Advances in epidemiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes in children

Advances in Pediatrics

Volumn 52, Issue , 2005, Pages 223-259

  Pinhas Hamiel, Orit ^a,b   Zeitler, Phil ^c  

^a SHEBA MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^b MACCABI HEALTHCARE SERVICES   (Israel)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; CHILD; DIET; HEALTH; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; MORBIDITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATIENT EDUCATION; REVIEW; SEX RATIO;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; CHILD; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIET; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; MORBIDITY; PATIENT EDUCATION; SEX DISTRIBUTION; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 24644443249     PISSN: 00653101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2005.03.008     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. American Diabetes Association: Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 23:1-9, 2000.
2. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Dolan LM, Daniels SR, et al: Increased incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among adolescents. J Pediatr 128:608-615, 1996.
3. Dabelea D, Pettitt DJ, Jones KL, et al: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in minority children and adolescents. An emerging problem. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 28:709-729, 1999.
4. Rosenbloom AL, Joe JR, Young RS, et al: Emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in youth. Diabetes Care 22:345-354, 1999.
5. Dietz WH: Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics 101:518-524, 1998.
6. Goran MI, Figueroa R, McGloin A, et al: Obesity in children: Recent advances in energy metabolism and body composition. Obes Res 3:277-289, 1995.
7. Troiano RP, Flegal KM: Overweight children and adolescents: Description, epidemiology, and demographics. Pediatrics 101:497-504, 1998.
8. Kimm SYS, Glynn NW, Kriska AM, et al: Longitudinal changes in physical activity in a biracial cohort during adolescence. Med Sci Sports Excerc 32:1445-1454, 2000.
9. Arslanian S: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children: Pathophysiology and risk factors. J Pediatr 13:1385-1394, 2000.
10. Arslanian SA, Kalhan SC: Correlations between fatty acid and glucose metabolism: Potential explanation of insulin resistance during puberty. Diabetes 43:908-914, 1994.
11. American Diabetes Association: Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002. Diabetes Care 26:917-932, 2003.
12. American Diabetes Association, National Institutes of Diabetes: The prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:742-749, 2002.
13. Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, et al: Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: An epidemiological review and public health perspective. J Pediatr 136:664-672, 2000.
14. Libman IM, Pietropaolo M, Trucco M, et al: Islet cell autoimmunity in white and black children and adolescents with IDDM. Diabetes Care 21:1824-1827, 1998.
15. Neufeld ND, Rafael LJ, Landon C, et al: Early presentation of type 2 diabetes in Mexican-American youth. Diabetes Care 21:80-85, 1998.
16. Dean H: NIDDM-Y in First Nation children in Canada. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 37:89-96, 1998.
17. Kim C, McHugh C, Kwok Y, et al: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Navajo adolescents. West J Med 170:210-213, 1999.
18. Savage PJ, Bennett PH, Senter RG, et al: High prevalence of diabetes in young Pima Indians. Diabetes 28:937-942, 1979.
19. Rios Burrows N, Acton K, Geiss L, et al: Trends in diabetes prevalence among American Indian and Alaska Native children, adolescents, and young adults, 1991-1997. Presented at the 11th Annual Indian Health Service Research Conference, Albuquerque, NM, 1999.
20. Coddington DA, Hisnanick JJ: Clinical characteristics of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among southwestern American Indian youths. J Health Popul Nutr 19:12-17, 2001.
21. Harwell TS, McDowall JM, Moore K, et al: Establishing surveillance for diabetes in American Indian youth. Diabetes Care 24:1032, 2001.
22. Kim C, McHugh C, Kwok Y, et al: T2DM diabetes mellitus in Navajo adolescents. West J Med 170:210, 1999.
23. Harris SB, Perkins BA, Whalen-Brough E: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among First Nations children. New entity among First Nations people of northwestern Ontario. Can Fam Physician 42:869-876, 1996.
24. Dean HJ, Mundy RL, Moffatt M: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Indian children in Manitoba. CMAJ 147:52-57, 1992.
25. Dean H: Incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in youth in Manitoba, Canada. Diabetes 48:A168S, 1999.
26. Cockram CS: The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the Asia-Pacific region. Hong Kong Med J 6:43-52, 2000.
27. Kida K: T2DM diabetes in Japanese youths. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 13:1209, 2000.
28. Kitagawa T, Owada M, Urakami T, et al: Epidemiology of type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Japanese children. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 24:S7-S13, 1994.
29. Lee W: T2DM diabetes in Asian children. Personal communication, 2000.
30. Kitagawa T, Owada M, Urakami T, et al: Increased incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among Japanese schoolchildren correlates with an increased intake of animal protein and fat. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 37:111-115, 1998.
31. Panzram G, Adolph W: Results of a population study of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 28:779-784, 1983.
32. Kiess W, Bottner A, Raile K, et al: Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: A review from a European perspective. Horm Res 59:77-84, 2003.
33. Rami B, Schober E, Nachbauer E, et al: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is rare but not absent in children under 15 years of age in Austria. Eur J Pediatr 162:850-852, 2003.
34. Ehtisham S, Barrett TG, Shaw NJ: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in UK children: An emerging problem. Diabet Med 17:867-871, 2000.
35. Drake AJ, Smith A, Betts PR, et al: Type 2 diabetes in obese white children. Arch Dis Child 86:207-208, 2002.
36. Ehtisham S, Kirk J, McEvilly A, et al: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children in Birmingham. BMJ 322:1428, 2001.
37. Feltbower RG, McKinney PA, Campbell FM, et al: Type 2 and other forms of diabetes in 0-30 year olds: A hospital based study in Leeds. Arch Dis Child 88:676-679, 2003.
38. Ortega-Rodriguez E, Levy-Marchal C, Tubiana N, et al: Emergence of type 2 diabetes in a hospital based cohort of children with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab 27: 574-578, 2001.
39. Korner AM, Gombos E, Horvath E, et al: Early signs of cardiovascular involvement in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Presented at the EASD Conference, Budapest, Hungary, 2002.
40. Jones KL, Arslanian S, Peterokova VA, et al: Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 25:89-94, 2002.
41. Konstantinova M, Damianove M, Koprvarova K, et al: Type 2 diabetes in obese children: Therapy with metformin. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 13:1213, 2000.
42. Franzese A, DeFilippo G, Argenziano A: Variable expression of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in childhood. Minerva Pediatr 48: 229-232, 1996.
43. Roeleveld-Versteegh AB, Jansen M, DeVroede M: En 12-jarig meisje met diabetes mellitus type 2. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 142:2256-2258, 1998.
44. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Koren I, Vardi P: Type 2 diabetes among adolescents in Israel. Harefuah 138:186-189, 2000.
45. El-Hazmi MAF, Warsy AS, Al-Swailem AM, et al: Diabetes mellitus as a health problem in Saudi Arabia and its complications. East Mediterr Health J 4:58-67, 1998.
46. Punnose J, Agarwal MM, El Khadir A, et al: Childhood and adolescent diabetes mellitus in Arabs residing in the United Arab Emirates. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 55:29-33, 2002.
47. Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, et al: Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med 346:802-810, 2002.
48. Bloomgarden ZT: Type 2 diabetes in the young: The evolving epidemic. Diabetes Care 27:998-1010, 2004.
49. Krosnick A: The diabetes and obesity epidemic among the Pima Indians. N Engl J Med 97:31-37, 2000.
50. Ferrannini E, Gastaldelli A, Miyazaki Y, et al: Beta-cell function in subjects spanning the range from normal glucose tolerance to overt diabetes: A new analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:493-500, 2005.
51. Yeckel CW, Taksali S, Dziura J, et al: The normal glucose tolerance continuum in obese youth: Evidence for impairment in beta-cell function independent of insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:747-754, 2005.
52. Arslanian S: Metabolic differences between Caucasian and African-American children and the relationship to type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15:509-517, 2002.
53. Gungor N, Bacha F, Saad R, et al: Youth type 2 diabetes: Insulin resistance, beta-cell failure, or both. Diabetes Care 28:638-644, 2005.
54. Gungor N, Arslanian S: Progressive beta cell failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus of youth. J Pediatr 144:656-659, 2004.
55. Saad RJ, Danadian K, Lewy V, et al: Insulin resistance of puberty in African-American children: Lack of a compensatory increase in insulin secretion. Pediatr Diabetes 3:4-9, 2002.
56. Pimenta W, Korytkowski M, Mitrakou A, et al: Pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction as the primary genetic lesion in NIDDM. JAMA 273:1855-1861, 1995.
57. Gerich JE, Dailey G: Advances in diabetes for the millennium: Understanding insulin resistance. Med Gen Med 6:11, 2004.
58. Brownlee M: A radical explanation for glucose-induced beta-cell dysfunction. J Clin Invest 112:1788-1790, 2003.
59. Schrauwen P, Hesselink MK: Oxidative capacity, lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial damage in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 53:1412-1417, 2004.
60. Goran MI, Bergman RN, Avila Q, et al: Impaired glucose tolerance and reduced β-cell function in overweight Latino children with a positive family history for type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:207-212, 2004.
61. Arslanian S, Suprasongsin C: Differences in the in vivo insulin secretion and sensitivity of healthy black versus white adolescents. J Pediatr 129:440-443, 1996.
62. Sakul H, Pratley R, Cardon L, et al: Familiality of physical and metabolic characteristics that predict the development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Am J Hum Genet 60:651-656, 199.
63. Viner RM, Segal TY, Lichtarowics-Krynska E, et al: Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity. Arch Dis Child 90:10-14, 2005.
64. Travers SH, Jeffers BW, Bloch CA, et al: Gender and Tanner stage differences in body composition and insulin sensitivity in early pubertal children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:172-178, 1995.
65. Travers SH, Jeffers BW, Eckel RH: Insulin resistance during puberty and future fat accumulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3814-3818, 2002.
66. Veening MA, VanWeissenbruch MM, Delemarre-Van de Waal H: Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion in children born small for gestational age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4657-4661, 2002.
67. Potau N, Gussinye M, Sanchez Ufarte C, et al: Hyperinsulinemia in pre-and post-pubertal children born small for gestational age. Horm Res 56: 146-150, 2001.
68. Godfrey KM, Barker DJ: Fetal nutrition and adult disease. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1344S-1352S, 2000.
69. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P: The global spread of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 146:693-700, 2005.
70. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Standiford D, Hamiel D, et al: The type 2 family: A setting for development and treatment of adolescent type 2 diabetes. Arch Pediatr Adol Med 153:1063-1067, 1999.
71. Scott CR, Smith JM, Cradock MM, et al: Characteristics of youth-onset non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at diagnosis. Pediatrics 100:84-91, 1997.
72. Glaser NS, Jones KL: Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Mexican-American children. West J Med 168:11, 1998.
73. Schroder AK, Tauchert S, Ortmann O, et al: Insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann Med 36:426-439, 2004.
74. Sam S, Dunaif A: Insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 14:365-370, 2003.
75. Silverstein JH, Rosenbloom AL: Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 13:1403-1409, 2000.
76. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Dolan LM, Zeitler P: Diabetic ketoacidosis among obese African-American adolescents with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 20: 484-486, 1997.
77. Umpierrez GE, Casals MM, Gebhart SP, et al: Diabetic ketoacidosis in obese African Americans. Diabetes 44:790-795, 1995.
78. Ehtisham S, Shaw N, Kirk J, et al: Development of an assessment tool for screening children for glucose intolerance by oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes Care 27:280-281, 2004.
79. American Diabetes Association: Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 21:5, 1998.
80. Service FJ, Rizza RA, Zimmerman BR, et al: The classification of diabetes by clinical and C-peptide criteria. A prospective population-based study. Diabetes Care 20:198-201, 1997.
81. Rowley MJ, Mackay IR, Chen Q-Y, et al: Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase discriminate major types of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 41:548-551, 1992.
82. Bottazzo GF, Bosi E, Cull CA, et al: IA-2 antibody prevalence and risk assessment of early insulin requirement in subjects presenting with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 71). Diabetologia 48:703-708, 2005.
83. Davis TM, Wright AD, Mehta ZM, et al: Islet autoantibodies in clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes: Prevalence and relationship with metabolic control (UKDPS 70). Diabetologia 48:695-702, 2005.
84. Zinman B, Kahn SE, Haffner SM, et al: Phenotypic characteristics of GAD antibody-positive recently diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes in North America and Europe. Diabetes 53:3193-3200, 2004.
85. Brooks-Worrell BM, Greenbaum CJ, Palmer JP, et al: Autoimmunity to islet proteins in children diagnosed with new-onset diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2222-2227, 2004.
86. Hathout EH, Thomas W, El-Shahawy M, et al: Diabetic autoimmune markers in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Pediatrics 107:E102, 2001.
87. Umpaichitra V, Banerji MA, Castells S: Autoantibodies in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15:525-230, 2002.
88. Bradshaw B: The role of the family in managing therapy in minority children with T2DM diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15: 547-551, 2002.
89. He J, Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE: Effects of weight loss and physical activity on muscle lipid content and droplet size. Obes Res 12:761-769, 2004.
90. Gutin B, Cucuzzo N, Islam S, et al: Physical training, lifestyle education, and coronary risk factors in obese girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28: 19-23, 1996.
91. Hoffman RP, Stumbo PJ, Janz KF, et al: Altered insulin resistance is associated with increased dietary weight loss in obese children. Horm Res 44:17-22, 1995.
92. Willi SM, Martin K, Datko FM, et al: Treatment of type 2 diabetes in childhood using a very-low-calorie diet. Diabetes Care 27:348-353, 2004.
93. Sondike SB, Copperman N, Jacobson MS: Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents. J Pediatr 142:253-258, 2003.
94. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Sinclair KB, et al: A reduced-glycemic load diet in the treatment of adolescent obesity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157:773-779, 2003.
95. Ludwig DS, Majzoub JA, Al-Zahrani A, et al: High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity. Pediatrics 103:E26, 1999.
96. Li S, Culver B, Ren J: Benefit and risk of exercise on myocardial function in diabetes. Pharmacol Res 48:127-132, 2003.
97. Krook A, Holm I, Pettersson S, et al: Reduction of risk factors following lifestyle modification program in subjects with type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 23:21-30, 2003.
98. Castaneda C, Layne JE, Munoz-Orians L, et al: A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:2335-2341, 2002.
99. Ritenbaugh C, Teufel-Shone NI, Aickin MG, et al: A lifestyle intervention improves plasma insulin levels among Native American high school youth. Prev Med 36:309-319, 2003.
100. Yamanouchi K, Shinozaki T, Chikada K, et al: Daily walking combined with diet is a useful means for obese NIDDM patients not only to reduce body weight but also to improve insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 18: 775-778, 1995.
101. Epstein LH, Valoski A, Wing RR, et al: Ten-year outcomes of behavioral family-based treatments for childhood obesity. Health Psychol 13:373-383, 1994.
102. Epstein LH, Valoski AM, Vara LS, et al: Effects of decreasing sedentary behavior and increasing activity on weight change in obese children. Health Psychol 14:109-115, 1995.
103. Robinson TN: Television viewing and childhood obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am 48:1017-1025, 2001.
104. Kawahara R, Amemiya T, Yoshino M, et al: Dropout of young non-insulin-dependent diabetics from diabetic care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 24:181-185, 1994.
105. Owada M, Nitadori Y, Kitagawa T: Treatment of T2DM diabetes in youth. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 37:117-121, 1998.
106. Inzucchi SE: Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for T2DM diabetes: Scientific review. JAMA 287:360-372, 2002.
107. Hundal RS, Inzucchi SE: Metformin: New understandings, new uses. Drugs 63:1879-1894, 2003.
108. Grinstein G, Muzumdar R, Aponte L, et al: Presentation and 5-year follow-up of T2DM diabetes mellitus in African-American and Caribbean-Hispanic adolescents. Horm Res 60:121-126, 2003.
109. Freemark M, Bursey D: The effects of metformin on body mass index and glucose tolerance in obese adolescents with fasting hyperinsulinemia and a family history of T2DM diabetes. Pediatrics 107:E55, 2001.
110. Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, et al: Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 163:2594-2602, 2003.
111. Cryer DR, Nicholas SP, Henry DH, et al: Comparative outcomes study of metformin intervention versus conventional approach. Diabetes Care 28:539-543, 2005.
112. Diamant M, Heine RJ: Thiazolidinedione in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 63:1373-1405, 2003.
113. Ovalle F, Bell DS: Clinical evidence of thiazolidinedione-induced improvement of pancreatic beta-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 4:56-59, 2002.
114. Fonseca V: Effect of thiazolidinedione on body weight in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 115:42-48, 2003.
115. O'Moore-Sullivan TM, Prins JB: Thiazolidinedione and type 2 diabetes: New drugs for an old disease. Med J Aust 176:381-386, 2002.
116. Shadid S, Jensen MD: Effect of pioglitazone on biochemical indices of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in upper body obesity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 1:384-387, 2003.
117. Promrat K, Lutchman G, Uwaifo GI, et al: A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 39:188-196, 2004.
118. Rendell M: The role of sulphonylureas in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 64:1339-1358, 2004.
119. Dornhorst A: Insulinotropic meglitinide analogues. Lancet 358:1709-1716, 2001.
120. Culy CR, Jarvis B: Repaglinide: A review of its therapeutic use in T2DM diabetes mellitus. Drugs 61:1625-1660, 2001.
121. Ambavane VV, Patil RR, Ainapure SS: Repaglinide: A short acting insulin secretagogue for postprandial hyperglycaemia. J Postgrad Med 48: 246-248, 2002.
122. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, et al: Acarbose for prevention of T2DM diabetes mellitus: The STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 359:2072-2077, 2002.
123. Castells S: Management of hyperglycemia in minority children with T2DM diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15:531-540, 2002.
124. Silverstein JH, Rosenbloom AL: Treatment of T2DM diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 13:1403-1409, 2000.
125. Zuhri-Yafi MI, Brosnan PG, Hardin DS: Treatment of T2DM diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adol Med 15:541-546, 2002.
126. Kavey RE, Daniels SR, Lauer RM, et al: American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. J Pediatr 142:368-372, 2003.