Role of the calcium-sensing receptor in parathyroid gland physiology

American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology

Volumn 286, Issue 6 55-6, 2004, Pages

  Chen, Randolph A ^a   Goodman, William G ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcimimetic; Hyperparathyroidism; Parathyroid gland hyperplasia; Parathyroid hormone secretion; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM ION; CALCIUM SENSING RECEPTOR; PARATHYROID HORMONE; VITAMIN D;

CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; CELL PROLIFERATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; NONHUMAN; PARATHYROID CELL; PARATHYROID GLAND; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELEASE; PARATHYROID HYPERPLASIA; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 2442689139     PISSN: 1931857X     EISSN: 15221466     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00013.2004     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Awata H, Huang C, Handlogten ME, and Miller RT. Interaction of the calcium-sensing receptor and filamin, a potential scaffolding protein. J Biol Chem 276: 34871-34879, 2001.
2. Ba J, Brown D, and Friedman PA. Calcium-sensing receptor regulation of PTH-inhibitable proximal tubule phosphate transport. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 285: F1233-F1243, 2003.
3. Bai M, Trivedi S, and Brown EM. Dimerization of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) on the cell surface of CaR-transfected HEK293 cells. J Biol Chem 273: 23605-23610, 1998.
4. Bai M, Trivedi S, Kifor O, Quinn SJ, and Brown EM. Intermolecular interactions between dimeric calcium-sensing receptor monomers are important for its normal function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 2834-2839, 1999.
5. 2+ store release. J Biol Chem 273: 21267-21275, 1998.
6. 1. Biochim Biophys Acta 1518: 237-248, 2001.
7. Brauner-Osborne H, Jensen AA, Sheppard PO, O'Hara P, and Krogsgaard-Larsen P. The agonist-binding domain of the calcium-sensing receptor is located at the amino-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 274: 18382-18386, 1999.
8. Breitwieser GE and Gama L. Calcium-sensing receptor activation induces intracellular calcium oscillations. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 280: C1412-C1421, 2001.
9. 2+-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid. Nature 366: 575-580, 1993.
10. Brown EM and Hebert SC. Calcium-receptor-regulated parathyroid and renal function. Bone 20: 303-309, 1997.
11. Brown EM and MacLeod RJ. Extracellular calcium sensing and extracellular calcium signaling. Physiol Rev 81: 239-297, 2001.
12. Canaff L and Hendy GN. Human calcium-sensing receptor gene. Vitamin D response elements in promoters p1 and p2 confer transcriptional responsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. J Biol Chem 277: 30337-30350, 2002.
13. 2+ set-point in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 4789-4794, 2000.
14. 2+-sensing receptor mediate efficient coupling to phospholipase C. J Biol Chem 275: 19955-19963, 2000.
15. 2+-sensing receptor mediate efficient cell-surface expression and phospholipase C activation. J Biol Chem 276: 44129-44136, 2001.
16. Chang W, Pratt S, Chen TH, and Shoback D. Protein kinase C activation blocks calcium receptor signaling in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 158: 13-23, 1999.
17. Chikatsu N, Fukumoto S, Takeuchi Y, Suzawa M, Obara T, Matsumoto T, and Fujita T. Cloning and characterization of two promoters for the human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and changes of CaSR expression in parathyroid adenomas. J Biol Chem 275: 7553-7557, 2000.
18. 2+-sensing-receptor gene that cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Am J Hum Genet 56: 1075-1079, 1995.
19. Cohen Y, Rahamimov R, Naveh-Many T, Silver J, and Rahamimoff R. Where is the "inverting factor" in hormone secretion from parathyroid cells? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 273: E631-E637, 1997.
20. Conigrave AD, Franks AH, Brown EM, and Quinn SJ. 1-Amino acid sensing by the calcium-sensing receptor: a general mechanism for coupling protein and calcium metabolism? Eur J Clin Nutr 56: 1072-1080, 2002.
21. 2+-sensing receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 4814-4819, 2000.
22. Dardenne O, Prud'homme J, Hacking SA, Glorieux FH, and St. Arnaud R. Correction of the abnormal mineral ion homeostasis with a high-calcium, high-phosphorus, high-lactose diet rescues the PDDR phenotype of mice deficient for the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). Bone 32: 332-340, 2003.
23. Dolmetsch RE, Xu K, and Lewis RS. Calcium oscillations increase the efficiency and specificity of gene expression. Nature 392: 933-936, 1998.
24. 2+ receptor is essential for its expression at the cell surface. Endocrinology 138: 1916-1922, 1997.
25. Fox J, Lowe SH, Conklin RL, and Nemeth EF. The calcimimetic NPS R-568 decreases plasma PTH in rats with mild and severe renal or dietary secondary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine 10: 97-103, 1999.
26. Fukuda N, Tanaka H, Tominaga Y, Fukagawa M, Kurokawa K, and Seino Y. Decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor density is associated with a more severe form of parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic uremic patients. J Clin Invest 92: 1436-1443, 1993.
27. 1 arrest via a p53/p21(WAF1/Cip1)-dependent mechanism. Mol Biol Cell 12: 2229-2244, 2001.
28. Galvez T, Duthey B, Kniazeff J, Blahos J, Rovelli G, Bettler B, Prezeau L, and Pin JP. Allosteric interactions between GB1 and GB2 subunits are required for optimal GABAB receptor function. EMBO J 20: 2152-2159, 2001.
29. B receptors. J Biol Chem 275: 41166-41174, 2000.
30. 2+ activation of the human calcium sensing receptor. A study with receptor-green fluorescent protein fusions. J Biol Chem 273: 29712-29718, 1998.
31. Garrett JE, Capuano IV, Hammerland LG, Hung BC, Brown EM, Hebert SC, Nemeth EF, and Fuller F. Molecular cloning and functional expression of human parathyroid calcium receptor cDNAs. J Biol Chem 270: 12919-12925, 1995.
32. Garrett JE, Steffey ME, and Nemeth EF. The calcium receptor agonist NPS R-568 suppresses PTH mRNA levels in cultured bovine parathyroid cells (Abstract). J Bone Miner Res 10: S387, 1995.
33. Goodman WG. Recent developments in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 59: 1187-1201, 2001.
34. Goodman WG, Frazao JM, Goodkin DA, Turner SA, Liu W, and Coburn JW. A calcimimetic agent lowers plasma parathyroid hormone levels in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 58: 436-445, 2000.
35. Goodman WG, Hladik GA, Turner SA, Blaisdell PW, Goodkin DA, Liu W, Barri YM, Cohen RM, and Coburn JW. The calcimimetic agent AMG 073 lowers plasma parathyroid hormone levels in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Am Soc Nephrol 13: 1017-1024, 2002.
36. Goodman WG, Misra S, Veldhuis JD, Portale AA, Ament ME, and Salusky IB. Altered diurnal regulation of blood ionized calcium and serum parathyroid hormone levels during total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 560-568, 2000.
37. Goodman WG, Veldhuis JD, Belin TR, Van Herle AJ, Jüppner H, and Salusky IB. Calcium-sensing by parathyroid glands in secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 2765-2772, 1998.
38. 2+ receptors. Mol Pharmacol 55: 642-648, 1999.
39. 2+ receptor/metabotropic glutamate chimeric receptors. Endocrinology 141: 4156-4163, 2000.
40. Hjalm G, MacLeod RJ, Kifor O, Chattopadhyay N, and Brown EM. Filamin-A binds to the carboxyl-terminal tail of the calcium-sensing receptor, an interaction that participates in CaR-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 276: 34880-34887, 2001.
41. Ho C, Conner DA, Pollak MR, Ladd DJ, Kifor O, Warren HB, Brown EM, Seidman JG, and Seidman CE. A mouse model of human familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Nat Genet 11: 389-394, 1995.
42. 2+ and a positive allosteric modulator. J Biol Chem 277: 46622-46631, 2002.
43. 2+-sensing receptor: implications for its structure and function. Trends Endocrinol Metab 14: 282-288, 2003.
44. 1 in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 107: 1093-1102, 2001.
45. Janicic N, Soliman E, Pausova Z, Seldin MF, Riviere M, Szpirer J, Szpirer C, and Hendy GN. Mapping of the calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR) to human chromosome 3q13.3-21 by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and localization to rat chromosome 11 and mouse chromosome 16. Mamm Genome 6: 798-801, 1995.
46. Kifor O, Diaz R, Butters R, Kifor I, and Brown EM. The calcium-sensing receptor is localized in caveolin-rich plasma membrane domains of bovine parathyroid cells. J Biol Chem 273: 21708-21713, 1998.
47. Kifor O, Kifor I, Moore FD Jr, Butters RR Jr., and Brown EM. m-Calpain colocalizes with the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) in caveolae in parathyroid cells and participates in degradation of the CaR. J Biol Chem 278: 31167-31176, 2003.
48. Kifor O, Kifor I, Moore FD Jr., Butters RR Jr., Cantor T, Gao P, and Brown EM. Decreased expression of caveolin-1 and altered regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in cultured bovine parathyroid cells and human parathyroid adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 4455-4464, 2003.
49. 2+-sensing receptor in primary and uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 1598-1606, 1996.
50. 2+ spike frequency can optimize gene expression. Nature 392: 936-941, 1998.
51. Li YC, Amling M, Pirro AE, Priemel M, Meuse J, Baron R, Delling G, and Demay MB. Normalization of mineral ion homeostasis by dietary means prevents hyperparathyroidism, rickets, and osteomalacia, but not alopecia in vitamin D receptor-ablated mice. Endocrinology 139: 4391-4396, 1998.
52. Li YC, Pirro AE, Amling M, Delling G, Baron R, Bronson R, and Demay MB. Targeted ablation of the vitamin D receptor: an animal model of vitamin D-dependent rickets type II with alopecia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 9831-9835, 1997.
53. Margeta-Mitrovic M, Jan YN, and Jan LY. Function of GB1 and GB2 subunits in G protein coupling of GABAB receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 14649-14654, 2001.
54. Margeta-Mitrovic M, Jan YN, and Jan LY. Ligand-induced signal transduction within heterodimeric GABAB receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 14643-14648, 2001.
55. Martin-Salvago M, Villar-Rodriguez JL, Palma-Alvarez A, Beato-Moreno A, and Galera-Davidson H. Decreased expression of calcium receptor in parathyroid tissue in patients with hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure. Endocr Pathol 14: 61-70, 2003.
56. Miedlich S, Gama L, and Breitwieser GE. Calcium sensing receptor activation by a calcimimetic suggests a link between cooperativity and intracellular calcium oscillations. J Biol Chem 277: 49691-49699, 2002.
57. Miki H, Maercklein PB, and Fitzpatrick LA. Spontaneous oscillations of intracellular calcium in single bovine parathyroid cells may be associated with the inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion. Endocrinology 136: 2954-2959, 1995.
58. 2+-sensing receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein. Endocrinology 136: 3087-3092, 1995.
59. Moallem E, Kilav R, Silver J, and Naveh-Many T. RNA-protein binding and post-transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone gene expression by calcium and phosphate. J Biol Chem 273: 5253-5259, 1998.
60. 2+ channels. Arch Biochem Biophys 265: 128-135, 1988.
61. Nemeth EF. Calcium receptors as novel drug targets. In: Principles in Bone Biology, edited by Bilezikian JP, Raisz LG, and Rodan GA. San Diego, CA: Academic, 1996, p. 1019-1035.
62. Nemeth EF. Pharmacological regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion. Curr Pharm Des 8: 2077-2087, 2002.
63. 2+ in bovine parathyroid cells evoked by extracellular divalent cations. Evidence for a cell surface calcium receptor. J Biol Chem 262: 5188-5196, 1987.
64. 2+. J Biol Chem 261: 2668-2674, 1986.
65. Okamoto T, Schlegel A, Scherer PE, and Lisanti MP. Caveolins, a family of scaffolding proteins for organizing "preassembled signaling complexes" at the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 273: 5419-5422, 1998.
66. Pace AJ, Gama L, and Breitwieser GE. Dimerization of the calcium-sensing receptor occurs within the extracellular domain and is eliminated by Cys→Ser mutations at Cys101 and Cys236. J Biol Chem 274: 11629-11634, 1999.
67. Panda K, Miao D, Bolivar I, Li J, Huo R, Hendy GN, and Goltzman D. Inactivation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-α-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor demonstrates independent and interdependent effects of calcium and vitamin D on skeletal and mineral homeostasis. J Biol Chem. In press.
68. 2+-sensing receptor gene causing familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Cell 75: 1297-1303, 1993.
69. 2+-sensing receptor gene mutation. Nat Genet 8: 303-307, 1994.
70. Pollak MR, Chou YH, Marx SJ, Steinmann B, Cole DE, Brandi ML, Papapoulos SE, Menko FH, Hendy GN, and Brown EM. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Effects of mutant gene dosage on phenotype. J Clin Invest 93: 1108-1112, 1994.
71. Ramirez JA, Goodman WG, Gornbein J, Menezes C, Moulton L, Segre GV, and Salusky IB. Direct in vivo comparison of calcium-regulated parathyroid hormone secretion in normal volunteers and patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76: 1489-1494, 1993.
72. Ray K, Clapp P, Goldsmith PK, and Spiegel AM. Identification of the sites of N-linked glycosylation on the human calcium receptor and assessment of their role in cell surface expression and signal transduction. J Biol Chem 273: 34558-34567, 1998.
73. Ray K, Fan GF, Goldsmith PK, and Spiegel AM. The carboxyl terminus of the human calcium receptor. Requirements for cell-surface expression and signal transduction. J Biol Chem 272: 31355-31361, 1997.
74. 2+ receptor. J Biol Chem 274: 27642-27650, 1999.
75. Silver J, Gaberman E, and Naveh-Many T. The calcimimetic R-568 decreases PTH mRNA levels in rats with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to experimental uremia (Abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 460A, 2003.
76. Silverberg SJ, Bone HG, III, Marriott TB, Locker FG, Thys-Jacobs S, Dziem G, Kaatz S, Sanguinetti EL, and Bilezikian JP. Short-term inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion by a calcium-receptor agonist in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. N Engl J Med 337: 1506-1510, 1997.
77. Wada M, Furuya Y, Sakiyama J, Kobayashi N, Miyata S, Ishii H, and Nagano N. The calcimimetic compound NPS R-568 suppresses parathyroid cell proliferation in rats with renal insufficiency. Control of parathyroid cell growth via a calcium receptor. J Clin Invest 100: 2977-2983, 1997.
78. Ward DT, Brown EM, and Harris HW. Disulfide bonds in the extracellular calcium-polyvalent cation-sensing receptor correlate with dimer formation and its response to divalent cations in vitro. J Biol Chem 273: 14476-14483, 1998.
79. Ward DT and Riccardi D. Renal physiology of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. Pflügers Arch 445: 169-176, 2002.
80. 2+ (Ca{o ↕ 2+})-sensing receptor (CaR): roles in cell signaling and control of diverse cellular functions. Adv Pharmacol 47: 209-253, 2000.
81. Yano S, Sugimoto T, Tsukamoto T, Chihara K, Kobayashi A, Kitazawa S, Maeda S, and Kitazawa R. Decrease in vitamin D receptor and calcium-sensing receptor in highly proliferative parathyroid adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 148: 403-411, 2003.
82. Zhang Z, Jiang Y, Quinn SJ, Krapcho K, Nemeth EF, and Bai M. 1-Phenylalanine and NPS R-467 synergistically potentiate the function of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor through distinct sites. J Biol Chem 277: 33736-33741, 2002.
83. Zhang Z, Qiu W, Quinn SJ, Conigrave AD, Brown EM, and Bai M. Three adjacent serines in the extracellular domains of the CaR are required for 1-amino acid-mediated potentiation of receptor function. J Biol Chem 277: 33727-33735, 2002.