Genetic manipulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in mice

American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology

Volumn 289, Issue 3 58-3, 2005, Pages

  Paterson, Janice M ^a,b   Seckl, Jonathan R ^a   Mullins, John J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Glucocorticoid; Mineralocorticoid; Steroid metabolism; Tissue specific; Transgenic

Indexed keywords

11 HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROID; 11BETA HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE; CORTICOSTEROID RECEPTOR; CORTICOSTERONE; CORTISONE; DEHYDROCORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; ISOENZYME; MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; NITRIC OXIDE; VASOACTIVE AGENT;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; APPARENT MINERALOCORTICOID EXCESS SYNDROME; BONE MARROW; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONFERENCE PAPER; DEHYDROGENATION; DIET; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; FETUS LUNG MATURATION; GENETIC MANIPULATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HOMEOSTASIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IN VIVO STUDY; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLAST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; STRESS; TISSUE SPECIFICITY; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; ANIMAL; GENETICS; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

11-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; MICE; MICE, TRANSGENIC; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA;

EID: 23944464132     PISSN: 03636119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00017.2005     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (93)

1. Agarwal AK, Monder C, Eckstein B, and White PC. Cloning and expression of rat cDNA encoding corticosteroid 11 beta-dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 264: 18939-18943, 1989.
2. Agarwal AK, Mune T, Monder C, and White PC. NAD(+)-dependent isoform of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Cloning and characterization of cDNA from sheep kidney. J Biol Chem 269: 25959-25962, 1994.
3. Alberts P, Engblom L, Edling N, Forsgren M, Klingstrom G, Larsson C, Ronquist-Nii Y, Ohman B, and Abrahmsen L. Selective inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 decreases blood glucose concentrations in hyperglycaemic mice. Diabetologia 45: 1528-1532. 2002.
4. Albiston AL, Obeyesekere VR, Smith RE, and Krozowski ZS. Cloning and tissue distribution of the human 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme. Mol Cell Endocrinol 105: R11-R17, 1994.
5. Atanasov AG, Nashev LG, Schweizer RA, Frick C, and Odermatt A. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase determines the reaction direction of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 as an oxoreductase. FEBS Lett 571: 129-133, 2004.
6. Atmani H, Chappard D, and Basle MF. Proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and adipocytes in rat bone marrow stromal cell cultures: effects of dexamethasone and calcitriol. J Cell Biochem 89: 364-372, 2003.
7. Beggah AT, Escoubet B, Puttini S, Cailmail S, Delage V, Ouvrard-Pascaud A, Bocchi B, Peuchmaur M, Delcayre C, Farman N, and Jaisser F. Reversible cardiac fibrosis and heart failure induced by conditional expression of an antisense mRNA of the mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiomyocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 7160-7165, 2002.
8. Benediktsson R and Edwards CR. Apparent mineralocorticoid excess. J Hum Hypertens 8: 371-375, 1994.
9. Brown RW, Diaz R, Robson AC, Kotelevtsev YV, Mullins JJ, Kaufman MH, and Seckl JR. The ontogeny of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression reveal intricate control of glucocorticoid action in development. Endocrinology 137: 794-797, 1996.
10. Bujalska IJ, Walker EA, Hewison M, and Stewart PM. A switch in dehydrogenase to reductase activity of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 upon differentiation of human omental adipose stromal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 1205-1210, 2002.
11. Chiodini I, Carnevale V, Torlontano M, Fusilli S, Guglielmi G, Pileri M, Modoni S, Di Giorgio A, Liuzzi A, Minisola S, Cammisa M, Trischitta V, and Scillitani A. Alterations of bone turnover and bone mass at different skeletal sites due to pure glucocorticoid excess: study in eumenorrheic patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 1863-1867, 1998.
12. Christy C, Hadoke PW, Paterson JM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, and Walker BR. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in mouse aorta: localization and influence on response to glucocorticoids. Hypertension 42: 580-587, 2003.
13. Cole TJ, Blendy JA, Monaghan AP, Schmid W, Aguzzi A, and Schutz G. Molecular genetic analysis of glucocorticoid signaling during mouse development. Steroids 60: 93-96, 1995.
14. Condon J, Ricketts ML, Whorwood CB, and Stewart PM. Ontogeny and sexual dimorphic expression of mouse type 2 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 127: 121-128, 1997.
15. Cooper MS. Sensitivity of bone to glucocorticoids. Clin Sci (Lond) 107: 111-123, 2004.
16. Dave-Sharma S, Wilson RC, Harbison MD, Newfield R, Azar MR, Krozowski ZS, Funder JW, Shackleton CH, Bradlow HL, Wei JQ, Hertecant J, Moran A, Neiberger RE, Balfe JW, Fattah A, Daneman D, Akkurt HI, De Santis C, and New MI. Examination of genotype and phenotype relationships in 14 patients with apparent mineralocorticoid excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 2244-2254, 1998.
17. Diaz R, Brown RW, and Seckl JR. Distinct ontogeny of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types I and II mRNAs in the fetal rat brain suggest a complex control of glucocorticoid actions. J Neurosci 18: 2570-2580, 1998.
18. Draper N, Walker EA, Bujalska IJ, Tomlinson JW, Chalder SM, Arlt W, Lavery GG, Bedendo O, Ray DW, Laing I, Malunowicz E, White PC, Hewison M, Mason PJ, Connell JM, Shackleton CH, and Stewart PM. Mutations in the genes encoding 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and hexose-6-pliospliate dehydrogenase interact to cause cortisone reductase deficiency. Nat Genet 34: 434-439, 2003.
19. Edwards CR, Stewart PM, Burt D, Brett L, McIntyre MA, Sutanto WS, de Kloet ER, and Monder C. Localisation of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-tissue specific protector of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Lancet 2: 986-989, 1988.
20. Ferrari P, Obeyesekere VR, Li K, Wilson RC, New MI, Funder JW, and Krozowski ZS. Point mutations abolish 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II activity in three families with the congenital syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. Mol Cell Endocrinol 119: 21-24, 1996.
21. Funder JW, Pearce PT, Smith R, and Smith AI. Mineralocorticoid action: target tissue specificity is enzyme, not receptor, mediated. Science 242: 583-585, 1988.
22. Grundy WN, Bailey TL, Elkan CP, and Baker ME. Hidden Markov model analysis of motifs in steroid dehydrogenases and their homologs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 231: 760-766, 1997.
23. Hadoke PW, Christy C, Kotelevtsev YV, Williams BC, Kenyon CJ, Seckl JR, Mullins JJ, and Walker BR. Endothelial cell dysfunction in mice after transgenic knockout of type 2, but not type 1, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Circulation 104: 2832-2837, 2001.
24. Harris HJ, Kotelevtsev Y, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, and Holmes MC. Intracellular regeneration of glucocorticoids by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD)-1 plays a key role in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: analysis of 11beta-HSD-1-deficient mice. Endocrinology 142: 114-120, 2001.
25. Hjermann I. The metabolic cardiovascular syndrome: syndrome X, Reaven's syndrome, insulin resistance syndrome, atherothrombogenic syndrome. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 20, Suppl 8: S5-S10, 1992.
26. Hundertmark S, Dill A, Buhler H, Stevens P, Looman K, Ragosch V, Seckl JR, and Lipka C. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: a new regulator of fetal lung maturation. Horm Metab Res 34: 537-544, 2002.
27. Hundertmark S, Dill A, Ehert A, Zimmermann B, Kotelevtsev YV, Mullins JJ, and Seckl JR. Foetal lung maturation in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice. Horm Metab Res 34: 545-549, 2002.
28. Jamieson PM, Chapman KE, Edwards CR, and Seckl JR. 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is an exclusive 11 beta- reductase in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes: effect of physicochemical and hormonal manipulations. Endocrinology 136: 4754-4761, 1995.
29. Johansson A, Andrew R, Forsberg H, Cederquist K, Walker BR, and Olsson T. Glucocorticoid metabolism and adrenocortical reactivity to ACTH in myotonic dystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 4276-4283, 2001.
30. Justesen J, Mosekilde L, Holmes M, Stenderup K, Gasser J, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, and Kassem M. Mice deficient in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 lack bone marrow adipocytes, but maintain normal bone formation. Endocrinology 145: 1916-1925, 2004.
31. Kannisto K, Pietilainen KH, Ehrenborg E, Rissanen A, Kaprio J, Hamsten A, and Yki-Jarvinen H. Overexpression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 in adipose tissue is associated with acquired obesity and features of insulin resistance: studies in young adult monozygotic twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 4414-4421, 2004.
32. Kitanaka S, Katsumata N, Tanae A, Hibi I, Takeyama K, Fuse H, Kato S, and Tanaka T. A new compound heterozygous mutation in the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene in a case of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 4054-4058, 1997.
33. Konishi A, Tazawa C, Miki Y, Darnel AD, Suzuki T, Ohta Y, Tabayashi K, and Sasano H. The possible roles of mineralocorticoid receptor and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in cardiac fibrosis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 85: 439-442, 2003.
34. Kotelevtsev Y, Brown RW, Fleming S, Kenyon C, Edwards CR, Seckl JR, and Mullins JJ. Hypertension in mice lacking 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. J Clin Invest 103: 683-689, 1999.
35. Kotelevtsev Y, Holmes MC, Burchell A, Houston PM, Schmoll D, Jamieson P, Best R, Brown R, Edwards CR, Seckl JR, and Mullins JJ. 11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice show attenuated glucocorticoid-inducible responses and resist hyperglycemia on obesity or stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 14924-14929, 1997.
36. Krozowski Z, Li KX, Koyama K, Smith RE, Obeyesekere VR, Stein-Oakley A, Sasano H, Coulter C, Cole T, and Sheppard KE. The type I and type II 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 69: 391-401, 1999.
37. Lakshmi V and Monder C. Evidence for independent 11-oxidase and 11-reductase activities of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: enzyme latency, phase transitions, and lipid requirements. Endocrinology 116: 552-560, 1985.
38. Lakshmi V and Monder C. Extraction of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from rat liver microsomes by detergents. J Steroid Biochem 22: 331-340, 1985.
39. Le Menuet D, Isnard R, Bichara M, Viengchareun S, Muffat-Joly M, Walker F, Zennaro MC, and Lombes M. Alteration of cardiac and renal functions in transgenic mice overexpressing human mineralocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 276: 38911-38920, 2001.
40. Li A, Li KX, Marui S, Krozowski ZS, Batista MC, Whorwood CB, Arnhold IJ, Shackleton CH, Mendonca BB, and Stewart PM. Apparent mineralocorticoid excess in a Brazilian kindred: hypertension in the heterozygote state. J Hypertens 15: 1397-1402, 1997.
41. Li A, Tedde R, Krozowski ZS, Pala A, Li KX, Shackleton CH, Mantero F, Palermo M, and Stewart PM. Molecular basis for hypertension in the "type II variant" of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. Am J Hum Genet 63: 370-379, 1998.
42. Li KX, Smith RE, Ferrari P, Funder JW, and Krozowski ZS. Rat 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme is expressed at low levels in the placenta and is modulated by adrenal steroids in the kidney. Mol Cell Endocrinol 120: 67-75, 1996.
43. Lindsay RS, Wake DJ, Nair S, Bunt J, Livingstone DE, Permana PA, Tataranni PA, and Walker BR. Subcutaneous adipose 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity and messenger ribonucleic acid levels are associated with adiposity and insulinemia in Pima Indians and Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 2738-2744, 2003.
44. Livingstone DE, Jones GC, Smith K, Jamieson PM, Andrew R, Kenyon CJ, and Walker BR. Understanding the role of glucocorticoids in obesity: tissue-specific alterations of corticosterone metabolism in obese Zucker rats. Endocrinology 141: 560-563, 2000.
45. Livingstone DE, Kenyon CJ, and Walker BR. Mechanisms of dysregulation of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in obese Zucker rats. J Endocrinol 167: 533-539, 2000.
46. Low SC, Chapman KE, Edwards CR, and Seckl JR. "Liver-type" 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase cDNA encodes reductase but not dehydrogenase activity in intact mammalian COS-7 cells. J Mol Endocrinol 13: 167-174, 1994.
47. Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, Tomassetti S, Bugianesi E, Lenzi M, McCullough AJ, Natale S, Forlani G, and Melchionda N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 50: 1844-1850, 2001.
48. Marchesini G, Brizi M, Morselli-Labate AM, Bianchi G, Bugianesi E, McCullough AJ, Forlani G, and Melchionda N. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med 107: 450-455, 1999.
49. Maser E, Volker B, and Friebertshauser J. 11 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 from human liver: dimerization and enzyme cooperativity support its postulated role as glucocorticoid reductase. Biochemistry 41: 2459-2465, 2002.
50. Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, Morton NM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, and Flier JS. A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science 294: 2166-2170, 2001.
51. Masuzaki H, Yamamoto H, Kenyon CJ, Elmquist JK, Morton NM, Paterson JM, Shinyama H, Sharp MG, Fleming S, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, and Flier JS. Transgenic amplification of glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue causes high blood pressure in mice. J Clin Invest 112: 83-90, 2003.
52. Matthews SG, Owen D, Banjanin S, and Andrews MH. Glucocorticoids, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) development, and life after birth. Endocr Res 28: 709-718, 2002.
53. Moore XL, Hoong I, and Cole TJ. Expression of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 gene in the mouse. Kidney Int 57: 1307-1312, 2000.
54. Morton NM, Holmes MC, Fievet C, Staels B, Tailleux A, Mullins JJ, and Seckl JR. Improved lipid and lipoprotein profile, hepatic insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 null mice. J Biol Chem 276: 41293-41300, 2001.
55. Morton NM, Paterson JM, Masuzaki H, Holmes MC, Staels B, Fievet C, Walker BR, Flier JS, Mullins JJ, and Seckl JR. Novel adipose tissue-mediated resistance to diet-induced visceral obesity in 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1-deficient mice. Diabetes 53: 931-938, 2004.
56. Mune T, Rogerson FM, Nikkila H, Agarwal AK, and White PC. Human hypertension caused by mutations in the kidney isozyme of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Nat Genet 10: 394-399, 1995.
57. Naray-Fejes-Toth A and Fejes-Toth G. Subcellular localization of the type 2 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase A green fluorescent protein study. J Biol Chem 271: 15436-15442, 1996.
58. New MI and Wilson RC. Steroid disorders in children: congenital adrenal hyperplasia and apparent mineralocorticoid excess. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 12790-12797, 1999.
59. O'Brien CA, Jia D, Plotkin LI, Bellido T, Powers CC, Stewart SA, Manolagas SC, and Weinstein RS. Glucocorticoids act directly on osteoblasts and osteocytes to induce their apoptosis and reduce bone formation and strength. Endocrinology 145: 1835-1841, 2004.
60. Obeyesekere VR, Ferrari P, Andrews RK, Wilson RC, New MI, Funder JW, and Krozowski ZS. The R337C mutation generates a high Km 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II enzyme in a family with apparent mineralocorticoid excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80: 3381-3383, 1995.
61. Odermatt A, Arnold P, and Frey FJ. The intracellular localization of the mineralocorticoid receptor is regulated by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. J Biol Chem 276: 28484-28492, 2001.
62. Odermatt A, Arnold P, Stauffer A, Frey BM, and Frey FJ. The N-terminal anchor sequences of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases determine their orientation in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. J Biol Chem 274: 28762-28770, 1999.
63. Odermatt A, Dick B, Arnold P, Zaehner T, Plueschke V, Deregibus MN, Repetto H, Frey BM, Frey FJ, and Ferrari P. A mutation in the cofactor-binding domain of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 associated with mineralocorticoid hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 1247-1252, 2001.
64. Palermo M, Delitala G, Mantero F, Stewart PM, and Shackleton CH. Congenital deficiency of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome): diagnostic value of urinary free cortisol and cortisone. J Endocrinol Invest 24: 17-23, 2001.
65. Palermo M, Shackleton CH, Mantero F, and Stewart PM. Urinary free cortisone and the assessment of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 45: 605-611, 1996.
66. Paterson JM, Morton NM, Fievet C, Kenyon CJ, Holmes MC, Staels B, Seckl JR, and Mullins JJ. Metabolic syndrome without obesity: hepatic overexpression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 7088-7093, 2004.
67. Paulmyer-Lacroix O, Boullu S, Oliver C, Alessi MC, and Grino M. Expression of the mRNA coding for 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in adipose tissue from obese patients: an in situ hybridization study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 2701-2705, 2002.
68. Porter RM, Huckle WR, and Goldstein AS. Effect of dexamethasone withdrawal on osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. J Cell Biochem 90: 13-22, 2003.
69. Qin W, Rudolph AE, Bond BR, Rocha R, Blomme EA, Goellner JJ, Funder JW, and McMahon EG. Transgenic model of aldosterone-driven cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Circ Res 93: 69-76, 2003.
70. Rask E, Olsson T, Soderberg S, Andrew R, Livingstone DE, Johnson O, and Walker BR. Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol metabolism in human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 1418-1421, 2001.
71. Rask E, Walker BR, Soderberg S, Livingstone DE, Eliasson M, Johnson O, Andrew R, and Olsson T. Tissue-specific changes in peripheral cortisol metabolism in obese women: increased adipose 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 3330-3336, 2002.
72. Reaven G, Abbasi F, and McLaughlin T. Obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Recent Prog Horm Res 59: 207-223, 2004.
73. Reid IR. Glucocorticoid effects on bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 1860-1862, 1998.
74. Reid IR. Glucocorticoid osteoporosis-mechanisms and management. Eur J Endocrinol 137: 209-217, 1997.
75. Sato A and Saruta T. Aldosterone-induced organ damage: plasma aldosterone level and inappropriate salt status. Hypertens Res 27: 303-310, 2004.
76. Seckl JR. Glucocorticoid programming of the fetus; adult phenotypes and molecular mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 185: 61-71, 2001.
77. Seckl JR. Glucocorticoids, ageing and nerve cell damage. J Neuroendocrinol 12: 709-710, 2000.
78. Seckl JR and Walker BR. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I as a modulator of glucocorticoid action: from metabolism to memory. Trends Endocrinol Metab 15: 418-424, 2004.
79. Seckl JR and Walker BR. Minireview: 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I- a tissue-specific amplifier of glucocorticoid action. Endocrinology 142: 1371-1376, 2001.
80. Seckl JR, Yau J, and Holmes M. 11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: a novel control of glucocorticoid action in the brain. Endocr Res 28: 701-707, 2002.
81. Sheppard KE, Hourigan S, Li KX, and Krozowski ZS. Novel nuclear corticosteroid binding in rat small intestinal epithelia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 279: G536-G542, 2000.
82. Sher LB, Woitge HW, Adams DJ, Gronowicz GA, Krozowski Z, Harrison JR, and Kream BE. Transgenic expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in osteoblasts reveals an anabolic role for endogenous glucocorticoids in bone. Endocrinology 145: 922-929, 2004.
83. Speirs HJ, Seckl JR, and Brown RW. Ontogeny of glucocorticoid receptor and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 gene expression identifies potential critical periods of glucocorticoid susceptibility during development. J Endocrinol 181: 105-116, 2004.
84. Stewart PM, Boulton A, Kumar S, Clark PM, and Shackleton CH. Cortisol metabolism in human obesity: impaired cortisone→ortisol conversion in subjects with central adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 1022-1027, 1999.
85. Stewart PM, Corrie JE, Shackleton CH, and Edwards CR. Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. A defect in the cortisol-cortisone shuttle. J Clin Invest 82: 340-349, 1988.
86. Thompson A, Han VK, and Yang K. Differential expression of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 mRNA and glucocorticoid receptor protein during mouse embryonic development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 88: 367-375, 2004.
87. Thompson A, Han VK, and Yang K. Spatial and temporal patterns of expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 messenger RNA and glucocorticoid receptor protein in the murine placenta and uterus during late pregnancy. Biol Reprod 67: 1708-1718, 2002.
88. Tsybouleva N, Zhang L, Chen S, Patel R, Lutucuta S, Nemoto S, DeFreitas G, Entman M, Carabello BA, Roberts R, and Marian AJ. Aldosterone, through novel signaling proteins, is a fundamental molecular bridge between the genetic defect and the cardiac phenotype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 109: 1284-1291, 2004.
89. Ullian ME. The role of corticosteriods in the regulation of vascular tone. Cardiovasc Res 41: 55-64, 1999.
90. Wilson RC, Dave-Sharma S, Wei JQ, Obeyesekere VR, Li K, Ferrari P, Krozowski ZS, Shackleton CH, Bradlow L, Wiens T, and New MI. A genetic detect resulting in mild low-renin hypertension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 10200-10205, 1998.
91. Wilson RC, Harbison MD, Krozowski ZS, Funder JW, Shackleton CH, Hanauske-Abel HM, Wei JQ, Hertecant J, Moran A, Neiberger RE, Balfe JW, Fattah A, Daneman D, Licholai T, and New MI. Several homozygous mutations in the gene for 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in patients with apparent mineralocorticoid excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80: 3145-3150, 1995.
92. Yang S and Zhang L. Glucocorticoids and vascular reactivity. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2: 1-12, 2004.
93. Yau JL, Noble J, Kenyon CJ, Hibberd C, Kotelevtsev Y, Mullins JJ, and Seckl JR. Lack of tissue glucocorticoid reactivation in 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice ameliorates age-related learning impairments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 4716-4721, 2001.