
19. Creem, S. H., Wraga, M., & Proffitt, D. R. (2001). Imagining physically impossible self-rotations: Geometry is more important than gravity. Cognition, 81, 41-64.
20. Creem-Regehr, S. H. (2003). Updating space during imagined self- and array translations. Memory & Cognition, 31, 941-92.
21. Culham, J. C., Brandt, S. A., Cavanagh, P., Kanwisher, N. G., Dale, A. M., & Tootell, R. B. (1998). Cortical fMRI activation produced by attentive tracking of moving targets. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80, 2657-2670.
22. De Renzi, E. (1982). Disorders of space exploration find cognition. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons.
23. Decety, J. (1996). Neural representations for action. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 7, 285-297.
24. Decety, J. (2002). Neurophysiological evidence for simulation of action. In J. Dokic, & J. Proust (Eds.), Simulation and knowledge of action (pp. 53-72). Lyon, France: John Benjamins.
25. Deiber, M. P., Ibanez, V., Honda, M., Sadato, N., Raman, R., & Hallett, M. (1998). Cerebral processes related to visuomotor imagery and generation of simple finger movements studied with positron emission tomography. NeuroImage, 7, 73-85.
26. Denis, M., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1999). Scanning visual mental images: A window on the mind. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 18, 409-465.
27. Dror, I. E., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1994). Mental imagery and aging. Psychology and Aging, 9, 90-102.
28. Dum, R. P., & Strick, P. L. (2002). Motor areas in the frontal lobe of the primate. Physiology and Behavior, 77, 677-682.
29. Ekstrom, A. D., Kahana, M. J., Caplan, J. B., Fields, T. A., Isham, E. A., Newman, E. L., et al. (2003). Cellular networks underlying human spatial navigation. Nature, 425, 184-187.
30. Farah, M. J. (1989). The neuropsychology of mental imagery. In F. Boller, & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of Neuropsychology (pp. 395-413). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
31. Farrell, M. J. (1996). Topographical disorientation. Neurocase, 2, 509-520.
32. Farrell, M. J., & Robertson, I. H. (1998). Mental rotation and the automatic updating of body-centered spatial relationships. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning, Memory and Cognition, 24, 227-233.
33. Féry, Y.-A., Magnac, R., & IsraÎl, I. (2004). Commanding the direction of passive whole-body rotations facilitates egocentric spatial updating. Cognition, 91, B1-B10.
34. Finke, R. A. (1985). Theories relating mental imagery to perception. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 236-259.
35. Finke, R. A., & Shepard, R. N. (1986). Visual functions of mental imagery. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.). Handbook of perception and human performance (pp. 1-55). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
36. Flavell, J. H., Everett, B. A., Croft, K., & Flavell, E. R. (1981). Young children's knowledge about visual perception: Further evidence for the Level 1-Level 2 distinction. Developmental Psychology, 17, 99-103.
37. Flicker, C., Ferris, S. H., Crook, T., Reisberg, B., & Bartus, R. T. (1988). Equivalent spatial-rotation deficits in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 387-399.
38. Franklin, N., & Tversky, B. (1990). Searching imagined environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 63-76.
39. Funt, B. V. (1983). A parallel-process model of mental rotation. Cognitive Science, 7, 67-93.
40. Gardner, H. (1985). The mind's new science: A history of the cognitive revolution. New York: Basic Books.
41. Geary, D. C. (1998). Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
42. Georgopoulos, A. P., Lurito, J. T., Petrides, M., Schwartz, A. B., & Massey, J. T. (1989). Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector. Science, 243, 234-236.
43. Graziano, M. S. A., & Gross, C. G. (1994). Mapping space with neurons. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3, 164-167.
44. Grézes, J., & Decety, J. (2001). Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, and verb generation of actions: A meta-analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 12, 1-19.
45. Hale, S., Lima, S. D., & Myerson, J. (1991). General cognitive slowing in the nonlexical domain: An experimental validation. Psychology and Aging, 6, 512-521.
46. Hale, S., Myerson, J., Faust, M., & Fristoe, N. (1995). Converging evidence for domain specific slowing from multiple nonlexical tasks and multiple analytic methods. Journal of Gerontology B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 50, P202-P211.
47. Harris, I. M., & Miniussi, C. (2003). Parietal lobe contribution to mental rotation demonstrated with rTMS. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 1-9.
48. Hegarty, M., & Kozhevnikov, M. (1999). Spatial reasoning abilities, working memory, and mechanical reasoning. In J. S. Gero & B. Tversky (Eds.), Visual and spatial reasoning in design (pp. 1-19). Sydney, Australia: Key Center of Design Computing ami Cognition.
49. Hegarty, M., & Waller, D. (2004). A dissociation between mental rotation and perspective-taking abilities. Intelligence, 32, 175-191.
50. Herman, J. F., & Coyne, A. C. (1980). Mental manipulation of spatial information in young and elderly adults. Developmental Psychology, 5, 537-538.
51. Hertzog, C., Vernon, M. C., & Rypma, B. (1993). Age differences in mental rotation task performance: The influence of speed/ accuracy tradeoffs. Journal of Gerontology, 48, P150-P156.
52. Hollard, V. D., & Delius, J. D. (1982). Rotational invariance in visual pattern recognition by pigeons and humans. Science, 218, 804-806.
53. Huttenlocher, J., & Presson, C. C. (1973). Mental rotation and the perspective problem. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 277-299.
54. Huttenlocher, J., & Presson, C. C. (1979). The coding and transformation of spatial information. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 375-394.
55. Inagaki, H., Meguro, K., Shimada, M., Ishizaki, J., Okuzumi, H., & Yamadori, A. (2002). Discrepancy between mental rotation and perspective-taking abilities in normal aging assessed by Piaget's three-mountain task. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsycology, 24, 18-25.
56. Isaac, A. R., & Marks, D. F. (1994). Individual-differences in mental-imagery experience-developmental-changes and specialization. British Journal of Psychology, 85, 479-500.
57. Jeannerod, M. (1995). Mental imagery in the motor context. Neuropsychologia, 33, 1419-1432.
58. Jeannerod, M., & Frak, V. (1999). Mental imaging of motor activity in humans. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 9, 735-739.
59. Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1985). Cognitive coordinate systems: Accounts of mental rotation and individual differences in spatial ability. Psychological Review, 92, 137-172.
60. Kail, R. (1985). Development of mental rotation: A speed-accuracy study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 40, 181-192.
61. Kail, R., Pellegrino, J., & Carter, P. (1980). Developmental changes in mental rotation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychiatry, 29, 102-116.
62. Kimura, D. (1999). Sex and cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
63. Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., Beall, A. C., Chance, S. S., & Golledge, R. G. (1998). Spatial updating of self-position and orientation during real, imagined, and virtual locomotion. Psycological Science, 9, 293-298.
64. Köhler, W. (1929). Gestalt psychology. New York: H. Liveright.
65. Kosslyn, S. M. (1980). Image and mind. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.
66. Kosslyn, S. M. (1981). The medium and the message in mental imagery: A theory, Psychological Review, 88, 46-66.
67. Kosslyn, S. M. (1994). Image and brain: the resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
68. Kosslyn, S. M., Ball, T. M., & Reiser, B. J. (1978). Visual images preserve metric spatial information: Evidence from studies of image scanning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 4, 47-60.
69. Kosslyn, S. M., DiGirolamo, G. J., Thompson, W. L., & Alpert, N. M. (1998). Mental rotation of objects versus hands: Neural mechanisms revealed by positron emission tomography. Psychophysiology, 55, 151-161.
70. Kosslyn, S. M., & Pomerantz, J. R. (1977). Imagery, propositions, and the form of internal representations. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 52-76.
71. Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Wraga, M., & Alpert, X. M. (2001). Imagining rotation by endogenous versus exogenous forces: Distinct neural mechanisms. NeuroReport, 12, 2519-2525.
72. Kozhevnikov, M., & Hegarty, M. (2001). A dissociation between object manipulation spatial ability and spatial orientation ability. Memory and Cognition, 29, 745-756.
73. Larsen, A. (1985). Pattern matching: Effects of size ratio, angular difference in orientation, and familiarity. Perception & Psychophysics, 38, 63-68.
74. Larsen, A., & Bundesen, C. (1978). Size scaling in visual pattern recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 4, 1-20.
75. Larsen, A., & Bundesen, C. (1998). Effects of spatial separation in visual pattern matching: Evidence on the role of mental translation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 24, 719-731.
76. Leutgeb, S., Leutgeb, J. K., Barnes, C. A., Moser, E. I., McNaughton, B. L., & Moser, M.-B. (2005). Independent codes for spatial and episodic memory in hippocampal neuronal ensembles. Science, 309, 619-623.
77. Levinson, S. C. (1996). Frames of reference and Molyneux's question: Crosslinguistic evidence. Language, speech, and communication. In P. Bloom & M. A. Peterson (Eds.), Language and space (pp. 109-169). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
78. Likert, R., & Quasha, W. H. (1948). The revised Minnesota paper form board test. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
79. McCloskey, M. (2001). Spatial representation in mind and brain. In B. Rapp (Ed.), The handbook of cognitive neuropsychology: What deficits reveal about the human mind (pp. 101-132). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
80. Michelon, P., Vettel, J. M., & Zacks, J. M. Somatotopy during imagined and prepared movements. Manuscript submitted for publication.
81. Michelon, P., & Zacks, J. M. (in press). Two kinds of visual perspective-taking. Perception and Psychophysics.
82. Miller, G. A. (1962). Psychology, the science of mental life. New York: Harper & Row.
83. Mou, W., & McNamara, T. P. (2002). Intrinsic frames of reference in spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 28, 162-170.
84. Mou, W., McNamara, T. P., Valiquette, C. M., & Rump, B. (2004). Allocentric and egocentric updating of spatial memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 30, 142-157.
85. Newcombe, F., & Ratcliff, G. (1989). Disorders of visuospatinl analysis. In F. Boller, & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (pp. 333-356). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
86. Newcombe, N. (1989). The development of spatial perspective taking. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 22, 203-247.
87. Newcombe, N., & Huttenlocher, J. (1992). Children's early ability to solve perspective-taking problems. Developmental Psychology, 28, 635-643.
88. Newcombe, N. S. (2002). Spatial cognition. In H. Pashler & D. Medin (Eds.), Steven's handbook of experimental psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 113-63). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
89. O'Keefe, J., & Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
90. Pani, J. R. (1993). Limits on the comprehension of rotational motion: Mental imagery of rotations with oblique components. Perception, 22, 785-808.
91. Parsons, L. M. (1987a). Imagined spatial transformation of one's body. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116, 172-191.
92. Parsons, L. M. (1987b). Visual discrimination of abstract mirroi-reflected three-dimensional objects at many orientations. Perception & Psychophysics, 42, 49-59.
93. Parsons, L. M. (1994). Temporal and kinematic properties of motor behavior reflected in mentally simulated action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 20, 709-730.
94. Parsons, L. M., Fox, P. T., Downs, J. H., Glass, T., Hirsch, T. B., Martin, C. C., et al. (1995). Use of implicit motor imagery for visual shape discrimination as revealed by PET. Nature, 375, 54-58.
95. Parsons, L. M., Gabrieli, J. D., Phelps, E. A., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1998). Cerebrally lateralized mental representations of hand shape and movement. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 6539-6548.
96. Pans, T. (1996). Location and function of the human frontal eye-field: a selective review. Neuropsychologia, 34, 475-483.
97. Penfield, W., & Rasmussen, T. (1950). The cerebral cortex of man. New York: Macmillan.
98. Philbeck, J. W., Behrmann, M., Levy, L., Potolicchio, S. J., & Caputy, A. J. (2004). Path integration deficits during linear locomotion after human medial temporal lobectomy. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 510-520.
99. Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1956). The child's conception of space. London: Routledge & K. Paul.
100. Picard, N., & Strick, P. L. (2001). Imaging the premotor areas. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11, 663-672.
101. Pinker, S. (1988), A computational theory of the mental imagery medium. In M. Denis & J. Engelkamp (Eds.), Cognitive and neuropsychological approaches to mental imagery (pp. 17-32). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Netherlandsshing.
102. Presson, C. C. (1980). Spatial egocentrism and the effect of an alternate frame of reference. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 29, 391-402.
103. Presson, C. C. (1982). Strategies in spatial reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 8, 243-251.
104. Presson, C. C., & Montello, D. R. (1994). Updating after rotational and translational body movements: Coordinate structure of perspective space. Perception, 23, 1447-1455.
105. Pylyshyn, Z. (2001). Is the imagery debate over? If so, what was it about? In E. Dupoux (Ed.), Language, brain, and cognitive development: Essays in honor of Jacques Mehler (pp. 59-83). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
106. Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1973). What the mind's eve tells the mind's brain: A critique of mental imagery. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 1-24.
107. Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1981). The imagery debate: Analogue media versus tacit knowledge. Psychological Review, 88, 16-45.
108. Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2002). Mental imagery: In search of a theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, 157-182.
109. Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2003). Return of the mental image: Are there really pictures in the brain? Trends in Cognitive Science, 7, 113-118.
110. Rainville, C., Marchand, N., & Passini, R. (2002). Performances of patients with a dementia of the Alzheimer type in the standardized road-map test of direction sense. Neuropsychologica, 40, 567-573.
111. Raz, N., Briggs, S. D., Marks, W., & Acker, J. D. (1999). Age-related deficits in generation and manipulation of mental images: II. The role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Psychology & Aging, 14, 436-444.
112. Richter, W., Ugurbil, K., Georgopoulos, A., & Kim, S. G. (1997). Time-resolved fMRI of mental rotation. Neuroreport, 8, 3697-3702.
113. Rieser, J. J. (1989). Access to knowledge of spatial structure at novel points of observation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 15, 1157-1165.
114. Rock, I. (1974). The perception of disoriented figures. Scientific American, 230, 78-85.
115. Rock, I., Wheeler, D., & Tudor, L. (1989). Can we imagine how objects look from other viewpoints. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 185-210.
116. Rosenbaum, R. S., Priselac, S., Köhler, S., Black, S. E., Gao, F., Nadel, L., et al. (2000). Remote spatial memory in an amnesic person with extensive bilateral hippocampal lesions. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1044-1048.
117. Salatas, H., & Flavell, J. H. (1976). Perspective taking: The development of two components of knowledge. Child Development, 47, 103-109.
118. Schultz, D. P. (1975). A history of modern psychology. New York: Academic Press.
119. Schwartz, D. L., & Holton, D. L. (2000). Tool use and the effect of action on the imagination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 26, 1655-1665.
120. Sekiyama, K. (1982). Kinesthetic aspects of mental representations in the identification of left and right hands. Perception & Psychophysics, 32, 89-95.
121. Semmes, J., Weinstein, S., Ghent, L., & Teuber, H.-L. (1955). Spatial orientation in man after cerebral injury: I. Analyses by locus of lesion. Journal of Psychology, 39, 227-244.
122. Semmes, J., Weinstein, S., Ghent, L., & Teuber, H.-L. (1963). Correlates of impaired orientation in personal and extrapersonal space. Brain, 86, 747-772.
123. Shelton, A. L., & McNamara, T. P. (2001). Systems of spatial reference in human memory. Cognitive Psychology, 43, 274-310.
124. Shepard, R. N. (1994). Perceptual-cognitive universals as reflections of the world. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 1, 2-28.
125. Shepard, R. N., & Cooper, L. A. (1982). Mental images and their transformations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
126. Shepard, R. N., & Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171, 701-703.
127. Sholl, M. J., & Bartels, G. P. (2002). The role of self-to-object updating in orientation-free performance on spatial-memory tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 28, 422-436.
128. Simons, D. J., & Wang, R. F. (1998). Perceiving real-world viewpoint changes. Psychological Science, 9, 315-320.
129. Sirigu, A., & Duhamel, J. R. (2001). Motor and visual imagery as two complementary but neurally dissociable mental processes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 910-919.
130. Sirigu, A., Duhamel, J. R., Cohen, L., Pillon, B., Dubois, B., & Agid, Y. (1996). The mental representation of hand movements after parietal cortex damage. Science, 273, 1564-1568.
131. Snyder, L. H., Batista, A. P., & Andersen, R. A. (1997). Coding of intention in the posterior parietal cortex. Nature, 386, 167-170.
132. Tagaris, G. A., Kim, S.-G., Strupp, J. P., Andersen, P., Ugurbil, K., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (1997). Mental rotation studied by functional magnetic resonance imaging at high field (4 Tesla): Performance and cortical activation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 419-432.
133. Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-planar stereotoxic atlas of the human brain: 3-dimensional proportional system, an approach to cerebral imaging. Stuttgart, Germany: G. Thieme.
134. Teng, E., & Squire, L. R. (1999). Memory for places learned long ago is intact after hippocampal damage. Nature, 400, 687-677.
135. Thayer, Z. C., Johnson, B. W., Corballis, M. C., & Hamm, J. P. (2001). Perceptual and motor mechanisms for mental rotation of human hands. NeuroReport, 12, 3433-3437.
136. Turkeltaub, P. E., Eden, G. F., Jones, K. M., & Zeffiro, T. A. (2002). Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: method and validation. NeuroImage, 16, 765-780.
137. Van Essen, D. C., Drury, H. A., Dickson, J., Harwell, J., Hanlon, D., & Anderson, C. H. (2001). An integrated software suite for surface-based analyses of cerebral cortex. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 8, 443-459.
138. van Lier, R. (2003). Differential effects of object orientation on imaginary object/viewer transformations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 455-461.
139. Vingerhoets, G., de Lange, F. P., Vandemaele, P., Deblaere, K., & Achten, E. (2002). Motor imagery in mental rotation: an fMRI study. NeuroImage, 17, 1623-1633.
140. Wang, R. X. F., & Simons, D. J. (1999). Active and passive scene recognition across views. Cognition, 70, 191-210.
141. Wexler, M., Kosslyn, S. M., & Berthoz, A. (1998). Motor processes in mental rotation. Cognition, 68, 77-94.
142. Wohlschläger, A. (2001). Mental object rotation and the planning of hand movements. Perception and Psychophysics, 63, 709-718.
143. Wohlschläger, A., & Wohlschläger, A. (1998). Mental and manual rotation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Pereption & Performance, 24, 397-412.
144. Wraga, M. (2003). Thinking outside the body: An advantage for spatial updating during imagined versus physical self-rotation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 29, 993-1005.
145. Wraga, M., Creem, S. H., & Proffitt, D. R. (1999). The influence of spatial reference frames on imagined object- and viewer rotations. Acta Psychologica, 102, 247-264.
146. Wraga, M., Creem, S. H., & Proffitt, D. R. (2000). Updating scenes after object- and viewer-rotations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 151-168.
147. Wraga, M., Creem, S. H.-R., & Proffitt, D. R. (2004). Spatial updating of virtual displays during self- and display rotation. Memory and Cognition, 32, 399-415.
148. Wraga, M., Shephard, J. M., Church, J. A., Inati, S., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2005). Imagined rotations of self versus objects: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1351-1361.
149. Wraga, M., Thompson, W. L., Alpert, N. M., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2003). Implicit transfer of motor strategies in mental rotation. Brain and Cognition, 52, 135-143.
150. Zacks, J. M. Functional neuroimaging of mental rotation: A meta-analysis. Unpublished manuscript.
151. Zacks, J. M., Gilliam, F., & Ojemann, J. G. (2003). Selective disturbance of mental rotation by cortical stimulation. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1659-1667.
152. Zacks, J. M., Mires, J., Tversky, B., & Hazeltine, E. (2002). Mental spatial transformations of objects and perspective. Spatial Cognition & Computation, 2, 315-322.
153. Zacks, J. M., Ollinger, J. M., Sheridan, M. A., & Tversky, B. (2002). A parametric study of mental spatial transformations of bodies. NeuroImage, 16, 857-872.
154. Zacks, J. M., Rypma, B., Gabrieli, J., Tversky, B., & Glover, G. (1999). Imagined transformations of bodies: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 37, 1029-1040.
155. Zacks, J. M., & Shelton, A. L. (2003). Imagined transformations of bodies and rooms. Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society, 8, 31.
156. Zacks, J. M., & Tversky, B. (in press). Multiple systems for spatial imagery: Transformations of objects and bodies. Spatial Cognition & Computation.
157. Zacks, J. M., Vettel, J. M., & Michelon, P. (2003). Imagined viewer and object rotations dissociated with event-related fMRI. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 1002-1018.