Trends in the prevalence of social phobia in the United States: A synthetic cohort analysis of changes over four decades

European Psychiatry

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 29-37

  Heimberg, R G ^a   Stein, M B ^b   Hiripi, E ^c   Kessler, R C ^c  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Epidemiology; Prevalence; Social phobia

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; ONSET AGE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOCIOECONOMICS; SURVIVAL RATE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0034094791     PISSN: 09249338     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00213-3     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. revis :1987;Washington, DC: APA.
2. Blazer D.G., Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Swartz M.S. The prevalence and distribution of major depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry. 151:1994;979-986.
3. Brown E.J., Heimberg R.G., Juster H.R. Social phobia subtype and avoidant personality disorder: effect on severity of social phobia, impairment, and outcome of cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behav Ther. 26:1995;467-486.
4. Chartier M.J., Hazen A.L., Stein M.B. Lifetime patterns of social phobia: a retrospective study of the course of social phobia in a nonclinical population. Depression and Anxiety. 7:1998;113-121.
5. Davidson J.R.T., Hughes D.C., George L.K., Blazer D.G. The boundary of social phobia: exploring the threshold. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 51:1994;975-983.
6. Davidson J.R.T., Hughes D.L., George L.K., Blazer D.G. The epidemiology of social phobia: findings from the Duke epidemiological catchment area study. Psychol M. 23:1993;709-718.
7. Efron B. Logistic regression, survival analysis, and the Kaplan-Meier Curve. J Am Soc Assoc. 83:1988;414-425.
8. Gelernter C.S., Stein M.B., Tancer M.E., Uhde T.W. An examination of syndromal validity and diagnostic subtypes in social phobia and panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 53:1992;23-27.
9. Giuffra L.A. Risch Diminished recall and the cohort effect of major depression: A simulation study. Psychol M. 24:1994;375-383.
10. Heimberg R.G., Fresco D.M., Travers J., Stein M.B., Liebowitz M.R. Social phobia or social anxiety disorder: What's in a name? Arch Gen Psychiatry. in press.
11. Heimberg R.G., Holt C.S., Schneier F.R., Spitzer R.E., Liebowitz M.R. The issue of subtypes in the diagnosis of social phobia. J Anx Dis. 7:1993;249-269.
12. Holt C.S., Heimberg R.G., Hope D.A. Avoidant personality disorder and the generalized subtype in social phobia. J Abnormal Psychol. 101:1992;318-325.
13. Holt C.S., Heimberg R.G., Hope D.A., Liebowitz M.R. Situational domains of social phobia. J Anx Dis. 6:1992;63-77.
14. Kaplan E.L., Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Statistical Assoc. 53:1958;281-284.
15. Kessler R.C. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. Wetzler S, Sanderson W.C. Treatment strategies for patients with psychiatric comorbidity. 1997;23-48 New York: John Wiley & Sons.
16. Kessler R.C. Epidemiology of psychiatric comorbidity. Tsuang M.T, Tohen M, Zahner G.E.P. Textbook in psychiatric epidemiology. 1995;179-197 New York: John Wiley and Sons.
17. Kessler R.C., Crum R.M., Warner L.A., Nelson C.B., Schulenberg J., Anthony J.C. The lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 54:1997;313-321.
18. Kessler R.C., Little R.J.A., Groves R.M. Advances in strategies for minimizing and adjusting for survey nonresponse. Epidemiol Rev. 17:1995;192-204.
19. Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Nelson C.B., Hughes M., Swartz M., Blazer D.G. Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey: II. cohort effects. J Affect Disord. 30:1994;15-26.
20. Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Zhao S., Nelson C.B., Hughes M., Eshleman S., et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 51:1994;8-19.
21. Kessler R.C., Stein M.B., Berglund P. Social phobia subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;613-619.
22. Kish L., Frankel M.D. Inferences from complex samples. J Am Stat Assoc. 65:1970;1071-1094.
23. Lazarsfeld P.R., Henry N.W. Latent structure analysis. 1968;Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
24. Magee W.J., Eaton W.W., Wittchen H.U., McGonagle K.A., Kessler R.C. Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 53:1996;159-168.
25. Mannuzza S., Schneier F.R., Chapman T.F., Liebowitz M.R., Klein D.F., Fyer A.J. Generalized social phobia: reliability and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:1995;230-237.
26. McCutcheon A.L. Latent class analysis. 1987;Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
27. Reich J., Goldenberg I., Goisman R., Vasile R., Keller M. A prospective follow-along study of the course of social phobia: II. Testing for basic predictors of course. J Nerv Ment Dis. 182:1994;297-301.
28. Reich J., Goldenberg I., Vasile R., Goisman R., Keller M. A prospective follow-along study of the course of social phobia. Psychiatry Res. 54:1994;249-258.
29. Safren S.A., Heimberg R.G., Brown E.J., Holle C. Quality of life in social phobia. Depress Anx. 4:1997;126-133.
30. Schneier F.R., Heckelman L.R., Garfinkel R., Campeas R., Fallon B.A., Gitow A., et al. Functional impairment in social phobia. J Clin Psychiatry. 55:1994;322-331.
31. Schneier F.R., Johnson J., Hornig C., Liebowitz M., Weissman M. Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:1992;282-288.
32. Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B.W., Gibbon M., First M.B. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I. history, rationale, and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:1992;624-629.
33. Stein M.B., Walker J.R., Forde D.R. Public speaking fears in a community sample: prevalence, impact on functioning, and diagnostic classification. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 53:1996;169-174.
34. Stein M.B., Walker J.R., Forde D.R. Setting diagnostic thresholds for social phobia: considerations from a community survey of social anxiety. Am J Psychiatry. 151:1994;408-412.
35. Turner S.M., Beidel D.C., Townsley R.M. Social phobia: a comparison of specific and generalized subtypes and avoidant personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 101:1992;326-331.
36. Warner L.A., Kessler R.C., Hughes M., Anthony J.C., Nelson C.B. Prevalence and correlates of drug use and dependence in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:1995;219-229.
37. Weissman M.M., Klerman G.L. Depression: current understanding and changing trends. Annu Rev Public Health. 13:1992;319-339.
38. Wittchen H.U. Reliability and validity studies of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): a critical review. J Psychiatr Res. 28:1994;57-84.
39. Wittchen H.U., Kessler R.C., Zhao S., Abelson J. Reliablity and clinical validity of UM-CIDI DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder. J Psychiatric Res. 29:1995;95-110.
40. Wittchen H.U., Zhao S., Abelson J.M., Abelson J.L., Kessler R.C. Reliability and procedural validity of UM-CIDI DSM-III-R phobic disorders. Psychol M. 26:1996;1169-1177.
41. . Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI, Version 1.0.). 1990;Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.