Glucocorticoid osteoporosis - Mechanisms and management

European Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 137, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 209-217

  Reid, Ian R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; ESTROGEN; FLUORIDE; GLUCOCORTICOID; PARATHYROID HORMONE; SEX HORMONE; TESTOSTERONE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DERIVATIVE;

BONE ATROPHY; BONE DENSITY; BONE METABOLISM; CALCIUM ABSORPTION; CALCIUM BALANCE; CALCIUM METABOLISM; DENSITOMETRY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPOGONADISM; MORBIDITY; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOCLAST; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATHOLOGIC FRACTURE; PHOSPHATE METABOLISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BONE AND BONES; CALCIUM; FRACTURES, BONE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; OSTEOPOROSIS;

EID: 0030763592     PISSN: 08044643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1370209     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Lukert B, Mador A, Raisz LG & Kream BE. The role of DNA synthesis in the responses of fetal rat calvariae to cortisol. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1991 6 453-460.
2. Morrison NA, Shine J & Fragonas J-C. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-responsive element and glucocorticoid repression in the osteocalcin gene. Science 1989 146 1158-1161.
3. 2 vitamin D3 modulate the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-I in osteoblast-like cells. Calcified Tissue International 1991 48 278-282.
4. Chevalley T, Strong DD, Mohan S, Baylink DJ & Linkhart TA. Evidence for a role for insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in glucocorticoid inhibition of normal human osteoblast-like cell proliferation. European Journal of Endocrinology 1996 134 591-601.
5. Gabbitas B & Canalis E. Cortisol enhances the transcription of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-6 in cultured osteoblasts. Endocrinology 1996 137 1687-1692.
6. Dempster DW. Bone histomorphometry in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1989 4 137-141.
7. Reid IR, Chapman GE, Fraser TRC, Davies AD, Surus AS, Meyer J et al. Low serum osteocalcin levels in glucocorticoid-treated asthmatics. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1986 62 379-383.
8. Lems WF, Gerrits MI, Jacobs JWG, Vanvugt RM, Vanrijn HJM & Bijlsma JWJ. Changes in (markers of) bone metabolism during high dose corticosteroid pulse treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1996 55 288-293.
9. Aaron JE, Francis RM, Peacock M & Makins NB. Contrasting microanatomy of idiopathic and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Clinical Orthopedics 1989 243 294-305.
10. 3 administration on bone and bone mineral metabolism in patients on chronic glucocorticoid treatment: a double-blind controlled study. Clinical Endocrinology 1983 18 265-273.
11. Hahn TJ, Halstead LR, Teitelbaum SL & Hahn BH. Altered mineral metabolism in glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1979 64 655-665.
12. Cosman F, Nieves J, Herbert J, Shen V & Lindsay R. High-dose glucocorticoids in multiple sclerosis patients exert direct effects on the kidney and skeleton. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1994 9 1097-1105.
13. Gennari C, Imbimbo B & Montagnani M. Effects of prednisone and deflazacort on mineral metabolism and parathyroid hormone activity in humans. Calcified Tissue International 1984 36 245-252.
14. Nordin BEC, Marshal DH, Francis RM & Crilly RG. The effects of sex steroid and corticosteroid hormones on bone. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 1981 15 171-174.
15. Klein RG, Arnaud SB & Gallagher JC. Intestinal calcium absorption in exogenous hypercortisonism. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1977 60 253-259.
16. Hahn TJ, Halstead LR & Baran DT. Effects of short term glucocorticoid administration on intestinal calcium absorption and circulating vitamin D metabolite concentrations in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1981 52 111-115.
17. Tohmon M, Fukase M, Kishihara M, Kadowaki S & Fujita T. Effect of glucocorticoid administration on intestinal, renal and cerebellar calbindin-D28K in chicks. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1988 3 325-331.
18. Reid IR & Ibberston HK. Evidence for decreased tubular reabsorption of calcium in glucorticoid-treated asthmatics. Hormone Research 1987 27 200-204.
19. Braun JJ, Juttman JR, Visser TJ & Birkenhager JC. Short-term effect of prednisone on serum 1,25-hydroxy-vitamin D in normal individuals and in hyper-and hypoparathyroidism. Clinical Endocrinology 1982 17 21-28.
20. Fucik RF, Kukreja SC, Hargis GK, Bowse EM, Henderson WJ & Williams GA. Effect of glucocorticoids on function of the parathyroid glands in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1975 40 152-185.
21. Au WYW. Cortisol stimulation of parathyroid hormone secretion by rat parathyroid glands in organ culture. Science 1976 193 1015-1017.
22. Butler RC, Davie MWJ, Worsfold M & Sharp CA. Bone mineral content in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to low-dose steroid therapy. British Journal of Rheumatology 1991 30 86-90.
23. Chen TL & Feldman D. Glucocorticoid receptors and actions in subpopulations of cultured rat bone cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1979 63 750-758.
24. Gennari C, Bernini M & Nardi P. Glucocorticoids: radiocalcium and radiophosphate absorption in man. In Osteoporosis, a Multidisciplinary Problem. Eds ASJ Dixon. RGG Russell & TCB Stamp. London: Royal Society of Medicine, 1983.
25. Reid IR, France JT, Pybus J & Ibbertson HK. Low plasma testosterone levels in glucocorticoid-treated male asthmatics. British Medical Journal 1985 291 574.
26. Reid IR, Veale AG & France JT. Glucocorticoid osteoporosis. Journal of Asthma 1994 31 7-18.
27. Rizzato G & Montemurro L. Reversibility of exogenous corticosteroid-induced bone loss. European Respiratory Journal 1993 6 116-119.
28. Laan RFJM, Vanriel PLCM, Vandeputte LBA, Vanerning LJTO, Vanthof MA & Lemmens JAM. Low-dose prednisone induces rapid reversible axial bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis - a randomized, controlled study. Annals of Internal Medicine 1993 119 963-968.
29. Lo Cascio V, Bonucci E, Imbimbo B, Ballanti P, Adami S, Milani S et al. Bone loss in response to long-term glucocorticoid therapy. Bone and Mineral 1990 8 39-51.
30. Saito JK, Davis JW, Wasnich RD & Ross PD. Users of low-dose glucocorticoids have increased bone loss rates: a longitudinal study. Calcified Tissue International 1995 57 115-119.
31. Reid IR, Evans MC, Wattie DJ, Ames R & Cundy TF. Bone mineral density of the proximal femur and lumbar spine in glucocorticoid-treated asthmatic patients. Osteoporosis International 1992 2 103-105.
32. Reid IR & Heap SW. Determinants of vertebral mineral density in patients receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Archives of Internal Medicine 1990 150 2545-2548.
33. Reid IR, Evans MC & Stapleton J. Lateral spine densitometry is a more sensitive indicator of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1992 7 1221-1225.
34. Mayo-Smith W, Rosenthal DI, Goodsitt MM & Klibanski A. Intravertebral fat measurement with quantitative CT in patients with Cushing disease and anorexia nervosa. Radiology 1989 170 835-838.
35. Hall GM, Spector TD, Griffin AJ, Jawad ASM, Hall ML & Doyle DV. The effect of rheumatoid arthritis and steroid therapy on bone density in postmenopausal women. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1993 36 1510-1516.
36. Mateo L, Nolla JM, Rozadilla A, Rodriguezmoreno J, Niubo R, Valverde J & Roigescofet D. Bone mineral density in patients with temporal arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Journal of Rheumatology 1993 20 1369-1373.
37. Lufkin EG, Wahner HW & Bergstralh EJ. Reversibility of steroid-induced osteoporosis. American Journal of Medicine 1988 85 887-888.
38. Hermus AR, Smals AG, Swinkels LM, Huysmans DA, Pieters GF, Sweep CF, Corstens FH & Kloppenborg PW. Bone mineral density and bone turnover before and after surgical cure of Cushing's syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1995 80 2859-2865.
39. Manning PJ, Evans MC & Reid IR. Normal bone mineral density following cure of Cushing's syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 1992 36 229-234.
40. Chesney RW, Mazess RB, Rose P & Jax DK. Effect of prednisone on growth and bone mineral content in childhood glomerular disease. American Journal of Diseases in Childhood 1978 132 768-772.
41. Gluck OS, Murphy WA, Hahn TJ & Hahn B. Bone loss in adults receiving alternate-day glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1981 24 892-898.
42. Ruegsegger P, Medici TC & Anliker M. Corticosteroid-induced bone loss. A longitudinal study of alternate-day therapy in patients with bronchial asthma using quantitative computed tomography. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1983 25 615-620.
43. Doull I, Freezer N & Holgate S. Osteocalcin, growth, and inhaled corticosteroids - a prospective study. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 1996 74 497-501.
44. Cooper C, Coupland C & Mitchell M. Rheumatoid arthritis, corticosteroid therapy and hip fracture. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1995 54 49-52.
45. Michel BA, Bloch DA, Wolfe F & Fries JF. Fractures in rheumatoid arthritis - an evaluation of associated risk factors. Journal of Rheumatology 1993 20 1666-1669.
46. Nilsen KH, Jayson MIV & Dixon AStJ. Microcrystalline calcium hydroxyapatite compound in corticosteroid-treated rheumatoid patients: a controlled study. British Medical Journal 1978 2 1124.
47. Reid IR & Ibbertson HK. Calcium supplements in the prevention of steroid-induced osteoporosis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986 44 287-290.
48. Reid IR, King AR, Alexander CJ & Ibbertson HK. Prevention of teroid-induced osteoporosis with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD). Lancet 1988 i 143-146.
49. Reid IR, Heap SW, King AR & Ibbertson HK. Two-year follow-up of bisphosphonate (APD) treatment in steroid osteoporosis. Lancet 1988 ii 1144.
50. Sambrook P, Birmingham J, Kelly P, Kempler S, Nguyen T, Pocock N & Eisman J. Prevention of corticosteroid osteoporosis - a comparison of calcium, calcitriol, and calcitonin. New England Journal of Medicine 1993 328 1747-1752.
51. Lukert BP, Johnson BE & Robinson RG. Estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy reduces glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1992 7 1063-1069.
52. Grey AB, Cundy TF & Reid IR. Continuous combined oestrogen/ progestin therapy is well tolerated and increases bone density at the hip and spine in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Clinical Endocrinology 1994 40 671-677.
53. Reid IR & Grey AB. Corticosteroid osteoporosis. Bailliere's Clinical Rheumatology 1993 7 573-587.
54. MacDonald AG, Murphy EA, Capell HA, Bankowska UZ & Ralston SH. Effects of hormone replacement therapy in rheumatoid arthritis - a double blind placebo-controlled study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1994 53 54-57.
55. Studd JWW, Savvas M & Johnson M. Correction of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis by percutaneous hormone implants. Lancet 1989 i 339.
56. Hall GM, Daniels M, Huskisson EC & Spector TD. A randomised controlled trial of the effect of hormone replacement therapy on disease activity in postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1994 53 112-116.
57. Reid IR, Wattle DJ, Evans MC & Stapleton JP. Testosterone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated men. Archives of Internal Medicine 1996 156 1173-1177.
58. Need AG. Corticosteroids and osteoporosis. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1987 17 267-272.
59. Adami S, Fossaluzza V, Rossini M, Bertoldo F, Gatti D, Zamberlan N et al. The prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis with nandrolone decanoate. Bone and Mineral 1991 15 72-81.
60. Grecu EO, Weinshelbaum A & Simmons R. Effective therapy of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Calcified Tissue International 1990 46 294-299.
61. Cundy T, Evans M, Roberts H, Wattie D, Ames R & Reid IR. Reduced bone density in women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. British Medical Journal 1991 303 13-16.
62. Gallacher SJ, Fenner JAK, Anderson K, Bryden FM, Banham SW, Logue FC, Cowan RA & Boyle IT. Intravenous pamidronate in the treatment of osteoporosis associated with corticosteroid dependent lung disease - an open pilot study. Thorax 1992 47 932-936.
63. Worth H, Stammen D & Keck E. Therapy of steroid-induced bone loss in adult asthmatics with calcium, vitamin D, and a diphosphonate. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 1994 150 394-397.
64. Diamond T, McGuigan L, Barbagallo S & Bryant C. Cyclical etidronate plus ergocalciferol prevents glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Medicine 1995 98 459-463.
65. Struys A, Snelder AA & Mulder H. Cyclical etidronate reverses bone loss of the spine and proximal femur in patients with established corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. American Journal of Medicine 1995 99 235-242.
66. Hahn TJ & Hahn BH. Osteopenia in patients with rheumatic diseases: principles of diagnosis and therapy. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 1976 6 165-188.
67. Hahn TJ, Halstead LR, Teitelbaum SL & Hahn BH. Altered mineral metabolism in glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1979 64 655-665.
68. Dykman TR, Haralson KM, Gluck OS, Murphy WA, Teitelbaum SL, Hahn TJ et al. Effect of oral 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D and calcium on glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1984 27 1336-1343.
69. Bijlsma JWJ, Raymakers JA, Mosch C, Hoekstra A, Derksen RH, Baart de la Faille H et al. Effect of oral calcium and vitamin D on glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 1988 6 113-119.
70. Di Munno O, Beghe F, Favini P, Di Giuseppe P, Pontrandolfo A, Occhipinti G et al. Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia: effect of oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium. Clinical Rheumatology 1989 8 202-207.
71. Mulder H & Struys A. Intermittent cyclical etidronate in the prevention of corticosteroid-induced bone loss. British Journal of Rheumatology 1994 33 348-350.
72. Van Cleemput J, Daenen W, Geusens P, Dequeker J, Van de Werf F & Vanhaecke J. Prevention of bone loss in cardiac transplant recipients - a comparison of biphosphonates and vitamin D. Transplantation 1996 61 1495-1499.
73. Adachi JD, Bensen WG, Blanchi F, Cividino A, Pillersdorf S, Sebaldt RJ, Tugwell P, Gordon M, Steele M, Webber C & Goldsmith CH. Vitamin D and calcium in the prevention of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis - a 3 year follow-up. Journal of Rheumatology 1996 23 995-1000.
74. Buckley LM, Leib ES, Cartularo KS, Vacek PM & Cooper SM. Calcium and vitamin D-3 supplementation prevents bone loss in the spine secondary to low-dose corticosteroids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1996 125 961-968.
75. Bayley TA, Muller C & Harrison J. The long-term treatment of steroid osteoporosis with fluoride. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1990 5 (suppl 1) S157-S161.
76. Rizzoli R, Chevalley T, Slosman DO & Bonjour JP. Sodium monofluorophosphate increases vertebral bone mineral density in patients with corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 1995 5 39-46.
77. Guaydier-Souquieres G, Kotzki PO, Sabatier JP, Bassecathalinat B & Loeb G. In corticosteroid-treated respiratory diseases, monofluorophosphate increases lumbar bone density - a double-masked randomized study. Osteoporosis International 1996 6 171-177.
78. Meunier PJ, Briancon D, Chavassieux P, Edouard C, Boivin G, Conrozier T, Marcelli C, Pastoureau P, Delmas PD & Casez JP. Treatment with fluoride: bone histomorphometric findings. In Osteoporosis, pp 824-828. Eds C Christiansen, JS Johansen & BJ Riis. Copenhagen: Osteopress, 1987.
79. Rizzato G, Tosi G, Schiraldi G, Montemurro L, Zanni D & Sisti S. Bone protection with salmon calcitonin (sCT) in the long-term steroid therapy of chronic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 1988 5 99-103.
80. Luengo M, Picado C, Del Rio L, Guanabens M, Montserrat IM & Setoain J. Treatment of steroid-induced osteopenia with calcitonin in corticosteroid-dependent asthma. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1990 142 104-107.
81. Montemurro L, Schiraldi G, Fraioli P, Tosi G, Riboldi A & Rizzato G. Prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis with salmon calcitonin in sarcoid patients. Calcified Tissue International 1991 49 71-76.
82. Adams JS, Wahl TO & Lukert BP. Effects of hydrochlorothiazide and dietary sodium restriction on calcium metabolism in corticosteroid treated patients. Metabolism 1981 30 217-221.
83. Suzuki Y, Ichikawa Y, Saito E & Homma M. Importance of increased urinary calcium excretion in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism of patients under glucocorticoid therapy. Metabolism 1983 32 151-156.
84. Yamada H. Long-term effect of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium and thiazide administration on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 1989 65 603-614.
85. Caniggia A, Marchetti M, Gennari C, Vattimo A & Nicholis FB. Effects of a new glucocorticoid, oxazacort, on some variables connected with bone metabolism in man: a comparison with prednisone. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1977 15 126-134.
86. Gray RES, Doherty SM, Galloway J, Coulton L, de Broe M & Kanis JA. A double-blind study of deflazacort and prednisone in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1991 34 287-295.
87. Lo Cascio V, Bonucci E, Imbimbo B, Ballanti P, Tantarotti D, Galvanini G et al. Bone loss after glucocorticoid therapy. Calcified Tissue International 1984 36 435-438.
88. Gennari C & Imbimbo B. Effects of prednisone and deflazacort on vertebral bone mass. Calcified Tissue International 1985 37 592-593.
89. Loftus J, Allen R, Hesp J, David J, Reid DM, Wright DJ et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of deflazacort versus prednisone in juvenile chronic rheumatoid arthritis: a relatively bone-sparing effect of deflazacort. Paediatrics 1991 88 428-436.
90. Olgaard K, Storm T, van Wowern N, Daugaard H, Egfjord M, Lewin E et al. Glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis in the lumbar spine, forearm and mandible of nephrotic patients. A double-blind study on the high-dose long-term effects of prednisone versus deflazacort. Calcified Tissue International 1992 50 490-497.
91. Balsan S, Steru D, Bourdeau A, Grimberg R & Lenoir G. Effects of long-term maintenance therapy with a new glucocorticoid, deflazacort, on mineral metabolism and statural growth. Calcified Tissue International 1987 40 303-309.
92. Aicardi G, Milani S, Imbimbo B, Vignolo M, di Battista E, Gusmano R et al. Comparison of growth retarding effects induced by two different glucocorticoids in prepubertal sick children: an interim long-term analysis. Calcified Tissue International 1991 48 283-287.
93. Dimunno O, Imbimbo B, Mazzantini M, Milani S, Occhipinti G & Pasero G. Deflazacort versus methylprednisolone in polymyalgia rheumatica: clinical equivalence and relative antiinflammatory potency of different treatment regimens. Journal of Rheumatology 1995 22 1492-1498.
94. Weisman MH. Dose equivalency of deflazacort and prednisone in the treatment of steroid dependent rheumatoid arthritis. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Osteoporosis, p 515. Eds C Christiansen & B Riis. Copenhagen: 4th International Symposium on Osteoporosis, 1993.
95. Krogsgaard MR, Thamsborg G & Lund B. Changes in bone mass during low dose corticosteroid treatment in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica - a double blind, prospective comparison between prednisolone and deflazacort. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1996 55 143-146.