메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 69-77

Thresholds for DNA-reactive (genotoxic) organic carcinogens

Author keywords

2 acetylaminofluorene; Carcinogens; DNA adducts; DNA damage; Neoplasms

Indexed keywords


EID: 24644470031     PISSN: 09149198     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1293/tox.18.69     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (27)

References (88)
  • 1
    • 0007765699 scopus 로고
    • The concept of threshold in carcinogenesis
    • Mantel N. The concept of threshold in carcinogenesis. Clin Pharm Ther. 4: 104-109. 1963.
    • (1963) Clin. Pharm. Ther. , vol.4 , pp. 104-109
    • Mantel, N.1
  • 2
    • 0017199122 scopus 로고
    • Mathematical aspects of dose-response studies in carcinogenesis - The concept of thresholds
    • Brown CC. Mathematical aspects of dose-response studies in carcinogenesis - the concept of thresholds. Oncology. 33: 62-65. 1976.
    • (1976) Oncology , vol.33 , pp. 62-65
    • Brown, C.C.1
  • 3
    • 0010744347 scopus 로고
    • The question of the existence of thresholds: Extrapolation from high to low dose
    • Flamm G and Lorentzen R (eds.). Princeton Sci. Pub. Co., Inc, Princeton
    • Gaylord DW. The question of the existence of thresholds: extrapolation from high to low dose. In: Mechanisms of Toxicity and Chemical Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis. Flamm G and Lorentzen R (eds.). Princeton Sci. Pub. Co., Inc, Princeton. Vol. 12, 249-260. 1985.
    • (1985) Mechanisms of Toxicity and Chemical Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis , vol.12 , pp. 249-260
    • Gaylord, D.W.1
  • 4
    • 0032819866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds in toxicology and risk assessment
    • Slob W. Thresholds in toxicology and risk assessment. Int J Toxicol. 18: 259-268. 1999.
    • (1999) Int. J. Toxicol. , vol.18 , pp. 259-268
    • Slob, W.1
  • 5
    • 0037910368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds in chemical carcinogenesis: What are animal experiments telling us?
    • Waddell WJ. Thresholds in chemical carcinogenesis: what are animal experiments telling us? Toxicol Pathol. 31: 260-262. 2003.
    • (2003) Toxicol. Pathol. , vol.31 , pp. 260-262
    • Waddell, W.J.1
  • 6
    • 0141453264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An alternative perspective: A critical evaluation of the Waddell threshold extrapolation model in chemical carcinogenesis
    • Haseman JK. An alternative perspective: a critical evaluation of the Waddell threshold extrapolation model in chemical carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol. 31: 468-470. 2003.
    • (2003) Toxicol. Pathol. , vol.31 , pp. 468-470
    • Haseman, J.K.1
  • 7
    • 0027048538 scopus 로고
    • DNA reactive and epigenetic carcinogens
    • Williams GM. DNA reactive and epigenetic carcinogens. Exper Tox Path. 44: 457-464. 1992.
    • (1992) Exper. Tox. Path. , vol.44 , pp. 457-464
    • Williams, G.M.1
  • 8
    • 0029874523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk assessment of carcinogens in food with special consideration of non-genotoxic carcinogens: Scientific arguments for use of risk assessment and for changing the Delaney Clause specifically
    • Williams GM, Karbe E, Fenner-Crisp P, Iatropoulos MJ, and Weisburger JH. Risk assessment of carcinogens in food with special consideration of non-genotoxic carcinogens: scientific arguments for use of risk assessment and for changing the Delaney Clause specifically. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 48: 209-215. 1996.
    • (1996) Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. , vol.48 , pp. 209-215
    • Williams, G.M.1    Karbe, E.2    Fenner-Crisp, P.3    Iatropoulos, M.J.4    Weisburger, J.H.5
  • 9
    • 0033960141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concepts of threshold in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis
    • Kirsch-Volders M, Aardema M, and Elhajouji A. Concepts of threshold in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Mutat Res. 464: 3-11. 2000.
    • (2000) Mutat. Res. , vol.464 , pp. 3-11
    • Kirsch-Volders, M.1    Aardema, M.2    Elhajouji, A.3
  • 10
    • 0023884624 scopus 로고
    • Dose-response study with N-nitrosomorpholine in drinking water of F-344 rats
    • Lijinsky W, Kovatch RM, Riggs CW, and Walters PT. Dose-response study with N-nitrosomorpholine in drinking water of F-344 rats. Cancer Res. 48: 2089-2095. 1988.
    • (1988) Cancer Res. , vol.48 , pp. 2089-2095
    • Lijinsky, W.1    Kovatch, R.M.2    Riggs, C.W.3    Walters, P.T.4
  • 11
    • 0026347782 scopus 로고
    • Effects on 4080 rats of chronic ingestion of N-nitrosodiethylamine or N-nitrosodimethylamine: A detailed dose-response study
    • Peto R, Gray R, Brantom P, and Grasso P. Effects on 4080 rats of chronic ingestion of N-nitrosodiethylamine or N-nitrosodimethylamine: a detailed dose-response study. Cancer Res. 51: 6415-6451. 1991.
    • (1991) Cancer Res. , vol.51 , pp. 6415-6451
    • Peto, R.1    Gray, R.2    Brantom, P.3    Grasso, P.4
  • 12
    • 0026353166 scopus 로고
    • Dose and time relationships for tumor induction in the liver and esophagus of 4080 inbred rats by chronic ingestion of N-nitrosodiethylamine or N-nitrosodimethylamine
    • Peto R, Gray R, Brantom P, and Grasso P. Dose and time relationships for tumor induction in the liver and esophagus of 4080 inbred rats by chronic ingestion of N-nitrosodiethylamine or N-nitrosodimethylamine. Cancer Res. 51: 6452-6469. 1991.
    • (1991) Cancer Res. , vol.51 , pp. 6452-6469
    • Peto, R.1    Gray, R.2    Brantom, P.3    Grasso, P.4
  • 13
    • 0018909042 scopus 로고
    • Dose and time responses models for the incidence of bladder and liver neoplasms in mice fed 2-acetylaminofluorene continuously
    • Farmer JH, Kodell RL, Greenman DL, and Shaw GW. Dose and time responses models for the incidence of bladder and liver neoplasms in mice fed 2-acetylaminofluorene continuously. J Environ Pathol Toxicol. 3: 55-68. 1980.
    • (1980) J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. , vol.3 , pp. 55-68
    • Farmer, J.H.1    Kodell, R.L.2    Greenman, D.L.3    Shaw, G.W.4
  • 14
    • 0019870862 scopus 로고
    • Existence of a practical threshold dose for the hepatocarcinogen 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino) azobenzene in rat liver
    • Hino O and Kitagawa T. Existence of a practical threshold dose for the hepatocarcinogen 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino) azobenzene in rat liver. Gann. 72: 637-638. 1981.
    • (1981) Gann , vol.72 , pp. 637-638
    • Hino, O.1    Kitagawa, T.2
  • 16
    • 0031769971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-linearities in 2-acetylaminofluorene exposure-responses for genotoxic and epigenetic effects leading to initiation of carcinogenesis in rat liver
    • Williams GM, Iatropoulos MJ, Wang CX, Jeffrey AM, Thompson S, Pitmann B, Palasch M, and Gebhardt R. Non-linearities in 2-acetylaminofluorene exposure-responses for genotoxic and epigenetic effects leading to initiation of carcinogenesis in rat liver. Toxicol Sci. 45: 152-161. 1998.
    • (1998) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 152-161
    • Williams, G.M.1    Iatropoulos, M.J.2    Wang, C.X.3    Jeffrey, A.M.4    Thompson, S.5    Pitmann, B.6    Palasch, M.7    Gebhardt, R.8
  • 17
    • 0032805849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-dose carcinogenicity of a heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline: Relevance to risk assessment
    • Fukushima S. Low-dose carcinogenicity of a heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline: relevance to risk assessment. Cancer Lett. 143: 157-159. 1999.
    • (1999) Cancer Lett. , vol.143 , pp. 157-159
    • Fukushima, S.1
  • 18
    • 0032728966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diethylnitrosamine exposure-responses for DNA ethylation, hepatocellular proliferation and initiation of carcinogenesis in the rat liver display non-linearities and thresholds
    • Williams GM, Iatropoulos MJ, Jeffrey AM, Luo FQ, Wang CX, Thompson S, and Pittman B. Diethylnitrosamine exposure-responses for DNA ethylation, hepatocellular proliferation and initiation of carcinogenesis in the rat liver display non-linearities and thresholds. Arch Toxicol. 73: 394-402. 1999.
    • (1999) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.73 , pp. 394-402
    • Williams, G.M.1    Iatropoulos, M.J.2    Jeffrey, A.M.3    Luo, F.Q.4    Wang, C.X.5    Thompson, S.6    Pittman, B.7
  • 21
    • 0037258612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of GST-P positive preneoplastic hepatic foci in dose-response studies of hepatocarcinogenesis: Evidence for practical thresholds with both genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens. A review of recent work
    • Tsuda H, Fukushima S, Wanibuchi H, Morimura K, Nakae D, Imaida K, Tatematsu M, Hirose M, Wakabayashi K, and Moore MA. Value of GST-P positive preneoplastic hepatic foci in dose-response studies of hepatocarcinogenesis: evidence for practical thresholds with both genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens. A review of recent work. Toxicol Pathol. 31: 80-86. 2003.
    • (2003) Toxicol. Pathol. , vol.31 , pp. 80-86
    • Tsuda, H.1    Fukushima, S.2    Wanibuchi, H.3    Morimura, K.4    Nakae, D.5    Imaida, K.6    Tatematsu, M.7    Hirose, M.8    Wakabayashi, K.9    Moore, M.A.10
  • 23
    • 0000897714 scopus 로고
    • Chemical Carcinogenesis
    • Klaassen CD, Amdur MO, and Doull J (eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York
    • Williams GM and Weisburger JH. Chemical Carcinogenesis. In: Toxicology. Klaassen CD, Amdur MO, and Doull J (eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York. 127-200, 1991.
    • (1991) Toxicology , pp. 127-200
    • Williams, G.M.1    Weisburger, J.H.2
  • 25
    • 0016166007 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of genetic risks of alkylating agents: Tissue doses in the mouse from air contaminated with ethylene oxide
    • Ehrenberg L, Hiesche KD, Osterman-Golkar S, and Wenneberg I. Evaluation of genetic risks of alkylating agents: tissue doses in the mouse from air contaminated with ethylene oxide. Mutat Res. 24: 83-103. 1974.
    • (1974) Mutat. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 83-103
    • Ehrenberg, L.1    Hiesche, K.D.2    Osterman-Golkar, S.3    Wenneberg, I.4
  • 27
    • 0032427910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytochromes P450 and species differences in xenobiotic metabolism and activation of carcinogen
    • Lewis DF, Ioannides C, and Parke DV. Cytochromes P450 and species differences in xenobiotic metabolism and activation of carcinogen. Environ Health Perspect. 106: 633-641. 1998.
    • (1998) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.106 , pp. 633-641
    • Lewis, D.F.1    Ioannides, C.2    Parke, D.V.3
  • 28
    • 0033651177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of human CYP2G genes: Widespread loss-of-function mutations and genetic polymorphism
    • Sheng J, Guo J, Hua Z, Caggana M, and Ding X. Characterization of human CYP2G genes: widespread loss-of-function mutations and genetic polymorphism. Pharmacogenetics, 10: 667-678. 2000.
    • (2000) Pharmacogenetics , vol.10 , pp. 667-678
    • Sheng, J.1    Guo, J.2    Hua, Z.3    Caggana, M.4    Ding, X.5
  • 30
    • 0032812946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-individual differences in the metabolism of environmental toxicants: Cytochrome P450 1A2 as a prototype
    • Guengerich FP, Parikh A, Turesky RJ, and Josephy PD. Inter-individual differences in the metabolism of environmental toxicants: cytochrome P450 1A2 as a prototype. Mutat Res. 428: 115-124. 1999.
    • (1999) Mutat. Res. , vol.428 , pp. 115-124
    • Guengerich, F.P.1    Parikh, A.2    Turesky, R.J.3    Josephy, P.D.4
  • 31
    • 0000931687 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the animal and human carcinogenicity of several environmental, occupational and therapeutic chemicals
    • Flamm G and Lorentzen R (eds.). Princeton Scientific Publishers. Princeton, NJ
    • Williams GM, Reiss B, and Weisburger JH. A comparison of the animal and human carcinogenicity of several environmental, occupational and therapeutic chemicals. In: Mechanisms and Toxicology of Chemical Carcinogens and Mutagens. Flamm G and Lorentzen R (eds.). Princeton Scientific Publishers. Princeton, NJ. Vol. IX, 207-248, 1985.
    • (1985) Mechanisms and Toxicology of Chemical Carcinogens and Mutagens , vol.9 , pp. 207-248
    • Williams, G.M.1    Reiss, B.2    Weisburger, J.H.3
  • 32
    • 0027401607 scopus 로고
    • The multistep nature of cancer
    • Vogelstein B and Kinzler KW. The multistep nature of cancer. Trends Genet. 9: 138-141. 1993.
    • (1993) Trends Genet. , vol.9 , pp. 138-141
    • Vogelstein, B.1    Kinzler, K.W.2
  • 34
    • 0024376173 scopus 로고
    • RAS oncogenes in human cancer: A review
    • Bos JL. RAS oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Res. 49: 4682-4689. 1989.
    • (1989) Cancer Res. , vol.49 , pp. 4682-4689
    • Bos, J.L.1
  • 35
    • 0030776986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissimilarity in aflatoxin dose-response relationships between DNA adduct formation and development of preneoplastic foci in rat liver
    • Root M, Lange T, and Campbell TC. Dissimilarity in aflatoxin dose-response relationships between DNA adduct formation and development of preneoplastic foci in rat liver. Chem Biol Interact. 106: 213-227. 1997.
    • (1997) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.106 , pp. 213-227
    • Root, M.1    Lange, T.2    Campbell, T.C.3
  • 36
    • 0018141478 scopus 로고
    • 6-methylguanine from deoxyribonucleic acid in rat liver and kidney after small doses of dimethylnitrosamine
    • 6-methylguanine from deoxyribonucleic acid in rat liver and kidney after small doses of dimethylnitrosamine. Biochem J. 173: 739-748. 1978.
    • (1978) Biochem. J. , vol.173 , pp. 739-748
    • Pegg, A.E.1    Hui, G.2
  • 38
    • 0027355715 scopus 로고
    • I-compounds - Endogenous DNA markers of nutritional status, ageing, tumour promotion and carcinogenesis
    • Randerath K, Li D, Moorthy B, and Randerath E. I-compounds - endogenous DNA markers of nutritional status, ageing, tumour promotion and carcinogenesis. IARC Sci Publ. 157-165, 1993.
    • (1993) IARC Sci. Publ. , pp. 157-165
    • Randerath, K.1    Li, D.2    Moorthy, B.3    Randerath, E.4
  • 39
    • 0034011261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxyradicals and DNA damage
    • Marnett LJ. Oxyradicals and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis. 21: 361-370. 2000.
    • (2000) Carcinogenesis , vol.21 , pp. 361-370
    • Marnett, L.J.1
  • 40
    • 0034125042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA adducts: Endogenous and induced
    • Povey AC. DNA adducts: endogenous and induced. Toxicol Pathol. 28: 405-414. 2000.
    • (2000) Toxicol. Pathol. , vol.28 , pp. 405-414
    • Povey, A.C.1
  • 41
    • 0029857622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological significance of DNA adducts: Summary of discussion with an expert panel
    • [Fennell, T.T., Gallagher, J.E., Gorelick, N.J., Swenberg, J.A., Williams, G.M.]
    • Nestmann ER, Bryant DW, and Carr CJ. Toxicological significance of DNA adducts: summary of discussion with an expert panel. [Fennell, T.T., Gallagher, J.E., Gorelick, N.J., Swenberg, J.A., Williams, G.M.]. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol. 24: 9-18. 1996.
    • (1996) Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.24 , pp. 9-18
    • Nestmann, E.R.1    Bryant, D.W.2    Carr, C.J.3
  • 42
    • 4243309679 scopus 로고
    • 6- methyldeoxyguanosine and enhanced mutagenesis in rat-liver epithelial cells
    • 6- methyldeoxyguanosine and enhanced mutagenesis in rat-liver epithelial cells. Mutat Res. 230: 219-226. 1990.
    • (1990) Mutat. Res. , vol.230 , pp. 219-226
    • Alvi, N.K.1    Foiles, P.G.2    Williams, G.M.3
  • 43
    • 0029995092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methyl DNA adducts, DNA repair, and hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase mutations in peripheral white blood cells from patients with malignant melanoma treated with dacarbazine and hydroxyurea
    • Philip PA, Souliotis VL, Harris AL, Salisbury A, Tates AD, Mitchell K, van Delft JH, Ganesan TS, and Kyrtopoulos SA. Methyl DNA adducts, DNA repair, and hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase mutations in peripheral white blood cells from patients with malignant melanoma treated with dacarbazine and hydroxyurea. Clin Cancer Res. 2:303-310. 1996.
    • (1996) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.2 , pp. 303-310
    • Philip, P.A.1    Souliotis, V.L.2    Harris, A.L.3    Salisbury, A.4    Tates, A.D.5    Mitchell, K.6    van Delft, J.H.7    Ganesan, T.S.8    Kyrtopoulos, S.A.9
  • 44
  • 45
    • 0021870987 scopus 로고
    • Accumulation and elimination of macromolecular lesions in susceptible and nonsusceptible rat tissues after repeated administration of trans-4-acetylaminostilbene
    • Hilpert D and Neumann HG. Accumulation and elimination of macromolecular lesions in susceptible and nonsusceptible rat tissues after repeated administration of trans-4-acetylaminostilbene. Chem Biol Interact. 54: 85-95. 1985.
    • (1985) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.54 , pp. 85-95
    • Hilpert, D.1    Neumann, H.G.2
  • 46
    • 0036170952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of DNA binding in the rat nasal mucosa and other tissues of the nasal toxicants roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, and a metabolite, 4-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine, in contrast to the nasal carcinogen 2,6-dimethylaniline
    • Jeffrey AM, Luo FQ, Amin S, Krzeminski J, Zech K, and Williams GM. Lack of DNA binding in the rat nasal mucosa and other tissues of the nasal toxicants roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, and a metabolite, 4-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine, in contrast to the nasal carcinogen 2,6-dimethylaniline. Drug Chem Toxicol. 25: 93-107. 2002.
    • (2002) Drug Chem. Toxicol. , vol.25 , pp. 93-107
    • Jeffrey, A.M.1    Luo, F.Q.2    Amin, S.3    Krzeminski, J.4    Zech, K.5    Williams, G.M.6
  • 48
    • 0021910677 scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet light-induced DNA repair synthesis in hepatocytes from species of differing longevities
    • Maslansky CJ and Williams GM. Ultraviolet light-induced DNA repair synthesis in hepatocytes from species of differing longevities. Mech Ageing Dev. 29: 191-203. 1985.
    • (1985) Mech. Ageing Dev. , vol.29 , pp. 191-203
    • Maslansky, C.J.1    Williams, G.M.2
  • 49
    • 0035225455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keynote: Past, present, and future aspects of base excision repair
    • Lindahl T. Keynote: past, present, and future aspects of base excision repair. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. 68: xvii-xxxx. 2001.
    • (2001) Prog. Nucleic Acid. Res. Mol. Biol. , vol.68
    • Lindahl, T.1
  • 50
    • 0034028030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6-alkylguanine by alkyltransferases
    • 6-alkylguanine by alkyltransferases. Mutat Res. 462: 83-100. 2000.
    • (2000) Mutat. Res. , vol.462 , pp. 83-100
    • Pegg, A.E.1
  • 51
    • 0345686480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional characterization of global genomic DNA repair and its implications for cancer
    • Hanawalt PC, Ford JM, and Lloyd DR. Functional characterization of global genomic DNA repair and its implications for cancer. Mutat Res. 544: 107-114. 2003.
    • (2003) Mutat. Res. , vol.544 , pp. 107-114
    • Hanawalt, P.C.1    Ford, J.M.2    Lloyd, D.R.3
  • 52
    • 0019128241 scopus 로고
    • Cell cycle-specific mutagenesis at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase locus in adult rat liver epithelial cells
    • Tong C, Fazio M, and Williams GM. Cell cycle-specific mutagenesis at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase locus in adult rat liver epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 77: 7377-7379. 1980.
    • (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.77 , pp. 7377-7379
    • Tong, C.1    Fazio, M.2    Williams, G.M.3
  • 53
    • 0020676245 scopus 로고
    • DNA alkylation and tumor induction in regenerating rat liver after cell cycle-related continuous N-nitrosodimethylamine infusion
    • Rabes HM, Kerler R, and Wilhelm R. DNA alkylation and tumor induction in regenerating rat liver after cell cycle-related continuous N-nitrosodimethylamine infusion. J Natl Cancer Inst. 70: 193-198. 1983.
    • (1983) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , vol.70 , pp. 193-198
    • Rabes, H.M.1    Kerler, R.2    Wilhelm, R.3
  • 55
    • 0011555560 scopus 로고
    • Correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid excision-repair and life-span in a number of mammalian species
    • Hart RW and Setlow RB. Correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid excision-repair and life-span in a number of mammalian species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 71: 2169-2173. 1974.
    • (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.71 , pp. 2169-2173
    • Hart, R.W.1    Setlow, R.B.2
  • 56
    • 0030582551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There is substantial agreement among interspecies estimates of DNA repair activity
    • Cortopassi GA and Wang E. There is substantial agreement among interspecies estimates of DNA repair activity. Mech Ageing Dev. 91: 211-218. 1996
    • (1996) Mech. Ageing Dev. , vol.91 , pp. 211-218
    • Cortopassi, G.A.1    Wang, E.2
  • 57
    • 0027422198 scopus 로고
    • Dose-response effects of 2-acetylaminofluorene on DNA damage, cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and neoplastic conversion in rat liver
    • Umemura T, Tokumo K, Gebhardt R, Poirier M, and Williams GM. Dose-response effects of 2-acetylaminofluorene on DNA damage, cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and neoplastic conversion in rat liver. Cancer Lett. 73: 1-10. 1993.
    • (1993) Cancer Lett. , vol.73 , pp. 1-10
    • Umemura, T.1    Tokumo, K.2    Gebhardt, R.3    Poirier, M.4    Williams, G.M.5
  • 58
    • 0034092008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carcinogen macromolecular adducts and their measurement
    • Poirier MC, Santella RM, and Weston A. Carcinogen macromolecular adducts and their measurement. Carcinogenesis. 21: 353-359. 2000.
    • (2000) Carcinogenesis , vol.21 , pp. 353-359
    • Poirier, M.C.1    Santella, R.M.2    Weston, A.3
  • 59
    • 0025827562 scopus 로고
    • Replication of acetylaminofluorene-adducted plasmids in human cells: Spectrum of base substitutions and evidence of excision repair
    • Mah MC, Boldt J, Culp SJ, Maher M, and McCormick JJ. Replication of acetylaminofluorene-adducted plasmids in human cells: spectrum of base substitutions and evidence of excision repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88: 10193-10197. 1991.
    • (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.88 , pp. 10193-10197
    • Mah, M.C.1    Boldt, J.2    Culp, S.J.3    Maher, M.4    McCormick, J.J.5
  • 60
    • 0033974532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • p53-dependent global genomic repair of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide adducts in human cells
    • Lloyd DR and Hanawalt PC. p53-dependent global genomic repair of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide adducts in human cells. Cancer Res. 60: 517-521. 2000.
    • (2000) Cancer Res. , vol.60 , pp. 517-521
    • Lloyd, D.R.1    Hanawalt, P.C.2
  • 61
    • 0034188796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic polymorphism and cancer risk
    • Clapper ML. Genetic polymorphism and cancer risk. Curr Oncol Rep. 2: 251-256. 2000.
    • (2000) Curr. Oncol. Rep. , vol.2 , pp. 251-256
    • Clapper, M.L.1
  • 65
    • 0027278557 scopus 로고
    • Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA
    • Lindahl T. Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature. 362: 709-715. 1993.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.362 , pp. 709-715
    • Lindahl, T.1
  • 66
    • 0037025545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The enemy at the gates? DNA adducts as biomarkers of exposure to exogenous and endogenous genotoxic agents
    • Shuker DE. The enemy at the gates? DNA adducts as biomarkers of exposure to exogenous and endogenous genotoxic agents. Toxicol Lett. 134: 51-56. 2002.
    • (2002) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.134 , pp. 51-56
    • Shuker, D.E.1
  • 67
    • 0014870631 scopus 로고
    • Liver regeneration and induction of hepatomas in B6AF mice by urethan
    • Chernozemski IN and Warwick GP. Liver regeneration and induction of hepatomas in B6AF mice by urethan. Cancer Res. 30: 2685-2690. 1970.
    • (1970) Cancer Res. , vol.30 , pp. 2685-2690
    • Chernozemski, I.N.1    Warwick, G.P.2
  • 68
    • 0022495111 scopus 로고
    • Effect of DNA synthesis on induction of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in rat liver by a single dose of methylazoxymethanol acetate
    • Tanaka T, Mori H, Hirota N, Furuya K, and Williams GM. Effect of DNA synthesis on induction of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in rat liver by a single dose of methylazoxymethanol acetate. Chem Biol Interact. 58: 13-27. 1986.
    • (1986) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.58 , pp. 13-27
    • Tanaka, T.1    Mori, H.2    Hirota, N.3    Furuya, K.4    Williams, G.M.5
  • 70
    • 0033992478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P53 and human cancer: The first ten thousand mutations
    • Hainaut P and Hollstein M. p53 and human cancer: the first ten thousand mutations. Adv Cancer Res. 77: 81-137, 2000.
    • (2000) Adv. Cancer Res. , vol.77 , pp. 81-137
    • Hainaut, P.1    Hollstein, M.2
  • 72
    • 0037468254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detailed computational study of p53 and p16: Using evolutionary sequence analysis and disease-associated mutations to predict the functional consequences of allelic variants
    • Greenblatt MS, Beaudet JG, Gamp JR, Godin KS, Trombley L, Koh J, and Bond JP. Detailed computational study of p53 and p16: using evolutionary sequence analysis and disease-associated mutations to predict the functional consequences of allelic variants. Oncogene. 22: 1150-1163. 2003.
    • (2003) Oncogene , vol.22 , pp. 1150-1163
    • Greenblatt, M.S.1    Beaudet, J.G.2    Gamp, J.R.3    Godin, K.S.4    Trombley, L.5    Koh, J.6    Bond, J.P.7
  • 73
    • 0033960142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo extrapolations of genotoxin exposures: Consideration of factors which influence dose-response thresholds
    • Parry JM, Jenkins GJ, Haddad F, Bourner R, and Parry EM. In vitro and in vivo extrapolations of genotoxin exposures: consideration of factors which influence dose-response thresholds. Mutat Res. 464: 53-63. 2000.
    • (2000) Mutat. Res. , vol.464 , pp. 53-63
    • Parry, J.M.1    Jenkins, G.J.2    Haddad, F.3    Bourner, R.4    Parry, E.M.5
  • 74
    • 0031590715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hereditary predisposition to cancer
    • Knudson AG. Hereditary predisposition to cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 833: 58-67. 1997.
    • (1997) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.833 , pp. 58-67
    • Knudson, A.G.1
  • 76
    • 0023579751 scopus 로고
    • Dose-response relationships for carcinogens: A review
    • Zeise L, Wilson R, and Crouch EA. Dose-response relationships for carcinogens: a review. Environ Health Perspect. 73: 259-306. 1987.
    • (1987) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.73 , pp. 259-306
    • Zeise, L.1    Wilson, R.2    Crouch, E.A.3
  • 77
    • 18144404047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The function and pathology of brown adipose tissue in animals and humans
    • Iatropoulos MJ and Williams GM. The function and pathology of brown adipose tissue in animals and humans. J Toxicol Pathol. 17: 147-153. 2004.
    • (2004) J. Toxicol. Pathol. , vol.17 , pp. 147-153
    • Iatropoulos, M.J.1    Williams, G.M.2
  • 78
    • 0017897389 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative kinetics of development of N-2-fluorenylacetamide-induced, altered (hyperplastic) hepatocellular foci resistant to iron accumulation and of their reversion or persistence following removal of carcinogen
    • Williams GM and Watanabe K. Quantitative kinetics of development of N-2-fluorenylacetamide-induced, altered (hyperplastic) hepatocellular foci resistant to iron accumulation and of their reversion or persistence following removal of carcinogen. J Natl Cancer Inst. 61: 113-121. 1978.
    • (1978) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , vol.61 , pp. 113-121
    • Williams, G.M.1    Watanabe, K.2
  • 79
    • 0034042794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanistic basis for nonlinearities and thresholds in rat liver carcinogenesis by the DNA-reactive carcinogens 2-acetylaminofluorene and diethylnitrosamine
    • Williams GM, Iatropoulos MJ, and Jeffrey AM. Mechanistic basis for nonlinearities and thresholds in rat liver carcinogenesis by the DNA-reactive carcinogens 2-acetylaminofluorene and diethylnitrosamine. Toxicol Pathol. 28: 388-395. 2000.
    • (2000) Toxicol. Pathol. , vol.28 , pp. 388-395
    • Williams, G.M.1    Iatropoulos, M.J.2    Jeffrey, A.M.3
  • 80
    • 3342962424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds for the effects of 2-acetylaminofluorene in rat liver
    • Williams GM, Iatropoulos M, and Jeffrey AM. Thresholds for the effects of 2-acetylaminofluorene in rat liver. Toxicol Pathol. 32 (suppl. 2): 246-252. 2004.
    • (2004) Toxicol. Pathol. , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 246-252
    • Williams, G.M.1    Iatropoulos, M.2    Jeffrey, A.M.3
  • 81
    • 0029008910 scopus 로고
    • Effects of low doses of N-nitrosomorpholine on the development of early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis
    • Enzmann H, Zerban H, Kopp-Schneider A, Loser E, and Bannach P. Effects of low doses of N-nitrosomorpholine on the development of early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 16: 1513-1518. 1995.
    • (1995) Carcinogenesis , vol.16 , pp. 1513-1518
    • Enzmann, H.1    Zerban, H.2    Kopp-Schneider, A.3    Loser, E.4    Bannach, P.5
  • 82
    • 0035860642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis and application to human cancer risk assessment
    • Williams GM. Mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis and application to human cancer risk assessment. Toxicology. 166: 3-10. 2001.
    • (2001) Toxicology , vol.166 , pp. 3-10
    • Williams, G.M.1
  • 83
    • 27444434452 scopus 로고
    • Interactive carcinogenesis in the liver
    • Bannasch P, Keppler D, and Weber G (eds.). Academic Press, Boston
    • Williams GM. Interactive carcinogenesis in the liver. In: Falk Symposium: Liver Cell Carcinoma. Bannasch P, Keppler D, and Weber G (eds.). Academic Press, Boston. Vol. 51, 197-216, 1989.
    • (1989) Falk Symposium: Liver Cell Carcinoma , vol.51 , pp. 197-216
    • Williams, G.M.1
  • 85
    • 0003687592 scopus 로고
    • Some naturally occurring substances: Food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer. editors. IARC, Lyons
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer. editors. Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. IARC, Lyons. 1993.
    • (1993)
  • 86
    • 0030773485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drinking water chlorination by-products and cancer
    • Koivusalo M and Vartiainen T. Drinking water chlorination by-products and cancer. Rev Environ Health. 12: 81-90. 1997.
    • (1997) Rev. Environ. Health , vol.12 , pp. 81-90
    • Koivusalo, M.1    Vartiainen, T.2
  • 87
    • 0024955551 scopus 로고
    • Types and amounts of carcinogens as potential human cancer hazards
    • Weisburger JH and Williams GM. Types and amounts of carcinogens as potential human cancer hazards. Cell Biol Toxicol. 5: 377-391. 1989.
    • (1989) Cell Biol. Toxicol. , vol.5 , pp. 377-391
    • Weisburger, J.H.1    Williams, G.M.2
  • 88
    • 0026598008 scopus 로고
    • International Cancer Risk Assessmnet: The impact of biologic mechanisms
    • Whysner J and Williams GM. International Cancer Risk Assessmnet: the impact of biologic mechanisms. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol. 15: 41-50. 1992.
    • (1992) Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.15 , pp. 41-50
    • Whysner, J.1    Williams, G.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.