Protective effects of angiotensin II interruption: Evidence for antiinflammatory actions

Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 25, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 1213-1229

  Dagenais, Nigel J ^a   Jamali, Fakhreddin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

ACE inhibitor; Angiotensin II; Angiotensin II receptor blocker; Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; Antiinflammatory; ARB; Proinflammatory

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; INTERLEUKIN 6; IRBESARTAN; LOSARTAN; PENTOPRIL; QUINAPRIL; RAMIPRIL; SPIRONOLACTONE; TRANDOLAPRIL;

ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BLOOD DYSCRASIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; COUGHING; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG INDICATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; MOUTH ULCER; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PUSTULAR PSORIASIS; RASH; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TASTE DISORDER;

ANGIOTENSIN II; ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CLINICAL TRIALS; CYTOKINES; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER;

EID: 24344460376     PISSN: 02770008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1592/phco.2005.25.9.1213     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Vane J. Aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs. Thorax 2000;55:S3-9.
2. Joseph JE, Machin SJ. New antiplatelet drugs. Blood Rev 1997;11:178-90.
3. Williams JP, Meyers JA. Immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (I.M.I.D.s): the economic and clinical costs. Am J Manag Care 2002;8:S664-81.
4. Davidson A, Diamond B. Advances in immunology: autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med 2001;345:340-50.
5. Loftus EV Jr, Sandborn WJ. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2002;31:1-20.
6. Symmons DP. Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis: determinants of onset, persistence and outcome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2002;16:707-22.
7. Myllykangas-Luosujarvi R, Aho K, Isomaki H. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1995;25:193-202.
8. Alkaabi JK, Levison R, Pullar T, Belch JJF. Rheumatoid arthritis and macrovascular disease. Rheumatology 2003;42:292-7.
9. Aranow C, Ginzler EM. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2000;9:166-9.
10. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-26.
11. Ito T, Ikeda U. Inflammatory cytokines and cardiovascular disease. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 2003;2:257-65.
12. Lind L. Circulating markers of inflammation and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2003;169:203-14.
13. Kulmatycki KM, Jamali F. Therapeutic relevance of altered cytokine expression. Cytokine 2001;14:1-10.
14. Arend WP, Cabay C. Cytokines in rheumatic diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2004;30:41-67.
15. Zhou X. CD4+ T cells in atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2003;57:287-91.
16. Choy EHS, Panayi GS. Cytokine pathways and joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:907-16
17. Weber KT. Fibrosis, a common pathway to organ failure: angiotensin II and tissue repair. Semin Nephrol 1997;17:467-91.
18. Ishihara K, Hirano T. IL-6 in autoimmune disease and chronic inflammatory proliferative disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002;13:357-68.
19. Blake GJ, Ridker PM. Inflammatory bio-markers and cardiovascular risk prediction. J Intern Med 2002;252:283-94.
20. Ridker PM, Cushmann M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-9.
21. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer M, et al. Elevation of tumor necrosis factor-α and increased risk of recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000;101:2149-53.
22. Biasucci LM, Vitelli A, Liuzzo G, et al. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in unstable angina. Circulation 1996;94:874-7.
23. Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalli O, Bondjers G, Hansson GK. Regional accumulations of T cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis 1986;6:131-8.
24. Uyemura K, Demer LL, Castle SC, et al. Cross-regulatory roles of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10 in atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1996;97:2130-8.
25. Laurat E, Poirier B, Tupin E, et al. In vivo downregulation of T helper cell 1 immune responses reduces atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Circulation 2001;104:197-202.
26. Young JL, Libby P, Schonbeck U. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2002;88:554-67.
27. Shah PK. Mechanisms of plaque vulnerability and rupture. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:15S-22.
28. Alam SE, Nasser SS, Fernainy KE, Habib AA, Badr KF. Cytokine imbalance in acute coronary syndromes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2004;4:166-70.
29. Fichtischerer S, Breuer S, Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM. Interleukin-10 serum levels and systemic endothelial vasoreactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:44-9.
30. Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, et al. Serum level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 is an important prognostic determinant in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2003;107:2109-14.
31. Miltenburg AM, van Laar JM, de Kuiper R, Daha MR, Breedveld FC. T cells cloned from human rheumatoid synovial membrane functionally represent the Th1 subset. Scand J Immunol 1992;35:603-10.
32. Schulze-Koops H, Kalden JR. The balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2001;15:677-91.
33. Gavras H, Brunner HR. Role of angiotensin and its inhibition in hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. Hypertension 2001;37:342-5.
34. Rajagopalan S, Kurz S, Munzel T, et al. Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular superoxide to production via NADH/NADPH oxidase activation. J Clin Invest 1996;97:1916-23.
35. Touyz RM, Schriffrin EL. Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 2004;122:339-52.
36. McFarlane SI, Kumar A, Sowers JR. Mechanisms by which angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors prevent diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:30H-7.
37. Steinerova A, Racek J, Stozicky F, Zima T, Fialova L, Lapin A. Antibodies against oxidized LDL: theory and clinical use. Physiol Res 2001;50:131-41.
38. Bergmark C, Wu R, de Faire U, Lefvert AK, Swedenborg J. Patients with early-onset peripheral vascular disease have increased levels of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:441-5.
39. Madamanchi NR, Vendrov A, Runge MS. Oxidative stress and vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:29-38.
40. Cai H, Griendling KK, Harrison DG. The vascular NAD(P)H oxidases as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003;24:471-8.
41. Clarke R, Armitage J. Antioxidant vitamins and risk of cardiovascular disease: review of large-scale randomised trials. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2002;16:411-15.
42. Eidelman RS, Hollar D, Hebert PR, Lamas GA, Hennekens CH. Randomized trials of vitamin E in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1552-6.
43. Podmore ID, Griffiths HR, Herbert KE, Mistry N, Mistry P, Lunec J. Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant effects. Nature 1998;392:559.
44. Joshipura KJ, Ascherio A, Manson JE, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA 1999;282:1233-9.
45. Srinath Reddy K, Katan MB. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Public Health Nutr 2004;7(1A):167-86.
46. Kranzhofer R, Browatzki M, Schmidt J, Kubler W. Angiotensin II activates the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-κB in human monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;257:826-8.
47. Monaco C, Paleolog E. Nuclear factor κB: a potential therapeutic target in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Cardiovasc Res 2004;61:671-82.
48. Phillips MI, Kagiyama S. Angiotensin II as a proinflammatory mediator. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2002;3:569-77.
49. Nakamura S, Nakamura I, Ma L, Vaughn DE, Fogo AB. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression is regulated by the angiotensin type 1 receptor in vivo. Kidney Int 2000;58:251-9.
50. Arenas IA, Xu L, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Davidge ST. Angiotensin II-induced MMP-2 release from endothelial cells is mediated by TNF-α. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004;286:C779-84.
51. Tham DM, Martin-McNulty B, Wang YX, et al. Angiotensin II is associated with activation of NF-κB-mediated genes and downregulation of PPARs. Physiol Genomics 2002;11:21-30.
52. Celec P. Nuclear factor κB-molecular biomedicine: the next generation. Biomed Pharmacother 2004;58:365-71.
53. Yamamoto Y, Gaynor RB. Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in the treatment of inflammation and cancer. J Clin Invest 2001;107:135-42.
54. Rocha R, Funder JW. The pathophysiology of aldosterone in the cardiovascular system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;970: 89-100.
55. Wolf G, Wenzel UO. Angiotensin II and cell cycle regulation. Hypertension 2004;43:693-8.
56. 2 receptors in cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac remodeling. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2003;30:911-18.
57. McKay S, de Jongste JC, Saxena PR, Sharma HS. Angiotensin II induces hypertrophy of human airway smooth muscle cells: expression of transcription factors and transforming growth factor-β. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998;18:823-33.
58. Kiefer FN, Neysari S, Humar R, Li W, Munk VC, Battegay EJ. Hypertension and angiogenesis. Curr Pharm Design 2003;9:1733-44.
59. Ichiki T. Role of renin angiotensin system in angiogenesis: it is still elusive. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:622-4.
60. Baklanov D, Simons M. Arteriogenesis: lessons learned from clinical trials. Endothelium 2003;10:217-33.
61. Sivakumar B, Harry LE, Paleolog EM. Modulating angiogenesis: more vs less. JAMA 2004;292:972-7.
62. Kitazono T, Padgett RC, Armstrong ML, Tompkins PK, Heistad DD. Evidence that angiotensin II is present in human monocytes. Circulation 1995;91:1129-34.
63. Okamura A, Rakugi H, Ohishi M, et al. Upregulation of renin-angiotensin system during differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. J Hypertens 1999;17:537-45.
64. Goto M, Sasano M, Fuzisawa M, Okabe T, Nishizawa K. Constitutive production of angiotensin converting enzyme from rheumatoid nodule cells under serum free conditions. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:741-2.
65. Veale D, Yanni G, Bresnihan B, FitzGerald O. Production of angiotensin converting enzyme by rheumatoid synovial membrane. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:476-80.
66. Walsh DA, Catravas J, Wharton J. Angiotensin converting enzyme in human synovium: increased stromal [(125)I]351A binding in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2000:59:125-31.
67. Nataraj C, Oliverio MI, Mannon RB, et al. Angiotensin II regulates cellular immune responses through a calcineurin-dependent pathway. J Clin Invest 1999;104:1693-701.
68. Handel ML, McMorrow LB, Gravallese EM. Nuclear factor-κB in rheumatoid synovium. Localization of p50 and p65. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1762-70.
69. Marok R, Winyard PG, Coumbe A, et al. Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB in human inflamed synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:583-91.
70. Olsen NJ, Stein CM. New drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2167-79.
71. Firestein GS. NF-κB: holy grail for rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2381-6.
72. Yamamoto Y, Gayno RB. Role of NF-κB pathway in the pathogenesis of human disease states. Curr Mol Med 2001;1:287-96.
73. Garg R, Yusuf S. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure: collaborative group on ACE inhibitor trials. JAMA 1995;18:1450-5.
74. Maggioni AP, Anand I, Gottlieb SO, et al. Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1414-21.
75. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-preserved trial. Lancet 2003;362:777-81.
76. Capes SE, Gerstein HC, Negassa A, Yusuf S. Enalapril prevents clinical proteinuria in diabetic patients with low ejection fraction. Diabetes Care 2000;23:377-80.
77. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:851-60.
78. The HOPE investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000;342:145-53.
79. Kondo J, Sone T, Tsuboi H, et al. Effects of low-dose angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease [online exclusive article]. Am Heart J 2003;146:e20. Available from www.sciencedirect.com/science/Journal/00028703.
80. Karlberg BE. Cough and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 1993;11(suppl):S49-52.
81. Baxter GF, Ebrahim Z. Role of bradykinin in preconditioning and protection of the ischaemic myocardium. Br J Pharmacol 2002;135:843-54.
82. Kuga T, Mohri M, Egashira K, et al. Bradykinin-induced vasodilation of human coronary arteries in vivo: role of nitric oxide and angiotensin-converting enzyme. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:108-12.
83. Moncada S, Higgs EA. Prostaglandins in the pathogenesis and prevention of vascular disease. Blood Rev 1987;1:141-5.
84. Brown NJ, Gainer JV, Stein CM, Vaughan DE. Bradykinin stimulates tissue plasminogen activator release in human vasculature. Hypertension 1999;33:1431-5.
85. Pylypchuk GB. ACE inhibitor- versus angiotensin II blocker-induced cough and angioedema.
86. O'Mara NB, O'Mara EM. Delayed onset of angioedema with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: case report and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 1996;16:675-9.
87. Wolverton SE. Update on cutaneous drug eruption. Adv Dermatol 1998;13:65-84.
88. 2 receptors: regulation, signaling and function. Blood Press 2003;12:70-88.
89. 2 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;307:1171-8.
90. de Resende MM, Mill JG. Alternate angiotensin II-forming pathways and their importance in physiological or physiopathological conditions. Arq Bras Cardiol 2002;78:432-8.
91. Johnston CI. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade: a novel therapeutic concept. Blood Press 2000;1(suppl):9-13.
92. Campbell DJ, Kladis A, Valentijn AL. Effects of losartan on angiotensin and biadykinin peptides, and angiotensin converting enzyme. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995;26:233-40.
93. 2 receptors directly stimulate renal nitric oxide in bradykinin B2-receptor-null mice. Hypertension 2003;42:600-4.
94. Campbell DJ, Krum H, Esler MD. Losartan increases bradykinin levels in hypertensive humans. Circulation 2005;111:315-20.
95. Irons BK, Kumar A. Valsartan-induced angioedema. Ann Pharmacother 2003;37:1024-7.
96. Chiu A, Krowiak E, Deeb Z. Angioedema associated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists: challenging our knowledge of angioedema and its etiology. Laryngoscope 2001;111:1729-31.
97. Cha YJ, Pearson VE. Angioedema due to losartan. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33:936-8.
98. Frye CB, Pettigrew TJ. Angioedema and photosensitive rash induced by valsartan. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18:866-8.
99. 1 receptor blockers: proceed with caution [editorial]. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1488-9.
100. Kawamura A, Ochiai T. Candesartan cilexetil induced pustular psoriasis. Eur J Dermatol 2003;13:406-7.
101. Siragy HM, de Gasparo M, El-Kersh M, Carey RM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition potentiates angiotensin II type 1 receptor effects on renal bradykinin and cGMP. Hypertension 2001;38:183-6.
102. Sato A, Saruta T. Aldosterone escape during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in essential hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Int Med Res 2001;29:13-21.
103. Pitt B. "Escape" of aldosterone production in patients with left ventricular dysfunction treated with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: implications for therapy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1995;9:145-9.
104. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure: randomized Aldactone evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341:709-17.
105. Svensson P, de Faire U, Sleight P, Yusuf S, Östergren J. Comparative effects of ramipril on ambulatory and office blood pressures: a HOPE substudy [online exclusive article]. Hypertension 2001;38:e28-32. Available from http://hyper.ahajournals.Org/cgi/content/full/38/6/e28.
106. Taylor R. Conundrum of the HOPE study: time of taking ramipril may account for lack of relation between blood pressure and outcome. BMJ 2003;327:981-2.
107. Sleight P, Yusuf S, Pogue J, Psuyuki R, Probstfield J. Blood pressure reduction and cardiovascular risk in HOPE study. Lancet 2001;358:2130-1.
108. The HOPE investigators. Effect of ramipril in preventing stroke: double blind randomized trial. BMJ 2002;324:699-702.
109. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;20:1879-86.
110. Dandona P, Kumar V, Aljada A, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan suppresses reactive oxygen species generation in leukocytes, nuclear factor-κB, in mononuclear cells of normal subjects: evidence of anti-inflammatory action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:4496-501.
111. Siragy HM, Awad A, Abadir P, Webb R. The angiotensin type 1 receptor mediates interstitial content of tumor necrosis factor-α in diabetic rats. Endocrinology 2003;144:2229-33.
112. Niimi R, Nakamura A, Yanagawa Y. Suppression of endotoxin-induced renal tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 mRNA by renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Jpn J Pharmacol 2002;88:139-45.
113. 1 receptor blockade provide end-organ protection in stroke-prone rats independently from blood pressure fall. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;311:989-95.
114. da Cunha V, Tham DM, Martin-McNulty B, et al. Enalapril attenuates angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2005;178:9-17.
115. Godsel LM, Leon JS, Wang K, Fornek JL, Molteni A, Engman DM. Captopril prevents experimental autoimmune myocarditis. J Immunol 2003;171:346-52.
116. 1 receptor blockade decreases brain artery inflammation in a stress-prone rat strain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1018:345-50.
117. Makino T, Hattori Y, Matsuda N, Onozuka H, Sakuma I, Kitabatake A. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade on β-adrenoceptor signaling in heart failure produced by myocardial infarction in rabbits: reversal of altered expression of β-adrenoceptor kinase and G i alpha. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;304:370-9.
118. Mayo P, Skeith K, Russell A, Jamali F. Dromotropic response to verapamil despite pronounced increased drug concentration in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;50:605-13.
119. Guirguis MS, Jamali F. Disease-drug interaction: reduced response to propranolol despite increased concentration in the rat with inflammation. J Pharm Sci 2003;92:1077-84.
120. Kulmatycki KM, Abouchehade K, Sattari S, Jamali F. Drug-disease interactions: reduced β-adrenergic and potassium channel antagonist activities of sotalol in the presence of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 2001;133:286-94.
121. Daneshtalab N, Lewanczuk RZ, Russell A, Jamali F. Rheumatoid arthritis does not reduce the pharmacodynamic response to valsartan. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:245-52.
122. Shao J, Nangaku M, Miyata T, et al. Imbalance of T-cell subsets in angiotensin II-infused hypertensive rats with kidney injury. Hypertension 2003;42:31-8.
123. Brull DJ, Sanders J, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Humphries SE, Montgomery HE. Impact of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on post-coronary artery bypass interleukin 6 release. Heart 2002;87:252-5.
124. Trevelyan J, Brull DJ, Needham EWA, Montgomery HE, Morris A, Mattu RK. Effect of enalapril and losartan on cytokines in patients with stable angina pectoris awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting and their interaction with polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 gene. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:564-9.
125. Kwang KK, Jeong YA, Seung HH, et al. Pleiotropic effects of angiotensin II receptor blocker in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:905-10.
126. Dohi Y, Ohashi M, Sugiyama M, Takase H, Sato K, Ueda R. Candesartan reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2003;26:691-7.
127. Lauten WB, Khan QA, Rajagopalan S, et al. Usefulness of quinapril and irbesartan to improve the anti-inflammatory response of atorvastatin and aspirin in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:1116-19.
128. Uehara K, Nomura M, Ozaki Y, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and left ventricular remodeling in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Heart Vessels 2003;18:67-74.
129. Rahman ST, Lauten WB, Khan QA, Navalkar S, Parthasarathy P, Khan BV. Effects of eprosartan versus hydrochlorothiazide on markers of vascular oxidation and inflammation and blood pressure (renin-angiotensin system antagonists, oxidation, and inflammation). Am J Cardiol 2002;89:686-90.
130. Di Napoli MD, Papa F. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use is associated with reduced plasma concentration of C-reactive protein in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke. Stroke 2003;34:2922-9.
131. 1-antagonism and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on markers of inflammation and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:362-8.
132. Gage JR, Fonarow G, Hamilton M, Widawski M, Martinez-Maza O, Vredevoe DL. β-blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy is associated with decreased Th1/Th2 cytokine ratios and inflammatory cytokine production in patients with chronic heart failure. Neuroimmunomodulation 2004;11:173-80.
133. Rosei EA, Rizzoni D, Muiesan ML, et al. Effects of candesartan cilexetil and enalapril on inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Hypertens 2005;53:435-44.
134. Tsikouris JP, Suarez JA, Simoni JS, Ziska M, Meyerrose GE. Exploring the effects of ACE inhibitor tissue penetration on vascular inflammation following acute myocardial infarction. Coron Artery Dis 2004;15:211-17.
135. 1 receptor antagonist. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:S71-6.
136. Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial, the losartan heart failure survival study ELITE II. Lancet 2000;355:1582-7.
137. Dickstein K, Kjekshus J. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: randomised trial, the OPTIMAAL randomized trial (optimal trial in myocardial infarction with angiotensin II antagonist losartan). Lancet 2002;360:752-60.
138. Yusuf S. From the HOPE to the ONTARGET and the TRANSCEND studies: challenges in improving prognosis. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:18A-26.
139. McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D, et al. Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure: randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study: the RESOLVD pilot study investigators. Circulation 1999;100:1056-64.
140. The CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-added trial. Lancet 2003;362:767-71.
141. Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, Takada M, Kayano T, Ideura T. Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:117-24.
142. Teo K, Yusuf S, Anderson C, et al. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of two large, simple, randomized trials evaluating telmisartan, ramipril, and their combination in high-risk patients: the ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global endpoint trial/telmisartan randomized assessment study in ACE intolerant subjects with cardiovascular disease (ONTARGET/TRANSCEND) trials. Am Heart J 2004;148:52-61.
143. Pfeffer MA, McMurray J, Leizorovicz A, et al. Valsartan in acute myocardial infarction trial (VALIANT): rationale and design. Am Heart J 2000;140:727-50.
144. Jaffe IA. Adverse effects profile of sulfhydryl compounds in man. Am J Med 1986;80:471-5.
145. Martin MF, Surrall KE, McKenna F, Dixon JS, Bird HA, Wright V. Captopril: a new treatment for rheumatoid arthritis? Lancet 1984;16:1325-8.
146. Bird HA, Le Gallez P, Dixon JS, et al. A clinical and biochemical assessment of a nonthiol ACE inhibitor (pentopril; CGS-13945) in active rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1990;17:603-8.
147. Dalbeth N, Edwards J, Fairchild S, Callan M, Hall FC. The non-thiol angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor quinapril suppresses inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatology 2005;44:24-31.
148. Myou S, Fujimura M, Kurashima K, Tachibana H, Watanabe K, Hirose T. Type 1 angiotensin II receptor antagonism reduces antigen-induced airway reactions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:45-9.
149. Myou S, Fujimura M, Kamio Y, et al. Effect of losartan, a type 1 angiotensin II receptor antagonist, on bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in patients with bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:40-4.
150. Myou S, Fujimura M, Kamio Y, et al. Effect of candesartan, a type I angiotensin II receptor antagonist, on bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in patients with bronchial asthma. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;54:622-6.
151. Du YC, Xu JY, Zhang SJ. Effects of angiotensin II receptor antagonist on expression of collagen III, collagen V, and transforming growth factor β1 in the airway walls of sensitized rats. Chin Med J [in English] 2004;117:908-12.
152. Heeneman S, Cleutjens JP, Faber BC, et al. The dynamic extracellular matrix: intervention strategies during heart failure and atherosclerosis. J Pathol 2003;200:516-25.
153. Kuno A, Yamada T, Masuda K, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor attenuates pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis in male Wistar Bonn/Kobori rats. Gastroenterology 2003;124:1010-19.
154. Yamada T, Kuno A, Masuda K, et al. Candesartan, an angiotensin H receptor antagonist, suppresses pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;307:17-23.
155. 1 receptor antagonism prevent stress-induced gastric injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003;285:G414-23.
156. 1 receptor blockade prevents gastric ulcers during cold-restraint stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1018:351-5.
157. Otsuka M, Takahashi H, Shiratori M, Chiba H, Abe S. Reduction of bleomycin induced lung fibrosis by candesartan cilexetil, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. Thorax 2004;59:31-8.
158. Boucek RJ Jr, Steele A, Miracle A, Atkinson J. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on delayed-onset doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2003;3:319-29.
159. Kurikawa N, Suga M, Kuroda S, Yamada K, Ishikawa H. An angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, olmesartan medoxomil, improves experimental liver fibrosis by suppression of proliferation and collagen synthesis in activated hepatic stellate cells. Br J Pharmacol 2003;139:1085-94.
160. Yoshiji H, Kuriyama S, Yoshiji J, et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor interaction is a major regulator for liver fibrosis development in rats. Hepatology 2001;34:745-50.
161. Terui Y, Saito T, Watanabe H, et al. Effects of angiotensin receptor antagonist on liver fibrosis in early stages of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002;36:330-6.
162. El-Agroudy AE, Hassan NA, Foda MA, et al. Effect of angiotensin II receptor blocker on plasma levels of TGF-β1 and interstitial fibrosis in hypertensive kidney transplant patients. Am J Nephrol 2003;23:300-6.
163. 1a receptor signaling reduces tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Bio Biophys Res Commun 2002;294:441-7.
164. Yasumaru M, Tsuji S, Tsujii M, et al. Inhibition of angiotensin II activity enhanced the antitumor effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors via insulin-like growth factor I receptor pathway. Cancer Res 2003;63:6726-34.
165. Egami K, Murohara T, Shimada T, et al. Role of host angiotensin II type 1 receptor in tumor angiogenesis and growth. J Clin Invest 2003;112:67-75.
166. Lindberg H, Nielsen D, Jensen BV, Eriksen J, Skovsgaard T. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors for cancer treatment? Acta Oncol 2004;43:142-52.
167. O'Byrne KJ, Dalgleish AG. Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. Br J Cancer 2001;85:473-83.
168. Lever AF, Hole DJ, Gilis CR, et al. Do inhibitors of angiotensin-1- converting enzyme protect against risk of cancer? Lancet 1998;352:179-84.
169. Vogt B, Frey FJ. Inhibition of angiogenesis in Kaposi's sarcoma by captopril. Lancet 1997;349:1148.
170. DeMaria AN. Relative risk of cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Cardiol 2002;89(suppl):33D-8.