FIV: From lentivirus to lentivector

Journal of Gene Medicine

Volumn 6, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2004, Pages

  Saenz, Dyana T ^a,b   Poeschla, Eric M ^a,b  

^a Mayo Clinic   (United States)

^b MAYO GRADUATE SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

FIV; HIV; Lentiviral vectors

Indexed keywords

GAG PROTEIN; GENOMIC RNA; INTEGRASE; LENTIVIRUS VECTOR; MATRIX PROTEIN; NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN; VIRUS PROTEIN;

BIOSAFETY; FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; LIFE CYCLE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSGENE; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; VIRAL GENE THERAPY; VIRUS CAPSID; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS DNA CELL DNA INTERACTION; VIRUS REPLICATION; ANIMAL; CAT; GENE TRANSFER; GENE VECTOR; GENETICS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; PHYSIOLOGY; VIRUS ASSEMBLY;

FELIDAE; FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; PRIMATES;

ANIMALS; CATS; GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES; GENETIC VECTORS; HIV; HUMANS; IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, FELINE; VIRUS ASSEMBLY;

EID: 2442591690     PISSN: 1099498X     EISSN: 15212254     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jgm.500     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Naldini L, Bloemer U, Gallay P, et al. In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector. Science 1996; 272: 263-267.
2. Bloemer U, Naldini L, Kafri T, Trono D, Verma IM, Gage FH. Highly efficient and sustained gene transfer in adult neurons with a lentivirus vector. J Virol 1997; 71: 6641-6649.
3. Gatlin J, Douglas J, Evans JT, Collins RH, Wendel GD, Garcia JV. In vitro selection of lentivirus vector-transduced human CD34+ cells. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11: 1949-1957.
4. Evans JT, Garcia JV. Lentivirus vector mobilization and spread by human immunodeficiency virus. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11 2331-2339.
5. Gatlin J, Padgett A, Melkus MW, Kelly PF, Garcia JV. Long-term engraftment of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice with human CD34+ cells transduced by a self-inactivating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vector. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12: 1079-1089.
6. Evans JT, Cravens P, Lipsky PE, Garcia JV. Differentiation and expansion of lentivirus vector-marked dendritic cells derived from human CD34(+) cells. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11: 2483-2492.
7. Mautino MR, Ramsey WJ, Reiser J, Morgan RA. Modified human immunodeficiency virus-based lentiviral vectors display decreased sensitivity to trans-dominant Rev. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11: 895-908.
8. Poeschla E, Wong-Staal F, Looney D. Efficient transduction of nondividing cells by feline immunodeficiency virus lentiviral vectors. Nat Med 1998; 4: 354-357.
9. Reiser J, Harmison G, Kluepfel-Stahl S, Brady RO, Karlsson S, Schubert M. Transduction of nondividing cells using pseudotyped defective high-titer HIV type 1 particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93: 15 266-15 271.
10. Mitrophanous K, Yoon S, Rohll J, et al. Stable gene transfer to the nervous system using a non-primate lentiviral vector. Gene Ther 1999; 6: 1808-1818.
11. Olsen JC. Gene transfer vectors derived from equine infectious anemia virus. Gene Ther 1998; 5: 1481-1487.
12. Poeschla E, Gilbert J, Li X, Huang S, Ho A, Wong-Staal F. Identification of a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) encapsidation determinant and transduction of nondividing human cells by HIV-2-based lentivirus vectors. J Virol 1998; 72: 6527-6536.
13. Pandya S, Boris-Lawrie K, Leung NJ, Akkina R, Planelles V. Development of a Rev-independent, minimal simian immunodeficiency virus-derived vector system. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12: 847-857.
14. May C, Rivella S, Callegari J, et al. Therapeutic haemoglobin synthesis in beta-thalassaemic mice expressing lentivirus-encoded human beta-globin. Nature 2000; 406: 82-86.
15. Curran MA, Kaiser SM, Achacoso PL, Nolan GP. Efficient transduction of nondividing cells by optimized feline immunodeficiency virus vectors. Mol Ther 2000; 1: 31-38.
16. Johnston JC, Gasmi M, Lim LE, et al. Minimum requirements for efficient transduction of dividing and nondividing cells by feline immunodeficiency virus vectors. J Virol 1999; 73: 4991-5000.
17. White SM, Renda M, Nam NY, et al. Lentivirus vectors using human and simian immunodeficiency virus elements. J Virol 1999; 73: 2832-2840.
18. Matukonis M, Li M, Molina RP, Paszkiet B, Kaleko M, Luo T. Development of second- and third-generation bovine immunodeficiency virus-based gene transfer systems. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13: 1293-1303.
19. Song JJ, Lee B, Chang JW, Kim JH, Kwon YK, Lee H. optimization of vesicular stomatitis virus-G pseudotyped feline immunodeficiency virus vector for minimized cytotoxicity with efficient gene transfer. Virus Res 2003; 93: 25-30.
20. Schroder AR, Shinn P, Chen H, Berry C, Ecker JR, Bushman F. HIV-1 integration in the human genome favors active genes and local hotspots. Cell 2002; 110: 521-529.
21. Butler SL, Hansen MS, Bushman FD. A quantitative assay for HIV DNA integration in vivo. Nat Med 2001; 7: 631-634.
22. Li L, Olvera JM, Yoder KE, et al. Role of the non-homologous DNA end joining pathway in the early steps of retroviral infection. EMBO J 2001; 20: 3272-3281.
23. Julias JG, McWilliams MJ, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Hughes SH. Mutations in the RNase H domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase affect the initiation of DNA synthesis and the specificity of RNase H cleavage in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 9515-9520.
24. Kemler I, Barraza R, Poeschla EM. Mapping of the encapsidation determinants of feline immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2002; 76: 11 889-11 903.
25. Hamra FK, Gatlin J, Chapman KM, et al. Production of transgenic rats by lentiviral transduction of male germ- line stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 14 931-14 936.
26. Bloemer U, Kafri T, Randolph-Moore L, Verma IM, Gage FH. Bcl-xL protects adult septal cholinergic neurons from axotomized cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 2603-2608.
27. Tamaki S, Eckert K, He D, et al. Engraftment of sorted/expanded human central nervous system stem cells from fetal brain. J Neurosci Res 2002; 69: 976-986.
28. Lois C, Hong EJ, Pease S, Brown EJ, Baltimore D. Germline transmission and tissue-specific expression of transgenes delivered by lentiviral vectors. Science 2002; 295: 868-872.
29. Naldini L, Verma IM. Lentiviral vectors. Adv Virus Res 2000; 55: 599-609.
30. Hacein-Bey-Abina S, von Kalle C, Schmidt M, et al. A serious adverse event after successful gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 255-256.
31. Cowan S, Hatziioannou T, Cunningham T, Muesing MA, Gottlinger HG, Bieniasz PD. Cellular inhibitors with Fv1-like activity restrict human and simian immunodeficiency virus tropism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 11 914-11 919.
32. Hatziioannou T, Cowan S, Goff SP, Bieniasz PD, Towers GJ. Restriction of multiple divergent retroviruses by Lv1 and Ref1. EMBO J 2003; 22: 385-394.
33. Pedersen NC, Ho EW, Brown ML, Yamamoto JK. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic virus from domestic cats with an immunodeficiency-like syndrome. Science 1987; 235: 790-793.
34. Pedersen NC. The feline immunodeficiency virus. In The Retroviridae, Levy JA (ed). Plenum Press: New York, 1993; 181-228.
35. Poeschla E, Looney D. CXCR4 is required by a non-primate lentivirus: heterologous expression of feline immunodeficiency virus in human, rodent and feline cells. J Virol 1998; 72: 6858-6866.
36. Elder JH, Phillips TR. Molecular properties of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Infectious Agents Disease 1993; 2 361-374.
37. Olmsted RA, Hirsch VM, Purcell RH, Johnson PR. Nucleotide sequence analysis of feline immunodeficiency virus: genome organization and relationship to other lentiviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 8088-8092.
38. Talbott RL, Sparger EE, Lovelace KM, et al. Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of feline immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 5743-5747.
39. Elder JH, Dean GA, Hoover EA, et al. Lessons from the cat: feline immunodeficiency virus as a tool to develop intervention strategies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14: 797-801.
40. Lerner DL, Wagaman PC, Phillips TR, et al. Increased mutation frequency of feline immunodeficiency virus lacking functional deoxyuridine-triphosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92 7480-7484.
41. Elder JH, Phillips TR. Feline immunodeficiency virus as a model for development of molecular approaches to intervention strategies against lentivirus infections. Adv Virus Res 1995; 45: 225-247.
42. Carpenter MA, O'Brien SJ. Coadaptation and immunodeficiency virus: lessons from the Felidae. Curr Opin Genet Develop 1995; 5 739-745.
43. Sheehy AM, Gaddis NC, Choi JD, Malim MH. Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein. Nature 2002; 418: 646-650.
44. de Parseval A, Elder JH. Demonstration that orf2 encodes the feline immunodeficiency virus transactivating (Tat) protein and characterization of a unique gene product with partial rev activity. J Virol 1999; 73: 608-617.
45. Wang G, Slepushkin V, Zabner J, et al. Feline immunodeficiency virus vectors persistently transduce nondividing airway epithelia and correct the cystic fibrosis defect [see comments]. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: R55-62.
46. Stein CS, Kang Y, Sauter SL, et al. In vivo treatment of hemophilia A and mucopolysaccharidosis type VII using nonprimate lentiviral vectors. Mol Ther 2001; 3: 850-856.
47. Brooks AI, Stein CS, Hughes SM, et al. Functional correction of established central nervous system deficits in an animal model of lysosomal storage disease with feline immunodeficiency virus-based vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99: 6216-6221.
48. Derksen TA, Sauter SL, Davidson BL. Feline immunodeficiency virus vectors. Gene transfer to mouse retina following intravitreal injection. J Gene Med 2002; 4: 463-469.
49. Lotery AJ, Derksen TA, Russell SR, et al. Gene transfer to the nonhuman primate retina with recombinant feline immunodeficiency virus vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13: 689-696.
50. Kang Y, Stein CS, Heth JA, et al. In vivo gene transfer using a nonprimate lentiviral vector pseudotyped with Ross River Virus glycoproteins. J Virol 2002; 76: 9378-9388.
51. Stein CS, Davidson BL. Gene transfer to the brain using feline immunodeficiency virus-based lentivirus vectors. Methods Enzymol 2002; 346: 433-454.
52. Curran MA, Nolan GP. Recombinant feline immunodeficiency virus vectors. Preparation and use. Methods Mol Med 2002; 69: 335-350.
53. Curran MA, Ochoa MS, Molano RD, et al. Efficient transduction of pancreatic islets by feline immunodeficiency virus vectors. Transplantation 2002; 74: 299-306.
54. Curran MA, Nolan GP. Nonprimate lentiviral vectors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 261: 75-105.
55. Loewen N, Fautsch M, Peretz M, et al. Genetic modification of human trabecular meshwork with lentiviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12: 2109-2119.
56. Loewen N, Bahler C, Teo W, et al. Preservation of aqueous outflow facility after second-generation FIV vector-mediated expression of marker genes in anterior segments of human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 3686-3690.
57. Price MA, Case SS, Carbonaro DA, et al. Expression from second-generation feline immunodeficiency virus vectors is impaired in human hematopoietic cells. Mol Ther 2002; 6: 645-652.
58. Ikeda Y, Collins MK, Radcliffe PA, Mitrophanous KA, Takeuchi Y. Gene transduction efficiency in cells of different species by HIV and EIAV vectors. Gene Ther 2002; 9: 932-938.
59. Poeschla EM. Nonprimate lentiviral vectors. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2003; 5: in press.
60. Loewen N, Barraza R, Whitwam T, Saenz DT, Kemler I, Poeschla EM. FIV vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2003; 229: 251-271.
61. Whitwam T, Peretz M, Poeschla EM. Identification of a central DNA flap in feline immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2001; 75: 9407-9414.
62. Saenz D, Loewen N, Peretz M, et al. Unintegrated lentiviral DNA persistence and accessibility to expression in nondividing cells: analysis with class I integrase mutants. J Virol 2004; in press.
63. Shields A, Witte WN, Rothenberg E, Baltimore D. High frequency of aberrant expression of Moloney murine leukemia virus in clonal infections. Cell 1978; 14: 601-609.
64. Sakalian M, Wills JW, Vogt VM. Efficiency and selectivity of RNA packaging by Rous sarcoma virus Gag deletion mutants. J Virol 1994; 68: 5969-5981.
65. Linial ML, Miller AD. Retroviral RNA packaging: sequence requirements and implications. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 1990; 157: 125-152.
66. Berkowitz R, Fisher J, Goff SP. RNA packaging. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 1996; 214: 177-218.
67. Sakalian M, Hunter E. Molecular events in the assembly of retrovirus particles. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 440: 329-339.
68. Swanstrom R, Wills J. Synthesis, assembly, and processing of viral proteins. In Retroviruses, Coffin J, Huges S, Varmus H (eds . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1997; 263-334.
69. Lever AM, Richardson JH, Harrison GP. Retroviral RNA packaging. Biochem Soc Trans 1991; 19: 963-966.
70. Jewell NA, Mansky LM. In the beginning: genome recognition, RNA encapsidation and the initiation of complex retrovirus assembly. J Gen Virol 2000; 81: 1889-1899.
71. Adam MA, Miller AD. Identification of a signal in a murine retrovirus that is sufficient for packaging of nonretroviral RNA into virions. J Virol 1988; 62: 3802-3806.
72. Bender MA, Palmer TD, Gelinas RE, Miller AD. Evidence that the packaging signal of Moloney murine leukemia virus extends into the gag region. J Virol 1987; 61: 1639-1646.
73. Aldovini A, Young RA. Mutations of RNA and protein sequences involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 packaging result in production of noninfectious virus. J Virol 1990; 64: 1920-1926.
74. Lever A, Gottlinger H, Haseltine W, Sodroski J. Identification of a sequence required for efficient packaging of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA into virions. J Virol 1989; 63 4085-4087.
75. Harrison GP, Lever AM. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 packaging signal and major splice donor region have a conserved stable secondary structure. J Virol 1992; 66: 4144-4153.
76. Clever JL, Parslow TG. Mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes with defects in RNA dimerization or encapsidation. J Virol 1997; 71: 3407-3414.
77. Harrison GP, Miele G, Hunter E, Lever AM. Functional analysis of the core human immunodeficiency virus type 1 packaging signal in a permissive cell line. J Virol 1998; 72: 5886-5896.
78. McBride MS, Panganiban AT. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encapsidation site is a multipartite RNA element composed of functional hairpin structures. J Virol 1996; 70: 2963-2973.
79. McBride MS, Schwartz MD, Panganiban AT. Efficient encapsidation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vectors and further characterization of cis elements required for encapsidation. J Virol 1997; 71: 4544-4554.
80. McBride MS, Panganiban AT. Position dependence of functional hairpins important for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA encapsidation in vivo. J Virol 1997; 71: 2050-2058.
81. Berglund JA, Charpentier B, Rosbash M. A high affinity binding site for the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25: 1042-1049.
82. Berkowitz RD, Goff SP. Analysis of binding elements in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomic RNA and nucleocapsid protein. Virology 1994; 202: 233-246.
83. Lochrie MA, Waugh S, Pratt DG Jr, Clever J, Parslow TG, Polisky B. In vitro selection of RNAs that bind to the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gag polyprotein. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25: 2902-2910.
84. Amarasinghe GK, De Guzman RN, Turner RB, Chancellor KJ, Wu ZR, Summers MF. NMR structure of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein bound to stem-loop SL2 of the psi-RNA packaging signal. Implications for genome recognition. J Mol Biol 2000; 301: 491-511.
85. Das AT, Klaver B, Klasens BI, van Wamel JL, Berkhout B. A conserved hairpin motif in the R-U5 region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA genome is essential for replication. J Virol 1997; 71: 2346-2356.
86. Helga-Maria C, Hammarskjold ML, Rekosh D. An intact TAR element and cytoplasmic localization are necessary for efficient packaging of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomic RNA. J Virol 1999; 73: 4127-4135.
87. Kaye JF, Lever AM. Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 differ in the predominant mechanism used for selection of genomic RNA for encapsidation. J Virol 1999; 73: 3023-3031.
88. Vicenzi E, Dimitrov DS, Engelman A, et al. An integration-defective U5 deletion mutant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverts by eliminating additional long terminal repeat sequences. J Virol 1994; 68: 7879-7890.
89. Hoglund S, Ohagen A, Goncalves J, Panganiban AT, Gabuzda D. Ultrastructure of HIV-1 genomic RNA. Virology 1997; 233: 271-279.
90. Russell R, Hu J, Laughrea M, Wainberg M, Liang C. Deficient dimerization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA caused by mutations of the U5 RNA sequences. Virology 2002; 303: 152-163.
91. Luban J, Goff SP. Mutational analysis of cis-acting packaging signals in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA. J Virol 1994; 68: 3784-3793.
92. Berkowitz RD, Hammarskjold ML, Helga-Maria C, Rekosh D, Goff SP. 5′ regions of HIV-1 RNAs are not sufficient for encapsidation: implications for the HIV-1 packaging signal. Virology 1995; 212 718-723.
93. Kaye JF, Richardson JH, Lever AM. cis-acting sequences involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA packaging. J Virol 1995; 69: 6588-6592.
94. Kemler I, Azmi I, Barraza R, Poeschla E. 2003; manuscript in preparation.
95. Bukrinsky MI, Sharova N, Dempsey MP, et al. Active nuclear import of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89: 6580-6584.
96. Lewis PF, Emerman M. Passage through mitosis is required for oncoretroviruses but not for the human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1994; 68: 510-516.
97. Lewis P, Hensel M, Emerman M. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of cells arrested in the cell cycle. EMBO J 1992; 11 3053-3058.
98. Fouchier RA, Malim MH. Nuclear import of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 preintegration complexes. Adv Virus Res 1999; 52: 275-299.
99. Goff SP. Intracellular trafficking of retroviral genomes during the early phase of infection: viral exploitation of cellular pathways. J Gene Med 2001; 3: 517-528.
100. Emerman M. HIV-1, Vpr and the cell cycle. Curr Biol 1996; 6: 1096-1103.
101. Stevenson M. HIV nuclear import: What's the flap? Nat Med 2000; 6: 626-628.
102. Vodicka MA. Determinants for lentiviral infection of non-dividing cells. Somat Cell Mol Genet 2001; 26: 35-49.
103. Cullen BR. Journey to the center of the cell. Cell 2001; 105: 697-700.
104. Zennou V, Petit C, Guetard D, Nerhbass U, Montagnier L, Charneau P. HIV-1 genome nuclear import is mediated by a central DNA flap. Cell 2000; 101: 173-185.
105. Harris JD, Scott JV, Traynor B, et al. Visna virus DNA: discovery of a novel gapped structure. Virology 1981; 113: 573-583.
106. Charneau P, Clavel F. A single-stranded gap in human immunodeficiency virus unintegrated linear DNA defined by a central copy of the polypurine tract. J Virol 1991; 65: 2415-2421.
107. Telesnitsky A, Goff S. Reverse transcriptase and the generation of retroviral DNA. In Retroviruses, Coffin J, Huges S, Varmus H (eds). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1997; 121-160.
108. Sorge J, Hughes SH. Polypurine tract adjacent to the U3 region of the Rous sarcoma virus genome provides a cis-acting function. J Virol 1982; 43: 482-488.
109. Champoux J. Role of ribonuclease H in reverse transcription. In Reverse Transcription, Skalka A, Goff S (eds). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold, Spring Harbor, NY, 1993.
110. Ratner L, Haseltine W, Patarca R, et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III. Nature 1985; 313: 277-284.
111. Wain-Hobson S, Sonigo P, Danos O, Cole S, Alizon M. Nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, LAV. Cell 1985; 40: 9-17.
112. Hungnes O, Tjotta E, Grinde B. The plus strand is discontinuous in a subpopulation of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA. Arch Virol 1991; 116: 133-141.
113. Kupiec JJ, Tobaly-Tapiero J, Canivet M, et al. Evidence for a gapped linear duplex DNA intermediate in the replicative cycle of human and simian spumaviruses. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16: 9557-9565.
114. Tobaly-Tapiero J, Kupiec JJ, Santillana-Hayat M, Canivet M, Peries J, Emanoil-Ravier R. Further characterization of the gapped DNA intermediates of human spumavirus: evidence for a dual initiation of plus-strand DNA synthesis. J Gen Virol 1991; 72: 605-608.
115. Sonigo P, Alizon M, Staskus K, et al. Nucleotide sequence of the visna lentivirus: relationship to the AIDS virus. Cell 1985; 42: 369-382.
116. Blum HE, Harris JD, Ventura P, et al. Synthesis in cell culture of the gapped linear duplex DNA of the slow virus visna. Virology 1985; 142: 270-277.
117. Kupiec JJ, Sonigo P. Reverse transcriptase jumps and gaps. J Gen Virol 1996; 77: 1987-1991.
118. Charneau P, Mirambeau G, Roux P, Paulous S, Buc H, Clavel F. HIV-1 reverse transcription. A termination step at the center of the genome. J Mol Biol 1994; 241: 651-662.
119. Stetor SR, Rausch JW, Guo MJ, et al. Characterization of (+) strand initiation and termination sequences located at the center of the equine infectious anemia virus genome. Biochemistry 1999; 38: 3656-3667.
120. Berdis AJ, Stetor SR, LeGrice SF, Barkley MD. Molecular mechanism of sequence-specific termination of lentiviral replication. Biochemistry 2001; 40: 12 140-12 149.
121. Hungnes O, Tjotta E, Grinde B. Mutations in the central polypurine tract of HIV-1 result in delayed replication. Virology 1992; 190: 440-442.
122. Charneau P, Alizon M, Clavel F. A second origin of DNA plus-strand synthesis is required for optimal human immunodeficiency virus replication. J Virol 1992; 66: 2814-2820.
123. Zennou V, Serguera C, Sarkis C, et al. The HIV-1 DNA flap stimulates HIV vector-mediated cell transduction in the brain. Nat Biotechnol 2001; 19: 446-450.
124. Follenzi A, Ailles LE, Bakovic S, Geuna M, Naldini L. Gene transfer by lentiviral vectors is limited by nuclear translocation and rescued by HIV-1 pol sequences. Nat Genet 2000; 25: 217-222.
125. Dvorin JD, Bell P, Maul GG, Yamashita M, Emerman M, Malim MH. Reassessment of the roles of integrase and the central DNA flap in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nuclear import. J Virol 2002; 76 12 087-12 096.
126. Limon A, Nakajima N, Lu R, Ghory HZ, Engelman A. Wild-type levels of nuclear localization and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in the absence of the central DNA flap. J Virol 2002; 76: 12 078-12 086.
127. Bukrinsky MI, Haggerty S, Dempsey MP, et al. A nuclear localization signal within HIV-1 matrix protein that governs infection of non-dividing cells [see comments]. Nature 1993; 365: 666-669.
128. Bukrinskaya AG, Ghorpade A, Heinzinger NK, Smithgall TE, Lewis RE, Stevenson M. Phosphorylation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and nuclear targeting of viral DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93: 367-371.
129. von Schwedler U, Kornbluth RS, Trono D. The nuclear localization signal of the matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 allows the establishment of infection in macrophages and quiescent T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 6992-6996.
130. Heinzinger NK, Bukinsky MI, Haggerty SA, et al. The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 influences nuclear localization of viral nucleic acids in nondividing host cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 7311-7315.
131. Gallay P, Swingler S, Aiken C, Trono D. HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells: C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of the viral matrix protein is a key regulator. Cell 1995; 80: 379-388.
132. Gallay P, Hope T, Chin D, Trono D. HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells through the recognition of integrase by the importin/karyopherin pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94 9825-9830.
133. Gallay P, Stitt V, Mundy C, Oettinger M, Trono D. Role of the karyopherin pathway in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nuclear import. J Virol 1996; 70: 1027-1032.
134. Dupont S, Sharova N, DeHoratius C, et al. A novel nuclear export activity in HIV-1 matrix protein required for viral replication. Nature 1999; 402: 681-685.
135. Haffar OK, Popov S, Dubrovsky L, et al. Two nuclear localization signals in the HIV-1 matrix protein regulate nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-integration complex. J Mol Biol 2000; 299: 359-368.
136. Bukrinsky MI, Haffar OK. HIV-1 nuclear import: in search of a leader. Front Biosci 1999; 4: D772-781.
137. Popov S, Rexach M, Zybarth G, et al. Viral protein R regulates nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-integration complex. EMBO J 1998; 17: 909-917.
138. Fouchier RA, Meyer BE, Simon JH, et al. Interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr protein with the nuclear pore complex. J Virol 1998; 72: 6004-6013.
139. Vodicka MA, Koepp DM, Silver PA, Emerman M. HIV-1 Vpr interacts with the nuclear transport pathway to promote macrophage infection. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 175-185.
140. Fletcher TMr, Brichacek B, Sharova N, et al. Nuclear import and cell cycle arrest functions of the HIV-1 Vpr protein are encoded by two separate genes in HIV-2/SIV(SM). EMBO J 1996; 15 6155-6165.
141. Sherman MP, Greene WC. Slipping through the door: HIV entry into the nucleus. Microbes Infect 2002; 4: 67-73.
142. Freed EO, Englund G, Martin MA. Role of the basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix in macrophage infection. J Virol 1995; 69: 3949-3954.
143. Freed EO, Englund G, Maldarelli F, Martin MA. Phosphorylation of residue 131 of HIV-1 matrix is not required for macrophage infection. Cell 1997; 88: 171-173; discussion 173-174.
144. Fouchier RA, Meyer BE, Simon JH, Fischer U, Malim MH. HIV-1 infection of non-dividing cells: evidence that the amino-terminal basic region of the viral matrix protein is important for Gag processing but not for post-entry nuclear import. EMBO J 1997; 16: 4531-4539.
145. Freed EO. HIV-1 gag proteins: diverse functions in the virus life cycle. Virology 1998; 251: 1-15.
146. Freed EO. HIV-1 replication. Somat Cell Mol Genet 2001; 26: 13-33.
147. Bouyac-Bertoia M, Dvorin J, Fouchier R, et al. HIV-1 infection requires a functional integrase NLS. Mol Cell 2001; 7 1025-1035.
148. Limon A, Devroe E, Lu R, Ghory HZ, Silver PA, Engelman A. Nuclear localization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes (PICs): V165A and R166A are pleiotropic integrase mutants primarily defective for integration, not PIC nuclear import. J Virol 2002; 76: 10 598-10 607.
149. Clements JE, Zink MC, Narayan O, Gabuzda DH. Lentivirus infection of macrophages. Immunol Ser 1994; 60: 589-600.
150. Donello JE, Loeb JE, Hope TJ. Woodchuck hepatitis virus contains a tripartite posttranscriptional regulatory element. J Virol 1998; 72: 5085-5092.
151. Zufferey R, Donello JE, Trono D, Hope TJ. Woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element enhances expression of transgenes delivered by retroviral vectors. J Virol 1999; 73: 2886-2892.
152. Bushman FD, Engelman A, Palmer I, Wingfield P, Craigie R. Domains of the integrase protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 responsible for polynucleotidyl transfer and zinc binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90: 3428-3432.
153. Bushman FD, Wang B. Rous sarcoma virus integrase protein: mapping functions for catalysis and substrate binding. J Virol 1994; 68: 2215-2223.
154. Leavitt AD, Robles G, Alesandro N, Varmus HE. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase mutants retain in vitro integrase activity yet fail to integrate viral DNA efficiently during infection. J Virol 1996; 70: 721-728.
155. Englund G, Theodore TS, Freed EO, Engleman A, Martin MA. Integration is required for productive infection of monocyte-derived macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1995; 69: 3216-3219.
156. Loewen N, Leske D, Chen Y, et al. Comparison of wild type and class I integrase mutant-FIV vectors in retina demonstrates sustained expression of integrated transgenes in retinal pigment epithelium. J Gene Med 2003; in press.
157. Pistello M, Moscardini M, Mazzetti P, et al. Development of feline immunodeficiency virus ORF-A (tat) mutants: in vitro and in vivo characterization. Virology 2002; 298: 84-95.
158. Inoshima Y, Miyazawa T, Mikami T. In vivo functions of the auxiliary genes and regulatory elements of feline immunodeficiency virus. Vet Microbiol 1998; 60: 141-153.