The metabolic syndrome in hypertensive and normotensive subjects: The Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme

Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 243-249

  Kelishadi, Roya ^a   Derakhshan, R ^a   Sabet, B ^a   Sarraf Zadegan, N ^a   Kahbazi, M ^a   Sadri, G H ^a   Tavasoli, A A ^a   Heidari, S ^a   Khosravi, A ^a   Amani, A ^a   Tolouei, H R ^a   Bahonar, A ^a   Rezaei Ashtiani, A A ^a   Moatarian, A ^a  

^a ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Gender; Hypertension; Insulin resistance; Obesity; Prevalence

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; FEMALE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IRAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; RURAL AREA; SEX DIFFERENCE; URBAN AREA; AGED; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; AGED; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; IRAN; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MIDDLE AGED; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 22144468087     PISSN: 03044602     EISSN: 29724066     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Grundy SM. Hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:25F-29F.
2. Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:427-36.
3. Lakka HM, Laakssonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002;288:2709-16.
4. Oh JY, Hong YS, Sung YA, Barrett-Connor E. Prevalence and factor analysis of metabolic syndrome in an urban Korean population. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2027-32.
5. Bjorntorp P, Holm G, Rosmond R, Folkow B. Hypertension and the metabolic syndrome: closely related central origin? Blood Press 2000;9:71-82.
6. Anderson EA. Insulin and the sympathetic nervous system. Int J Obes 1993;S86-S90.
7. Verma S, Bhanot S, McNeill JH. Sympathectomy prevents fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia and hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;373:R1-R4.
8. De Fronzo RA, Goldberg M, Agus A. The effects of glucose and insulin on renal electrolyte transport. J Clin Invest 1976;58:83-90.
9. Verma S, Bhanot S, McNeill JH. Decreased vascular reactivity in metformin-treated fructose-hypertensive rats. Metabolism 1996;45: 1053-5.
10. Galipeau D, Arikawa E, Sekirov I, McNeill JH. Chronic thromboxane synthase inhibition prevents fructose induced hypertension. Hypertension 2001;38:872-6.
11. Reaven GM, Lithell H, Landsberg L. Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities - the role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system. N Engl J Med 1996;334:374-81.
12. Every NR, Boyko EJ, Keane EM, Marshall JA, Rewers M, Hamman RF. Blood pressure, insulin, and C-peptide levels in San Luis Valley, Colorado. Diabetes Care 1993;16:1543-50.
13. Manolio TA, Savage PJ, Burke GL, Wagenknecht LE, Sidney S, Jacobs DR Jr, et al. Association of fasting insulin with blood pressure and lipids in young adults: the CARDIA Study. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:430-36.
14. Chen CH, Tsai ST, Chuang JH, Chang MS, Wang SP, Chou P. Population-based study of insulin, C-peptide and blood pressure in Chinese with normal glucose tolerance. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:585-8.
15. Dowse GK, Collins VR, Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ, Touomilehto J, Chiston P, et al; the Mauritius Non-communicable Disease Study Group. Insulin and blood pressure levels are not independently related in Mauritians of Asian Indian, Creole or Chinese origin. J Hypertens 1993;11:297-307.
16. Collins VR, Dowse GK, Finch CF, Zimmet PZ. An inconsistent relationship between insulin and blood pressure in three Pacific island populations. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43:1369-78.
17. Muller DC, Elahi D, Pratley RE, Tobin JD, Andres R. An epidemiological test of the hyperinsulinemia-hypertension hypothesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:544-8.
18. Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, Giorico MA, Oleggini M, Graziadei L, et al. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1987;317:350-7.
19. Shen DC, Shieh SM, Fuh MM, Wu DA, Chen YD, Reaven GM. Resistance to insulin-stimulated-glucose uptake in patients with hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:580-3.
20. Howard BV, Lee ET, Yeh JL, Go O, Fabsitz RR, Devereux RB, et al. Hypertension in adult American Indians. The Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 1996;28:256-64.
21. Pollare T, Lithell H, Berne C. Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of primary hypertension independent of obesity. Metabolism 1990;39:167-74.
22. Edwards KL, Burchfiel CM, Sharp DS, Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Fujimoto WY, et al. Factors of the insulin resistance syndrome in nondiabetic and diabetic elderly Japanese-American men. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147: 441-7.
23. Zimmet PZ, Collins VR, Dowse GK, Alberti KG, Tuomilehto J, Knight LT, et al. Is hyperinsulinaemia a central characteristic of a chronic cardiovascular risk factor clustering syndrome? Mixed findings in Asian Indian, Creole and Chinese Mauritians. Diabet Med 1994;11:388-96.
24. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease (syndrome X): an expanded definition. Annu Rev Med 1993;44:121-31.
25. World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, prevention and control of cardiovascular disease. Alexandria, Egypt WHO-EMRO 1995:24.
26. Zali M, Kazem M, Masjedi MR. Health and Disease in Iran, Tehran: Deputy of Research Ministry of Health, 1993. Bulletin No.1 (in Farsi).
27. Sarraf-Zadegan N, Boshtam M, Rafiei M. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in Isfahan, Iran. Eur J Pub Health 1999;9:20-6.
28. Sarraf-Zadegan N, Sadri G, Malek-Afzali H, Baghaei M, Mohammadi Fard N, Shahrokhi S, et al. Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme: a comprehensive integrated community-based programme for cardiovascular disease prevention and control. Design, methods and initial experience. Acta Cardiol 2003;58:309-20.
29. World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1998.
30. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499-502.
31. National Institutes of Health, Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 2001, NIH Publication 01-3670.
32. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289:2560-72.
33. Erratum in: JAMA 2003;290:197.
34. Zavaroni I, Mazza S, Dall'Aglio E, Gasparini P, Passeri M, Reaven GM. Prevalence of hyperisulinaemia in patients with high blood pressure. J Intern Med 1992;231:235-40.
35. Lind L, Berne C, Lithell H. Prevalence of insulin resistance in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1995;13:1457-62.
36. Vega GL. Results of expert meetings: obesity and cardiovascular disease. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 2001;142:1108-16.
37. Onat A, Ceyhan K, Basar O, Erer B, Toprak S, Sansoy V. Metabolic syndrome: major impact on coronary risk in a population with low cholesterol levels: a prospective and cross-sectional evaluation. Atherosclerosis 2002;165:285-92.
38. Choi KM, Lee J, Kim KB, Kim DR, Kim SK, Shin DH, et al. Factor analysis of the metabolic syndrome among elderly Koreans the South-West Seoul Study. Diabetes Med 2003;20:99-104.
39. Saad MF, Lillioja S, Nyomba BL, Castillo C, Ferraro R, De Gregorio M, et al. Racial differences in the relation between blood pressure and insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 1991;324:733-9.
40. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002;287:356-9.
41. Azizi F, Salehi P, Etemadi A, Zahedi-Asl S. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban population: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003;61:29-37.
42. Chen CH, Lin KC, Tsai ST, Chou P. Different association of hypertension and insulin-related metabolic syndrome between men and women in 8437 nondiabetic Chinese. Am J Hypertens 2000;13:846-53.
43. Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP. Prospective analysis of the insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 1992;41:715-22.
44. Koutis AD, Lionis CD, Isacsson A, Jakobsson A, Fioretos M, Lindholm LH. Characteristic of the "metabolic syndrome X" in a cardiovascular risk population in Crete. Eur Heart J 1992;13:865-71.
45. Galipeau DM, Yao L, McNeill JH. Relationship among hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension is dependent on sex. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;28:H562-7.
46. Vasquez Vigoa A, Vasquez Cruz A, Calderin RO, Buchaca EF, Cruz Alvarez NM, Jimenez Paneque R, et al. Metabolic syndrome in patients with essential hypertension (Spanish). Nefrologia 2003;23:423-31.
47. Schillaci G, Pirro M, Vaudo G, Gemelli F, Marchesi S, Porcellati C, et al. Prognostic value of the metabolic syndrome in essential hypertension. Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1817-22.
48. Christ M, Klima T, Maisch B. Arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome (German). Herz 2003;28:647-85.
49. Opie LH, Schall R. Old anti-hypertensives and new diabetes. J Hypertens 2004;22:1453-8.
50. Scott CL. Diagnosis, prevention, and intervention for the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2003;92(suppl):35i-42i.
51. Natali A, Ferrannini E. Hypertension, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004;33:417-29.
52. Scheen AJ. Management of the metabolic syndrome. Minerva Endocrinol 2004;29:31-45.