Subcutaneous fat in normal and diseased states: 1. Introduction

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 663-670

  Avram, Mathew M ^a   Avram, Alison Sharpe ^b   James, William D ^b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b University of Pennsylvania ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTE; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANOREXIA; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CELL COUNT; ENDOCRINE FUNCTION; GENITAL SYSTEM; HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; LIPOATROPHY; LIPODYSTROPHY; METABOLISM; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE;

ADIPOCYTES; APOPTOSIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL SIZE; CELLS, CULTURED; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; OBESITY; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 25844432392     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.05.014     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. A. Matarasso, R.W. Kim, and J.G. Kral The impact of liposuction on body fat Plast Reconstr Surg 102 1998 1686 1689
2. Underwood A, Adler J. What you don't know about fat. Newsweek August 23, 2004. pp. 40-7.
3. Grady D. Fat: the secret life of a potent cell. New York Times 2004 July 6; Sect. F1, F6.
4. J.E. Manson, and S.S. Bassuk Obesity in the United States: a fresh look at its high toll JAMA 289 2003 229 230
5. R.J. Kuczmarski, K.M. Flegal, S. Campbell, and C.L. Johnson Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991 (NHANES III) JAMA 272 1994 205 211
6. K.M. Flegal, R.J. Carroll, C.L. Ogden, and C.L. Johnson Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000 JAMA 288 2002 1723 1727
7. D.K. Arnett, P.G. McGovern, D.R. Jacobs Jr., E. Shahar, S. Duval, and H. Blackburn Fifteen-year trends in cardiovascular risk factors (1980-1982 through 1995-1997): the Minnesota Heart Survey Am J Epidemiol 156 2002 929 935
8. W. Willett, C. Walter, W.H. Dietz, H. William, G.A. Colditz, and A. Graham Primary care: guidelines for healthy weight N Engl J Med 341 1999 427 434
9. C.T. Montague, and S. O'Rahilly The perils of portliness: causes and consequences of visceral adiposity Diabetes 49 2000 883 888
10. S.M. Saw, and U. Rajan The epidemiology of obesity: a review Ann Acad Med Singapore 26 1997 489 493
11. D.D. Stallone The influence of obesity and its treatment on the immune system Nutr Rev 52 1994 37 50
12. D.B. Allison, K.R. Fontaine, J.E. Manson, J. Stevens, and T.B. VanItallie Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States JAMA 282 1999 1530 1538
13. K.R. Fontaine, D.T. Redden, C. Wang, A.O. Westfall, and D.B. Allison Years of life lost due to obesity JAMA 289 2003 187 193
14. Zuger A. Too little fat can be as bad as too much. The New York Times 2004 July 6; Sect. F:6.
15. A. Misra, and A. Garg Clinical features and metabolic derangements in acquired generalized lipodystrophy: case reports and review of the literature Medicine 82 2003 129 146
16. M. Seip, and O. Trygstad Generalized lipodystrophy, congenital and acquired (lipoatrophy) Acta Peadiatr Suppl 413 1996 2 28
17. R. Viraben, and C. Aquilina Indavir-associated lipodystrophy AIDS 12 1998 F37 F39
18. A. Carr, K. Samaras, S. Burton, M. Law, J. Freund, and D.J. Chisholm A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors AIDS 12 1998 F51 F58
19. I. Gabriely, X.H. Ma, X.M. Yang, L. Rossetti, and N. Barzilai Leptin resistance during aging is independent of fat mass Diabetes 51 2002 1016 1021
20. R.F. Morrison, and S.R. Farmer Hormonal signaling and transcriptional control of adipocyte differentiation J Nutr 130 Suppl 2000 S3116 S3121
21. E.D. Rosen, and B.M. Spiegelman Molecular regulation of adipogenesis Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 16 2000 145 171
22. B.L. Wajchenberg Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome Endocr Rev 21 2000 697 738
23. Y. Zhang, R. Proenca, M. Maffei, M. Barone, L. Leopold, and J.M. Friedman Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue Nature 372 1994 425 432
24. P.A. Kern, M. Saghizadeh, J.M. Ong, R.J. Bosch, R. Deem, and R.B. Simsolo The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in human adipose tissue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase J Clin Invest 95 1995 2111 2119
25. G.S. Hotamisligil, N.S. Shargill, and B.M. Spiegelman Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-α: Direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance Science 259 1993 87 91
26. G.S. Hotamisligil, P. Arner, J.F. Caro, R.L. Atkinson, and B.M. Spiegelman Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in human obesity and insulin resistance J Clin Invest 95 1995 2409 2415
27. B.S. Hamilton, D. Paglia, A.Y. Kwan, and M. Deitel Increased obese mRNA expression in omental fat cells from massively obese humans Nat Med 1 1995 953 956
28. G. Winkler, F. Salamon, D. Salamon, G. Speer, K. Simon, and K. Cseh Elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-α levels can contribute to the insulin resistance in Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes and in obesity Diabetologia 41 1998 860 861
29. A.H. Berg, T.P. Combs, X. Du, M. Brownlee, and P.E. Scherer The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action Nat Med 7 2001 947 953
30. K. Hotta, T. Funahashi, Y. Arita, M. Takahashi, M. Matsuda, and Y. Okamoto Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 2000 1595 1599
31. C. Weyer, T. Funahashi, S. Tanaka, K. Hotta, Y. Matsuzawa, and R.E. Pratley Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 2001 1930 1935
32. P.M. Ridker, N. Rifai, L. Rose, J.E. Buring, and N.R. Cook Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events N Engl J Med 347 2002 1557 1565
33. P.M. Ridker, N. Rifai, M.J. Stampfer, and C.H. Hennekens Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men Circulation 101 2000 1767 1772
34. J.S. Yudkin, M. Kumari, S.E. Humphries, and V. Mohamed-Ali Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis 148 2000 209 214
35. J.L. Knittle, K. Timmers, and F. Ginsberg-Felner The growth of adipose tissue in children and adolescents: cross sectional and longitudinal studies of adipose cell number and size J Clin Invest 63 1979 239 246
36. L. Sjostrom, and T. William-Olsson Prospective studies on adipose tissue development in man Int J Obes 5 1981 597 604
37. J.B. Prins, and S. O'Rahilly Regulation of adipose cell number in man Clin Sci 92 1997 3 11
38. D.B. Hausman, M. DiGirolamo, T.J. Bartness, G.J. Hausman, and R.J. Martin The biology of white adipocyte proliferation Obes Rev 2 2001 239 254
39. B.M. Spiegelman, and J.S. Flier Obesity and the regulation of energy balance Cell 104 2001 531 543
40. G.S. Barsh, and M.W. Schwartz Genetic approaches to studying energy balance: perception and integration Nat Rev Gen 3 2002 589 600
41. T.M. Loftus An adipocyte-central nervous system regulatory loop in the control of adipose homeostasis Semin Cell Dev Biol 10 1999 11 18
42. P. Bjorntorp Adipose tissue distribution and function Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 15 1991 67 81
43. I.M. Faust, and H.M. Miller Jr. Hyperplastc growth of adipose tissue in obesity A. Angel C.H. Hollenberg D.A.K. Roncari The adipocyte and obesity: cellular and molecular mechanisms 1983 Raven Press New York 41 51
44. M. DiGirolamo, J.B. Fine, K. Tagra, and R. Rossmanith Qualitative regional differences in adipose tissue growth and cellularity in male Wister rats fed ad libitum Am J Physiol 274 1998 R1460 R1467
45. J. Hirsch, and B. Batchelor Adipose tissue cellularity in human obesity Clin Endocrinol Metab 5 1976 299 311
46. P. Bjorntorp Size, number and function of adipose tissue cells in human obesity Horm Metab Res 4 1974 77 83
47. B.M. Spiegelman, and J.S. Flier Adipogenesis and obesity: rounding out the big picture Cell 87 1996 377 389
48. C.W. Ng, W.J. Poznanski, M. Borowiecki, and G. Reimer Differences in growth in vitro of adipose cells from normal and obese patients Nature 231 1971 445
49. J.M. Ntambi, and Y.-C. Kim Adipocyte differentiation and gene expression J Nutr 130 Suppl 2000 S3122 S3126
50. F.M. Gregoire, C.M. Smas, and H.S. Sul Understanding adipocyte differentiation Physiol Rev 78 1998 783 809
51. R.L. Van, and D.A. Roncari Complete differentiation of adipocyte precursors: a culture system for studying the cellular nature of adipose tissue Cell Tissue Res 195 1978 317 329
52. W.J. Poznanski, I. Waheed, and R. Van Human fat cell precursors Lab Invest 29 1973 570 576
53. G. Ailhaud, R. Barbaras, and L. Castiella Adipose cell differentiation: differential expression of specific mRNAs and protein markers in cells from white and brown adipose tissue. Recent advances in obesity research 1980 John Libbey London (UK). pp. 174-80
54. G. Ailhaud, E. Amri, S. Bardon, S. Barcellini-Couget, B. Bertrand, and R.M. Catalioto Growth and differentiation of regional adipose tissue: molecular and hormonal mechanisms Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 15 1991 87 90
55. E. Hu, P. Tontonoz, and B.M. Spiegelman Transdifferentiation of myoblasts by adipogenic transcription factors PPARγ and C/EBPα Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 1995 9856 9860
56. O.A. MacDougald, T. Cornelius, R. Liu, and M.D. Lane Insulin regulates transcription of the CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) α, β, δ in fully-differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes J Biol Chem 270 1995 647 654
57. Z. Wu, N.L. Bucher, and S.R. Farmer Induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-γ during the conversion of 3T3 fibroblasts into adipocytes is mediated by C/EBPbeta, C/EBPdelta, and glucocorticoids Mol Cell Biol 16 1996 4128 4136
58. A.V. Hertzel, and D.A. Bernlohr Regulation of adipocyte gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acids Mol Cell Biochem 188 1998 33 39
59. Y.T. Zhou, Z.W. Wang, M. Higa, C.B. Newgard, and R.H. Unger Reversing adipocyte differentiation: implications for treatment of obesity Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 1999 2391 2395
60. W.H. Miller Jr., I.M. Faust, A.C. Goldberger, and J. Hirsch Effects of severe long-term food deprivation and refeeding on adipose tissue in cells in rats Am J Physiol 245 1983 E74 E80
61. M.E. Fernyhough, D.L. Helterline, J.L. Vierck, G.J. Hausman, R.A. Hill, and M.V. Dodson Dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes to form adipofibroblasts: more than just a possibility Adipocytes 1 2005 17 24
62. H. Sugihara, N. Yonemitsu, S. Miyabara, and K. Yun Primary cultures of unilocular fat cells: characteristics of growth in vitro and changes in differentiation properties Differentiation 31 1986 42 49
63. R.L.R. Van, C.E. Bayliss, and D.A.K. Roncini Cytological and enzymological characterization of adult human adipocyte precursors in culture J Clin Invest 58 1976 688 704
64. R. Cancello, F. Pietri-Rouxel, and K. Clement Spontaneous lipid accumulation in primary cultures of dedifferentiated human adipocytes Adipocytes 1 2005 73 78
65. A.Y. Cheng, M. Deitel, and D.A. Roncari Relative resistance of adipocytes from massively obese persons to dedifferentiation Obes Surg 3 1993 340 345
66. J.B. Prins, N.I. Walker, C.M. Winterford, and D.P. Cameron Apoptosis of human adipocytes in vitro Biochem Biophys Res Commun 201 1994 500 507
67. J.B. Prins, C.U. Niesler, C.M. Winterford, N.A. Bright, K. Siddle, and S. O'Rahilly Tumor necrosis factor-α induces apoptosis of human adipose cells Diabetes 46 1997 1939 1944
68. J.B. Prins, N.I. Walker, C.M. Winterford, and D.P. Cameron Human adipocyte apoptosis occurs in malignancy Biochem Biophys Res Commun 205 1994 625 630
69. P. Domingo, X. Matias-Guiu, R.M. Pujol, E. Francia, E. Lagarda, and M.A. Sambeat Subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis in HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy AIDS 13 1999 2261 2267
70. J.S. Flier Pushing the envelope on lipodystrophy Nat Genet 24 2000 103 104
71. A. Carr, K. Samara, D.J. Chisholm, and D.A. Cooper Pathogenesis of HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance Lancet 351 1998 1881 1883
72. M.U. Yang, E. Presta, and P. Bjorntorp Refeeding after fasting in rats: Effects of duration of starvation and refeeding on food efficiency in diet-induced obesity Am J Clin Nutr 51 1990 970 978
73. S. Gupta Molecular steps of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis Life Sci 69 2001 2957 2964
74. J.M. Adams, and S. Cory The Bcl-2 protein family: Arbiters of cell survival Science 281 1998 1322 1326
75. G. Kroemer, B. Dallaporta, and M. Resche-Rigon The mitochondrial death/life regulator in apoptosis and necrosis Annu Rev Phys 60 1998 619 642
76. C. Scaffidi, S. Fulda, A. Srinivasan, C. Friesen, F. Li, and K.J. Tomaselli Two CD95 (APO-1/Fas) signaling pathways EMBO J 17 1998 1675 1687
77. P. Fischer-Posovszky, H. Tornqvist, K.M. Debatin, and M. Wabitsch Inhibition of death-receptor mediated apoptosis in human adipocytes by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)/IGF-I receptor autocrine circuit Endocrinology 145 2004 1849 1859
78. P.S. Gullicksen, M.A. Della-Fera, and C.A. Baile Leptin-induced adipose apoptosis: implications for body weight regulation Apoptosis 8 2003 327 335
79. A. Geloen, A.J. Collet, G. Guay, and L.J. Bukowiecki Insulin stimulates in vivo cell proliferation in white adipose tissue Am J Physiol 256 1989 C190 C196
80. A. Geloen, P.E. Roy, and L.J. Bukowiecki Regression of white adipose tissue in diabetic rats Am J Physiol 257 1989 E547 E553
81. J.P. Warne Tumour necrosis factor-α: a key regulator of adipose tissue mass J Endocrinol 177 2003 351 355
82. i protein concentrations J Biol Chem 274 1999 6770 6775
83. A. Green, S.B. Dobias, D.J. Walters, and A.R. Brasier Tumor necrosis factor-α increases the rate of lipolysis in primary cultures of adipocytes without altering levels of hormone-sensitive lipase Endocrinology 134 1994 2581 2588
84. T. Petruschke, and H. Hauner Tumor necrosis factor-α prevents the differentiation of human adipocyte precursor cells and causes delipidation of newly developed fat cells J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76 1993 742 747
85. H. Qian, D.B. Hausman, M.M. Compton, R.J. Martin, M.A. Della-Fera, and D.L. Hartzell TNF-α induces and insulin inhibits caspase 3-dependent adipocyte apoptosis Biochem Biophys Res Commun 284 2001 1176 1183
86. D. Papineau, A.M. Gagnon, and A. Sorisky Apoptosis of human abdominal preadipocytes before and after differentiation into adipocytes in culture Metabolism 52 2003 987 992
87. J. Lin, K.A. Page, M.A. Della-Fera, and C.A. Baile Evaluation of adipocyte apoptosis by laser scanning cytometry Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28 2004 535 540
88. C.U. Niesler, K. Siddle, and J.B. Prins Human preadipocytes display a depot-specific susceptibility to apoptosis Diabetes 47 1998 1365 1368
89. H. Qian, M.J. Azain, M.M. Compton, D.L. Hartzell, G.J. Hausman, and C.A. Baile Brain administration of leptin causes deletion of adipocytes by apoptosis Endocrinology 139 1998 791 794
90. H. Qian, G.J. Hausman, M.M. Compton, M.J. Azain, D.L. Hartzell, and C.A. Baile Leptin regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-γ (PPARγ), tumor necrosis factor-α, and uncoupling protein-2 expression in adipose tissue Biochem Biophys Res Commun 246 1998 660 667
91. G.A. Bray, and L.A. Tartaglia Medicinal strategies in the treatment of obesity Nature 404 2000 672 677