Temperament and anxiety disorders

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 681-706

  Pérez Edgar, Koraly ^a   Fox, Nathan A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CHILDHOOD; COGNITION; COMORBIDITY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FRONTAL CORTEX; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORBITAL CORTEX; PHENOTYPE; PHOBIA; PREDICTION; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SYMPTOM; TEMPERAMENT;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; AGGRESSION; AMYGDALA; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; FEAR; HUMANS; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); PARENTING; PARENTS; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; TEMPERAMENT;

EID: 24944469831     PISSN: 10564993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2005.05.008     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. D.S. Pine, P. Cohen, and D. Gurley The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 1998 56 64
2. M.K. Rothbart Differentiated measures of temperament and multiple pathways to childhood disorders J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33 2004 82 87
3. J.L. Anthony, C.J. Lonigan, and E.S. Hooe An affect-based, hierarchical model of temperament and its relations with internalizing symptomatology J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 2002 480 490
4. M.W. Vasey M.R. Dadds The developmental psychopathology of anxiety 2001 Oxford University Press New York
5. C.J. Lonigan, M.W. Vasey, and B.M. Phillips Temperament, anxiety, and the processing of threat-relevant stimuli J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33 2004 8 20
6. R.M. Lerner, L.E. Hess, and K.A. Nitz Developmental perspective on psychopathology M. Herson C.G. Last Handbook of child and adult psychopathology: a longitudinal perspective 1991 Pergamon Press Elmsford (NY) 9 32
7. D.H. Barlow, B.F. Chorpita, and J. Turovsky Fear, panic, anxiety, and disorders of emotion Nebr Symp Motiv 43 1996 251 328
8. P. Chua, and R.J. Dolan The neurobiology of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: a functional neuroimaging perspective J.C. Mazziotta A.W. Toga R.S.J. Frackowiak Brain mapping: the disorders 2000 Academic Press New York 509 522
9. P.E. Greenberg, T. Sisitsky, and R.C. Kessler The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s J Clin Psychiatry 60 1999 427 435
10. C. Gross, and R. Hen The developmental origins of anxiety Nat Rev Neurosci 5 2004 545 552
11. J.M. Hettema, M.C. Neale, and K.S. Kendler A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders Am J Psychiatry 158 2001 1568 1578
12. A.J. Fyer, S. Mannuzza, and T.F. Chapman Specificity in familial aggregation of phobic disorders Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 1995 564 573
13. C. Mancini, M. van Ameringen, and P. Szatmari A high-risk study of the children of adults with social phobia J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35 1996 1511 1517
14. T.D. Cannon, J. Kaprio, and J. Lonnqvist The genetic epidemiology of schizophrenia in a Finnish twin cohort: a population-based modeling study Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 1998 67 74
15. C.C. Strauss, C.G. Last, and M. Hersen Association between anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders J Abnorm Child Psychol 16 1998 57 68
16. E.J. Costello, and A. Angold Epidemiology J. March Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents 1995 Guilford New York 109 124
17. M.M. Weissman, J.K. Myers, and P.S. Harding Psychiatric disorders in a US urban community Am J Psychiatry 135 1978 459 462
18. C.A. Essau, J. Conradt, and F. Petermann Frequency and comorbidity of social phobia and social fears in adolescents Behav Res Ther 37 1999 831 843
19. D.M. Fergusson, L.J. Horwood, and M.T. Lynskey Prevalence and comorbidity of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a birth cohort of 15 year olds J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32 1993 1127 1134
20. R. Heimberg, M.B. Stin, and E. Hiripi Trends in the prevalence of social phobia in the United States: a synthetic cohort analysis of changes over four decades Eur Psychiatry 15 2000 29 37
21. R. McGee, M. Feehan, and S. Williams DSM-III disorders in a large sample of adolescents J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29 1990 611 619
22. C.G. Last, S. Perrin, and M. Hersen A prospective study of childhood anxiety disorders J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35 1996 1502 1510
23. D.A. Cole, L.G. Peeke, and J.M. Martin A longitudinal look at the relation between depression and anxiety in children and adolescents J Consult Clin Psychol 66 1998 451 460
24. H. Orvaschel, P.M. Lewinsohn, and J.R. Seeley Continuity of psychopathology in a community sample of adolescents J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34 1995 1525 1535
25. E.U. Brady, and P.C. Kendall Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents Psychol Bull 111 1992 244 255
26. A. Thomas, and S. Chess Temperament and development 1977 New York University Press New York
27. J. Kagan, N. Snidman, and M. McManis Temperamental contributions to the affect family of anxiety Psychiatr Clin North Am 24 2001 677 688
28. R.B. Cairns Social development: the origins and plasticity of social origins 1979 Freeman San Francisco
29. B.B. Lahey Role of temperament in developmental models of psychopathology J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33 2004 88 93
30. M. Prior Childhood temperament J Child Psychol Psychiatry 33 1992 249 279
31. M.K. Rothbart, and S.A. Ahadi Temperament and the development of personality J Abnorm Psychol 103 1994 55 66
32. A. Buss A theory of shyness W.H. Jones J.M. Cheek S.R. Briggs Shyness: perspectives on research and treatment 1986 Plenum New York 39 46
33. D. Watson, L.A. Clark, and A. Tellegen Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS Scales J Pers Soc Psychol 54 1988 1063 1070
34. S.A. Ahadi, M.K. Rothbart, and R. Ye Children's temperament in the US and China: similarities and differences European Journal of Personality 7 1993 359 377
35. A. Angleitner, and F. Ostendorf Temperament and the big five factors of personality C.F. Halverson Jr G.A. Kohnstamm Developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood 1994 Erlbaum Hillsdale (NJ) 69 90
36. C.J. Lonigan, M.P. Carey, and A.J. Finch Jr Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: negative affectivity and the utility of self-reports J Consult Clin Psychol 62 1994 1000 1008
37. B.W. Roberts, and W.F. DelVecchio The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies Psychol Bull 126 2000 3 25
38. J. Block, and A. Kremen IQ and ego-resiliency: clarifying their conceptual and empirical linkage and separateness J Pers Soc Psychol 70 1996 349 361
39. A. Caspi, and P.A. Silva Temperamental qualities at age 3 predict personality traits in young adulthood: longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort Child Dev 66 1995 486 498
40. D. Derryberry, and M.K. Rothbart Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament Dev Psychopathol 9 1997 633 652
41. L.A. Schmidt, and N.A. Fox The development and outcomes of childhood shyness: a multiple psychophysiological measure approach R. Vasta Annals of Child Development Volume 13 1998 Kingsley Philadelphia 1 20
42. P.J. Frick, and A.S. Morris Temperament and developmental pathways to conduct problems J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33 2004 54 68
43. M.K. Rothbart, and J.E. Bates Temperament W. Damon N. Eisenberg Handbook of child psychology: social, emotional, and personality development Volume 3 1998 Wiley New York 105 176
44. C. Garcia-Coll, J. Kagan, and J.S. Reznick Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar Child Dev 55 1984 1005 1019
45. J. Kagan, S. Reznick, and N. Snidman The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children Child Dev 58 1987 1459 1473
46. L.A. Schmidt, N.A. Fox, and K.H. Rubin Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in shy children Dev Psychobiol 30 1997 127 140
47. J. Kagan, J.S. Reznick, and N. Snidman Biological bases of childhood shyness Science 240 1988 167 171
48. N.A. Fox, K.H. Rubin, and S.D. Calkins Frontal activation asymmetry and social competence at four years of age Child Dev 66 1995 1770 1784
49. R.J. Coplan, K.H. Rubin, and N.A. Fox Being alone, playing alone, and acting alone: distinguishing among reticence and passive and active solitude in young children Child Dev 65 1994 129 137
50. S.D. Calkins, N.A. Fox, and T.R. Marshall Behavioral and physiological antecedents of inhibited and uninhibited behavior Child Dev 67 1996 523 540
51. P.J. Marshall, and J. Stevenson-Hinde Behavioral inhibition, heart period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in young children Dev Psychobiol 3 1998 283 292
52. N.A. Fox Psychophysiological correlates of emotional reactivity during the first year of life Dev Psychol 25 1989 364 372
53. L.A. Schmidt, and N.A. Fox Conceptual, biological, and behavioral distinctions among different categories of shy children L.A. Schmidt J. Schulkin Extreme fear, shyness, and social phobia: origins, biological mechanisms, and clinical outcomes. Series in affective science 1999 Oxford University Press New York 47 66
54. M.A. Bell, and N.A. Fox Brain development over the first year of life: relations between EEG frequency and coherence and cognitive and affective behaviors G. Dawson K.W. Fischer Human behavior and the developing brain 1994 Guilford Press New York 314 345
55. R. Davidson Asymmetric brain function, affective style, and psychopathology: the role of early experience and plasticity Dev Psychopathol 6 1994 741 758
56. N.A. Fox, H.A. Henderson, and K.H. Rubin Continuity and discontinuity of behavioral inhibition and exuberance: psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life Child Dev 72 2001 1 21
57. M.H. McManis, J. Kagan, and N.C. Snidman EEG asymmetry, power, and temperament in children Dev Psychobiol 40 2002 169 177
58. J.W. Smoller, J.F. Rosenbaum, and J. Biederman Association of a genetic marker at the corticotropin-releasing hormone locus with behavioral inhibition Biol Psychiatry 54 2003 1376 1381
59. H.H. Goldsmith, and K.S. Lemery Linking temperamental fearfulness and anxiety symptoms: a behavior-genetic perspective Biol Psychiatry 48 2000 1199 1209
60. K. Fordham, and J. Stevenson-Hinde Shyness, friendship quality, and adjustment during middle childhood J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40 1999 757 768
61. A. Scarpa, A. Raine, and P. Venables The stability of inhibited/uninhibited temperament from ages 3 to 11 years in Mauritian children J Abnorm Child Psychol 23 1995 607 618
62. J.B. Asendorpf Beyond social withdrawal: shyness, unsociability, and peer avoidance Hum Dev 33 1990 250 259
63. J.B. Asendorpf The malleability of behavioral inhibition: a study of individual developmental functions Dev Psychol 30 1994 912 919
64. A. Broberg, M. Lamb, and P. Hwang Inhibition: its stability and correlates in sixteen- to forty-month-old children Child Dev 65 1990 1153 1163
65. M. Kerr, W.W. Lambert, and H. Stattin Stability of inhibition in a Swedish longitudinal sample Child Dev 65 1994 138 146
66. J. Kagan Galen's prophecy: temperament in human nature 1994 Basicbooks New York
67. M. Davis, D.L. Walker, and Y. Lee Roles of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex Ann N Y Acad Sci 821 1997 305 331
68. D.G. Amaral, J.L. Price, and A. Pitkanen Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex J.P. Aggleton The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction 1992 Wiley New York 1 66
69. J.D. Newman The infant cry of primates B.M. Lester C.F.Z. Boukydis Infant crying 1985 Plenum New York 307 323
70. J. Kagan, S. Reznick, and C. Clarke Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar Child Dev 55 1984 2212 2225
71. J.A. Neal, and R.J. Edelmann The etiology of social phobia: toward a developmental profile Clin Psychol Rev 23 2003 761 786
72. N. Eisenberg, R.A. Fabes, and I.K. Guthrie Dispositional emotionality and regulation: their role in predicting quality of social functioning J Pers Soc Psychol 78 2000 136 157
73. P.J. Frick Integrating research on temperament and childhood psychopathology: its pitfalls and promise J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33 2004 2 7
74. C.H. Zeanah, N.W. Boris, and M.S. Scheeringa Psychopathology in infancy J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38 1997 81 99
75. M. Rutter, and L.A. Sroufe Developmental psychopathology: concepts and challenges Dev Psychopathol 12 2000 265 296
76. J. Kagan, and N. Snidman Early childhood predictors of adult anxiety disorders Biol Psychiatry 46 1999 1536 1541
77. C.E. Schwartz, N.S. Snidman, and J. Kagan Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53 1999 1008 1015
78. M. van Ameringen, C. Mancini, and J.M. Oakman The relationship of behavioral inhibition and shyness to anxiety disorder J Nerv Ment Dis 186 1998 425 431
79. Fox N.A., Pérez-Edgar K. Temperamental origins of irritability and social withdrawal. Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Washington (DC), October 19-24, 2004
80. J.F. Rosenbaum, J. Biederman, and M. Gersten Behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 1988 463 470
81. D.R. Hirshfeld, J.F. Rosenbaum, and J. Biederman Stable behavioral inhibition and its association with anxiety disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 1992 103 111
82. C.E. Schwartz, N.S. Snidman, and J. Kagan Early childhood temperament as a determinant of externalizing behavior in adolescence Dev Psychopathol 8 1996 527 537
83. J. Biederman, D.R. Hirshfeld-Becker, and J.F. Rosenbaum Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children Am J Psychiatry 158 2001 1673 1679
84. J. Biederman, J.F. Rosenbaum, and E.A. Bolduc-Murphy A three-year follow-up of children with and without behavioral inhibition J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32 1993 814 821
85. M. Prior, D. Smart, and A. Sanson Does shy-inhibited temperament in childhood lead to anxiety problems in adolescence? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39 2000 461 468
86. C.E. Schwartz, C.I. Wright, and L.M. Shin Differential amygdalar response to novel versus newly familiar neutral faces: a functional MRI probe developed for studying inhibited temperament Biol Psychiatry 53 2003 854 862
87. C.J. Lonigan, B.M. Phillips, and E.S. Hooe Relations of positive and negative affectivity to anxiety and depression in children: evidence from a latent variable longitudinal study J Consult Clin Psychol 71 2003 465 481
88. G. Masi, M. Mucci, and L. Favilla Temperament in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders and in their families Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 33 2003 245 259
89. A.M. Buss, and R. Plomin Temperament: early developing personality traits 1984 Erlbaum Hillsdale (NJ)
90. J. Kagan, N. Snidman, and M. McManis One measure, one meaning: multiple measures, clearer meaning Dev Psychopathol 14 2002 463 475
91. C. Hayward, J.D. Killen, and H.C. Kraemer Linking self-reported childhood behavioral inhibition to adolescent social phobia J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37 1998 1308 1316
92. J.F. Rosenbaum, J. Biederman, and D.R. Hirshfeld Further evidence of an association between behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders: results from a family study of children from a non-clinical sample J Psychiatr Res 25 1991 49 65
93. D.R. Hirshfeld-Becker, J. Biederman, and S. Calthrap Behavioral inhibition and disinhibition as hypothesized precursors to psychopathology: implications for pediatric bipolar disorder Biol Psychiatry 53 2003 985 999
94. R.M. Rapee The development and modification of temperamental risk for anxiety disorders: prevention of a lifetime of anxiety? Biol Psychiatry 52 2002 947 957
95. D. Pine Pathophysiology of childhood anxiety disorders Biol Psychiatry 46 1999 1555 1566
96. P.M. Barrett, R.M. Rapee, and M.R. Dadda Enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children J Abnorm Child Psychol 24 1996 187 203
97. E.B. Foa, E. Gilboa-Schechtman, and N. Amir Memory bias in generalized social phobia: remembering negative emotional expressions J Anxiety Disord 14 2000 501 519
98. L.G. Lundh, and L.G. Ost Recognition bias for critical faces in social phobics Behav Res Ther 34 1996 787 794
99. N. Amir, R.J. McNally, and B.C. Riemann Implicit memory bias for threat in panic disorder: application of the "white noise" paradigm Behav Res Ther 34 1996 157 162
100. D.A. Hope, R.M. Rapee, and R.G. Heimberg Representations of the self in social phobia: vulnerability to social threat Cognit Ther Res 14 1990 177 189
101. L.A. Clark, D. Watson, and S. Mineka Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders J Abnorm Psychol 103 1994 103 116
102. H.S. Akiskal The temperamental foundations of affective disorders C. Mundt M.J. Goldstein Interpersonal factors in the origin and course of affective disorders 1996 Royal College of Psychiatrists London 3 30
103. C. Caldji, B. Tannenbaum, and S. Sharma Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in rats Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 1998 5335 5340
104. D. Liu, J. Dorio, and J.C. Day Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats Nat Neurosci 3 2000 799 806
105. D. Francis, J. Dorio, and D. Liu Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat Science 286 1999 1155 1158
106. P.C. Goldin A review of children's reports of parent behaviors Psychol Bull 71 1969 222 236
107. G. Parker A decade of research Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 25 1990 281 282
108. D.S. Shaw, K. Keenan, and J.I. Vondra Developmental precursors of externalizing behavior: ages 1 to 3 Dev Psychol 30 1994 355 364
109. S.D. Calkins, A. Hungerford, and S.E. Dedmon Mothers' interactions with temperamentally frustrated infants Infant Ment Health J 25 2004 219 240
110. K.H. Rubin, K.B. Burgess, and P.D. Hastings Stability and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers' inhibited temperament and parenting behaviors Child Dev 73 2002 483 495
111. K.H. Rubin, P.D. Hastings, and S.L. Stewart The consistency and concomitants of inhibition: some of the children, all of the time Child Dev 68 1997 467 483
112. N.A. Fox, H.A. Henderson, and P.J. Marshall Behavioral inhibition: linking biology and behavior within a developmental framework Annu Rev Psychol 56 2005 235 262
113. D.M. Arcus The experiential modification of temperamental bias in inhibited and uninhibited children 1991 Harvard University Press Cambridge (MA)
114. J. Belsky, K.-H. Hsieh, and K. Crnic Mothering, fathering, and infant negativity as antecedents of boys' externalizing problems and inhibition at age 3 years: differential susceptibility to rearing experience? Dev Psychopathol 10 1998 301 319
115. J. Biederman, J.F. Rosenbaum, and E.A. Bolduc A high-risk study of young children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia with and without comorbid major depression Psychiatry Res 37 1991 333 348
116. J. Biederman, S.V. Faraone, and D.R. Hirshfeld-Becker Patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in high-risk children of parents with panic disorder and major depression Am J Psychiatry 158 2001 49 57
117. J.F. Rosenbaum, J. Biederman, and D.R. Hirshfeld A controlled study of behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and depression Am J Psychiatry 157 2000 2002 2010
118. D.R. Hirshfeld-Becker, J. Biederman, and S.V. Faraone Lack of association between behavioral inhibition and psychosocial adversity factors in children at risk for anxiety disorders Am J Psychiatry 161 2004 547 555
119. J.L. Robinson, J. Kagan, and J.S. Reznick The heritability of inhibited and uninhibited behavior: a twin study Dev Psychol 28 1992 1030 1037
120. A.P. Matheny Jr Children's behavioral inhibition over age and across situations: genetic similarity for a trait during change J Pers 57 1989 215 235
121. L. DiLalla, J. Kagan, and J. Reznick Genetic etiology of behavioral inhibition among 2-year-old children Infant Behavior and Development 17 1994 405 412
122. D.C. Beidel, and S.M. Turner At risk for anxiety. I: psychopathology in the offspring of anxious parents J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 1997 918 924
123. S.K. Escalona The roots of individuality 1964 Aldine Chicago
124. P. Vuilleumier, J.L. Armony, and J. Driver Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: an event-related fMRI study Neuron 30 2001 829 841
125. M. Nachmias, M. Gunnar, and S. Mangelsdorf Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: the moderating role of attachment security Child Dev 67 1996 508 522
126. P. Muris, H. Merckelbach, and E. Damsma Threat perception bias in nonreferred, socially anxious children J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 29 2000 348 359
127. S.M. Bogels, and D. Zigterman Dysfunctional cognitions in children with social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder J Abnorm Child Psychol 28 2000 205 211
128. E. Fox Allocation of visual attention and anxiety Cognition and Emotion 7 1993 207 215
129. C. MacLeod, and A. Mathews Anxiety and allocation of attention to threat Q J Exp Psychol A 40A 1988 653 670
130. K. Mogg, B.P. Bradley, and N. Hallowell Attentional bias to threat: roles of trait anxiety, stressful events, and awareness Q J Exp Psychol A 47A 1994 841 864
131. B.P. Bradley, K. Mogg, and J. White Attentional bias for emotional faces in generalized anxiety disorder Br J Clin Psychol 58 1999 267 278
132. C. MacLeod, and A. Mathews Biased cognitive operations in anxiety: accessibility of information or assignment of processing priorities? Behav Res Ther 29 1991 599 610
133. K. Mogg, A.M. Mathews, and M. Eysenck Attentional biases to threat in clinical anxiety states Cognition and Emotion 6 1992 149 159
134. K. Mogg, and B.P. Bradley A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety Behav Res Ther 36 1998 809 848
135. K. Mogg, J. McNamara, and M. Powys Selective attention to threat: a test of two cognitive models of anxiety Cognition and Emotion 14 2000 375 399
136. E. Wilson, and C. MacLeod Contrasting two accounts of anxiety-linked attentional bias: selective attention to varying levels of stimulus threat intensity J Abnorm Psychol 112 2003 212 218
137. M.W. Vasey Anxiety-related attentional biases in childhood Behav Change 13 1996 199 205
138. M.W. Vasey, E.L. Daleiden, and L.L. Williams Biased attention in childhood anxiety disorders: a preliminary study J Abnorm Child Psychol 23 1995 267 279
139. M.R. Taghavi, H.T. Neshat-Doost, and A.R. Moradi Biases in visual attention in children and adolescents with clinical anxiety and mixed depression J Abnorm Child Psychol 27 1999 215 223
140. P.L. Schippell, M.W. Vasey, and L.M. Cravens-Brown Suppressed attention to rejection, ridicule, and failure cues: a specific correlate of reactive but not proactive aggression in youth J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 32 2003 40 55
141. K. Pérez-Edgar, and N.A. Fox A behavioral and electrophysiological study of children's selective attention under neutral and affective conditions Journal of Cognition and Development 6 2005 89 116
142. M.K. Rothbart, M.I. Posner, and J. Rosicky Orienting in normal and pathological development Dev Psychopathol 6 1994 635 662
143. M.G. Ruddy Attention shifting and temperament at 5 months Infant Behavior and Development 16 1993 255 259
144. A. Mathews, and C. MacLeod Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders Annu Rev Psychol 45 1994 25 50
145. C.E. Schwartz, and S.L. Rauch Temperament and its implication for neuroimaging of anxiety disorders CNS Spectr 9 2004 284 291
146. T.A. Ketter, P.J. Andreason, and M.S. George Anterior paralimbic mediation of procaine-induced emotional and psychosensory experience Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 1996 59 69
147. C. Benkelfat, J. Bradwejn, and M. Ellenbogen Functional neuroanatomy of CCK-4 induced anxiety in normal healthy volunteers Am J Psychiatry 152 1995 1180 1184
148. J. Morris, C.D. Frith, and D. Perrett A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions Nature 383 1996 812 815
149. H.C. Breiter, N.L. Etcoff, and P.J. Whalen Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expressions Neuron 17 1996 875 887
150. P.J. Whalen, S.L. Rauch, and N.L. Etcoff Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge J Neurosci 18 1998 411 418
151. N. Isenberg, D. Silbersweig, and A. Engelien Linguistic threat activates the human amygdala Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 1999 10456 10459
152. T. Funnark, H. Fischer, and G. Wirk The amygdala and individual differences in human fear conditioning Neuroreport 8 1997 3957 3960
153. D.H. Zald, and J.V. Pardo Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 1997 4119 4124
154. A. Bechara, D. Tranel, and H. Damasio Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans Science 269 1995 115 118
155. I. Fried, K.A. Macdonald, and C.L. Wilson Single neuron activity in hippocampus and amygdala during recognition of faces and objects Neuron 18 1997 875 887
156. K.S. LaBar, J.C. Gatenby, and J.C. Gore Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study Neuron 20 1998 937 945
157. P.J. Whalen Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala Current Directions in Psychological Science 7 1998 177 188
158. M.G. Baxter, A. Parker, and C.C.C. Lindner Control of response selection by reinforcer value requires interaction of amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex J Neurosci 20 2000 4311 4319
159. M.G. Baxter, and E.A. Murray The amygdala and reward Nat Rev Neurosci 3 2002 563 573
160. P.C. Holland, and M. Gallagher Amygdala-frontal interactions and reward expectancy Curr Opin Neurobiol 14 2004 148 155
161. C.L. Pickens, M.P. Saddoris, and B. Setlow Different roles for orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala in a reinforcer devaluation task J Neurosci 23 2003 11078 11084
162. C.E. Schwartz, C.I. Wright, and L.M. Shin Inhibited and uninhibited infants "grown up": adult amygdalar response to novelty Science 300 2003 1952 1953
163. C.S. Monk, C. Grillon, and J.M.P. Baas A neuroimaging method for the study of threat in adolescents Dev Psychobiol 43 2003 359 366
164. K.M. Thomas, W.C. Drevets, and R.E. Dahl Amygdala response to fearful faces in anxious and depressed children Arch Gen Psychiatry 58 2001 1057 1063
165. S.T. Carmichael, and J.L. Price Limbic connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys J Comp Neurol 363 1995 615 641
166. R.A. Vasa, M. Grados, and B. Slomine Neuroimaging correlates of anxiety after pediatric traumatic brain injury Biol Psychiatry 55 2004 208 216
167. R. Adolphs Social cognition and the human brain J.T. Cacioppo G.G. Bernston R. Adolphs Foundations in social neuroscience 2002 MIT Press Cambridge (MA) 313 331
168. R.J. Davidson, D.C. Jackson, and N.H. Kalin Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: perspectives from affective neuroscience Psychol Bull 126 2000 890 909
169. A. Bechara, H. Damasio, and A.R. Damasio Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making J Neurosci 23 1999 4311 4319
170. R.J. Davidson, and W. Irwin The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style J.T. Cacioppo G.G. Bernston R. Adolphs Foundations in social neuroscience 2002 MIT Press Cambridge (MA) 473 490
171. D. Blumer, and D.F. Benson Personality changes with frontal and temporal lobe lesions D. Blumer D.F. Benson Psychiatric aspects of neurologic disease 1975 Grune & Stratton New York 151 170
172. C.M. Butter, D.R. Snyder, and J.A. McDonald Effects of orbital frontal legions on aversive and aggressive behaviors in rhesus monkeys J Comp Physiol Psychol 72 1970 132 144
173. H. Damasio, T. Grabowski, and R. Frank The return on Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient Science 264 1994 1102 1105
174. H.A. Berlin, E.T. Rolls, and U. Kischka Impulsivity, time perception, emotion, and reinforcement sensitivity in patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions Brain 127 2004 1108 1126
175. W. Drevets, J. Simpson, and M. Raichle Regional blood flow changes in response to phobic anxiety and habituation J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 15 1995 S856
176. M. Fredrikson, H. Fischer, and G. Wik Cerebral blood flow during anxiety provocation J Clin Psychiatry 58 1997 16 21
177. N. Birbaumer, W. Grodd, and O. Diedrich fMRI reveals amygdala activation to human faces in social phobics Neuroreport 9 1998 1223 1226
178. M. Tillfors, T. Furmark, and I. Marteinsdottir Cerebral blood flow in subjects with social phobia during stressful speaking tasks: a PET study Am J Psychiatry 158 2001 1220 1226
179. S.L. Stewart, and K.H. Rubin The social problem-solving skills of anxious-withdrawn children Dev Psychopathol 7 1995 323 336
180. T.H. Ollendick, N.J. King, and R.B. Frary Fears in children and adolescents: reliability and generalizability across gender, age, and nationality Behav Res Ther 27 1989 19 26
181. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th edition 1994 American Psychiatric Association Washington (DC)
182. T.H. Ollendick, and D.R. Hirshfeld-Becker The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety disorder Biol Psychiatry 51 2002 44 58
183. J.D. Bremner Neuroimaging studies in post-traumatic stress disorder Curr Psychiatry Rep 4 2002 254 263
184. J.D. Bremner Alterations in brain structure and function associated with post-traumatic stress disorder Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 4 1999 249 255
185. R.M. Sapolsky Why stress is bad for your brain Science 273 1996 749 750
186. M.W. Gilbertson, M.E. Shenton, and A. Ciszewski Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma Nat Neurosci 5 2002 1242 1247