Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities - The role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 334, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 374-381

  Reaven, Gerald M ^a   Lithell, Hans ^b   Landsberg, Lewis ^c,d  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATENOLOL; DILEVALOL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DOXAZOSIN; METOPROLOL; PINDOLOL; PRAZOSIN; PROPRANOLOL;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; BLOOD PRESSURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN METABOLISM; INSULIN RESISTANCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THERMOGENESIS;

ADRENAL GLANDS; ADRENERGIC AGENTS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; HUMANS; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPOPROTEINS; OBESITY; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM;

EID: 0030025673     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199602083340607     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Shen D-C, Shieh S-M, Fuh MM-T, Wu D-A, Chen Y-DI, Reaven GM Resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in patients with hypertension J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988,66:580-3.
2. Reaven GM. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension: parallels between human disease and rodent models. Diabetes Care 1991;14:195-202.
3. Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, et al. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1987;317:350-7.
4. Pollare T, Lithell H, Berne C. Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of primary hypertension independent of obesity Metabolism 1990;39:167-74.
5. Shieh S-M, Shen M-DM, Fuh M-MT, Chen Y-DI, Reaven GM. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in Chinese males with coronary artery disease, with and without hypertension Atherosclerosis 1987;67:49-55.
6. Hwang I-S, Ho H, Hoffman BB, Reaven GM Fructose-induced insulin resistance and hypertension in rats. Hypertension 1987,10.512-6
7. Reaven GM, Chang H Relationship between blood pressure, plasma insulin triglyceride concentration, and insulin action in spontaneous hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats Am J Hypertens 1991;4:34-8.
8. Reaven GM, Twersky J, Chang H. Abnormalities, of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in Dahl rats. Hypertension 1991;18:630-5.
9. Dall'Aglio E, Tosini P, Ferrari P, Zavaroni I, Passeri M, Reaven GM. Abnormalities of insulin and lipid metabolism in Milan hypertensive rats Am J Hypertens 1991,4 773-5
10. Zavaroni I, Mazza S, Dall'Aglio E, Gasparini P, Passeri M, Reaven GM. Prevalence of hyperinsulinaemia in patients with high blood pressure. J Intern Med 1992,231 235-40.
11. Facchini F, Chen Y-DI, Clinkingbeard C, Jeppesen J, Reaven GM. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia in nonobese individuals with a family history of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1992;5:694-9
12. Shamiss A, Carroll J, Rosenthal T. Insulin resistance in secondary hypertension Am J Hypertens 1992;5:26-8
13. Skott P, Vaag A, Bruun NE, et al Effect of insulin on renal sodium handling in hyperinsulinaemic type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with peripheral insulin resistance. Diabetologia 1991;34:275-81.
14. Sawicki PT, Heinemann L, Starke A, Berger M. Hyperinsulinaemia is not linked with blood pressure evaluation in patients with insulinoma. Diabetologia 1992,35:649-52
15. Anderson EA, Mark AL The vasodilator action of insulin, implications for the insulin hypothesis of hypertension. Hypertension 1993,21:136-41. [Erratum, Hypertension 1993,21:745.]
16. Hall JE, Brands MW, Kivlighn SD, Mizelle HL, Hildebrandt A, Gaillard CA. Chronic hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure: interaction with catecholamines? Hypertension 1990;15 519-27.
17. Saad MF, Lillioja S, Nyomba BL, et al. Racial differences in the relation between blood pressure and insulin resistance N Engl J Med 1991;324:733-9
18. Falkner B, Hulman S, Kushner H. Insulin-stimulated glucose utilization and borderline hypertension in young adult blacks Hypertension 1993;22:18-25
19. Brands MW, Hildebrandt DA, Mizelle HL, Hall JE Sustained hyperinsulinemia increases arterial pressure in conscious rats. Am J Physiol 1991;260: R764-R768
20. Tedde R, Sechi LA, Marigliano A, Pala A, Scano L Antihypertensive effect of insulin reduction in diabetic-hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 1989; 2:163-70.
21. Randeree HA, Omar MAK, Motala AA, Seedat MA Effect of insulin therapy on blood pressure in NIDDM patients with secondary failure. Diabetes Care 1992,15:1258-63.
22. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. 2. Short-term reductions in blood pressure overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990,335:827-38.
23. Reaven GM, Laws A. Coronary heart disease in the absence of hypercholesterolaemia. J Intern Med 1990,228:415-7.
24. Pyorala K. Relationship of glucose tolerance and plasma insulin to the incidence of coronary heart disease: results from two population studies in Finland Diabetes Care 1979,2:131-41.
25. Sheu WH-H, Jeng C-Y, Shieh S-M, et al. Insulin resistance and abnormal electrocardiograms in patients with high blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 1992;5:444-8.
26. Vaccaro O, Ruth KJ, Stamler J. Relationship of postload plasma glucose to mortality with 19-yr follow-up comparison of one versus two plasma measurements in the Chicago Peoples Gas Company Study. Diabetes Care 1992; 15:1328-34.
27. Reaven GM. Are triglycerides important as a risk factor for coronary disease? Heart Dis Stroke 1993;2:44-8.
28. Ward KD, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Willett WC, Landsberg L, Weiss ST The relationships of abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia and saturated fat intake to serum lipid levels: the Normative Aging Study Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994;18:137-44.
29. Austin MA, Breslow JL, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Willett WC, Krauss RM. Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1988;260 1917-21.
30. Patsch JR, Miesenbock G, Hopferwieser T, et al. Relation of triglyceride metabolism and coronary artery disease: studies in the postprandial state Arterioscler Thromb 1992;12 1336-45
31. Hamsten A, Wiman B, deFaire U, Blomback M. Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985,313:1557-63.
32. Young JB, Landsberg L. Suppression of sympathetic nervous system during fasting. Science 1977,196 1473-5
33. Idem Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system during sucrose feeding. Nature 1977;269:615-7.
34. Landsberg L, Young JB. The influence of diet on the sympathetic nervous system. In Müller EE, MacLeod RM, Frohman LA, eds. Neuroendocrine perspectives. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1985:191-218
35. Young JB, Saville E, Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ, Landsberg L Effect of diet and cold exposure on norepinephrine turnover in brown adipose tissue of the rat J Clin Invest 1982,69 1061-71.
36. Schwartz JH, Young JB, Landsberg L. Effect of dietary fat on sympathetic nervous system activity in the rat. J Clin Invest 1983,72:361-70
37. Kaufman LN, Young JB, Landsberg L. Effect of protein on sympathetic nervous system activity in the rat: evidence for nutrient-specific responses. J Clin Invest 1986;77:551-8.
38. Landsberg L, Young JB. Insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in the relationship between dietary intake and sympathetic nervous system activity. Int J Obes 1985;9:Suppl 2:63-8.
39. Young JB, Landsberg L. Impaired suppression of sympathetic activity during fasting in the gold thioglucose-treated mouse. J Clin Invest 1980;65: 1086-94.
40. Landsberg L, Young JB. The role of the sympathoadrenal system in modulating energy expenditure. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;13:475-99
41. Christlieb AR, Krolewski AS, Warram JH, Soeldner JS. Is insulin the link between hypertension and obesity? Hypertension 1985;7:Suppl II:II-54-II-57
42. Manicardi V, Camellini L, Bellodi G, Coscelli C, Ferrannini E Evidence for an association of high blood pressure and hyperinsulinemia in obese man J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62:1302-4
43. Rose HG, Yalow RS, Schweitzer P, Schwartz E Insulin as a potential factor influencing blood pressure in amputees. Hypertension 1986;8:793-800. [Erratum. Hypertension 1987,9.421 ]
44. Modan M, Halkin H, Almog S, et al. Hyperinsulinemia: a link between hypertension obesity and glucose intolerance J Clin Invest 1985;75.809-17.
45. Tappy L, Bovet P, Jequier E, Shamlaye C, Darioli R, Burnand B Relationship of fasting serum insulin concentrations with blood pressure in a representative sample of the adult population of the Seychelles. Int J Obesity 1991;15.669-75.
46. Fournier AM, Gadia MT, Kubrusly DB, Skyler JS, Sosenko JM Blood pressure, insulin, and glycemia in nondiabetic subjects Am J Med 1986;80:861-4.
47. Landsberg L. Diet, obesity and hypertension: an hypothesis involving insulin, the sympathetic nervous system, and adaptive thermogenesis Q J Med 1986,61:1081-90.
48. Troisi RJ, Weiss ST, Parker DR, Sparrow D, Young JB, Landsberg L. Relation of obesity and diet to sympathetic nervous system activity. Hypertension 1991;17:669-77.
49. O'Hare JA, Minaker KL, Meneilly GS, Rowe JW, Pallotta JA, Young JB. Effect of insulin on plasma norepinephrine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in obese men. Metabolism 1989,38 322-9
50. Ward KD, Sparrow D, Landsberg L, Young JB, Weiss ST The influence of obesity, insulin, and sympathetic nervous system activity on blood pressure. Clin Res 1993,41 168A abstract
51. Julius S. Sympathetic hyperactivity and coronary risk in hypertension. Hypertension 1993;21 886-93
52. Lembo G, Capaldo B, Rendina V, et al. Acute noradrenergic activation induces insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle Am J Physiol 1994,266 E242-E247.
53. Hall JE, Brands MW, Dixon WN, Smith MJ Jr Obesity-induced hypertension: renal function and systemic hemodynamics. Hypertension 1993;22: 292-9.
54. Supiano MA, Hogikyan RV, Morrow LA, et al Hypertension and insulin resistance: role of sympathetic nervous system activity. Am J Physiol 1992; 263:E935-E942
55. Carretta R, Fabris B, Fischetti F, et al. Reduction of blood pressure in obese hyperinsulinaemic hypertensive patients during somatostatin infusion J Hypertens Suppl 1989,7:S196-S197
56. Parker DR, Weiss ST, Troisi R, Cassano PA Vokonas PS, Landsberg L. Relationship of dietary saturated fatty acids and body habitus to serum insulin concentrations: the Normative Aging Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1993,58 129-36.
57. Jung RT, Shetty PS, Barrand M, Callingham BA, James WPT. Role of catecholamines in hypotensive response to dieting BMJ 1979;1.12-3.
58. Stamler R, Stamler J, Grimm R, et al. Nutritional therapy for high blood pressure, final report of a four-year randomized controlled trial - the Hypertension Control Program. JAMA 1987,257:1484-91.
59. Krotkiewski M, Mandroukas K, Sjostrom L, Sullivan L, Wetterqvist H, Bjorntorp P Effects of long-term physical training on body fat, metabolism, and blood pressure in obesity. Metabolism 1979;28 650-8
60. Tuck ML. Obesity, the sympathetic nervous system, and essential hypertension. Hypertension 1992;19:Suppl:I-67-I-77.
61. Hall JE, Coleman TG, Mizelle HL. Does chronic hyperinsulinemia cause hypertension? Am J Hypertens 1989,2 171-3.
62. Anderson EA, Hoffman RP, Balon TW, Sinkey CA, Mark AL. Hyperinsulinemia produces both sympathetic neural activation and vasodilation in normal humans J Clin Invest 1991;87:2246-52.
63. Ward KD, Sparrow D, Landsberg L, Young JB, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST The relationship of epinephrine excretion to serum lipid levels, the Normative Aging Study. Metabolism 1994;43 509-13
64. Landsberg L, Young JB Sympathoadrenal activity and obesity: physiological rationale for the use of adrenergic thermogenic drugs Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993,17.Suppl 1 S29-S34.
65. Lundgren H, Bjorkman L, Keiding P, Lundmark S, Bengtsson C Diabetes in patients with hypertension receiving pharmacological treatment. BMJ 1988;297:1512
66. Skarfors ET, Selinus KI, Lithell HO. Risk factors for developing non-insulin dependent diabetes, a 10 year follow up of men in Uppsala BMJ 1991;303: 755-60.
67. Mykkanen L, Haffner SM, Kuusisto J, Pyörala K, Laakso M. Hypertensives with beta-blocker or diuretic therapy have an increased risk for type 2 diabetes Diabetologia 1993,36.Suppl 1:A212 abstract.
68. Samuelsson O, Hedner T, Persson B, Andersson O, Berglund G, Wilhelmsen L. The role of diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridaemia as coronary risk factors in treated hypertension: 15 years of follow-up of antihypertensive treatment in middle-aged men in the Primary Prevention Trial in Goteburg. Sweden. J Intern Med 1994;235:217-27.
69. Lithell H, Pollare T, Vessby B Metabolic effects of pindolol and propranolol in a double-blind cross-over study in hypertensive patients. Blood Press 1992.1 92-101
70. 2-agonism improves glucose and lipid metabolism in essential hypertension Metabolism 1994, 43:455-61
71. Pollare T, Lithell H, Selinus I, Berne C. Sensitivity to insulin during treatment with atenolol and metoprolol a randomised, double-blind study of effects on carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism in hypertensive patients. BMJ 1989;298:1152-7
72. Shieh S-M, Sheu WH-H, Shen D-C, Fuh MM-T, Chen Y-DI, Reaven GM. Glucose, insulin, and lipid metabolism in doxazosin-treated patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1992;5:827-31
73. Pollare T, Lithell H, Selinus I, Berne C. Application of prazosin is associated with an increase of insulin sensitivity in obese patients with hypertension. Diabetologia 1988;31.415-20.
74. Swislocki ALM, Hoffman BB, Sheu WH-H, Chen Y-DI, Reaven GM Effect of prazosin treatment on carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with hypertension. Am J Med 1989,86:14-8
75. 1-adrenoreceptor blockade on lipoprotein and carbohydrate metabolism in hypertensive subjects, with special emphasis on insulin sensitivity. J Hum Hypertens 1994,8:219-26
76. Laakso M, Edelman SV, Brechtel G, Baron AD Decreased effect of insulin to stimulate skeletal muscle blood flow in obese man: a novel mechanism for insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1990,85:1844-52
77. Bohlen HG. The microcirculation in hypertension J Hypertens Suppl 1989; 7 S117-S124
78. Lithell H, Pollare T, Berne C, Saltin B The metabolic and circulatory response to beta-blockade in hypertensive men is correlated to muscle capillary density Blood Press 1992;1 20-6.
79. Lind L, Berne C, Pollare T, Lithell H. Metabolic effects of anti-hypertensive treatment with nifedipine or furosemide: a double-blind, cross-over study. J Hum Hypertens 1995,9:137-41.
80. Sheu WH, Swislocki AL, Hoffman B, Chen YD, Reaven GM. Comparison of the effects of atenolol and nifedipine on glucose, insulin, and lipid metabolism in patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1991;4:199-205.
81. Reaven GM, Mondon CE. Effect of in vivo plasma insulin levels on the relationship between perfusate free fatty acid concentration and triglyceride secretion by perfused rat livers. Horm Metab Res 1984;16:230-2.
82. Friedman G, Chajek-Shaul T, Stein O, Noe L, Etienne J, Stein Y. Beta-adrenergic stimulation enhances translocation, processing and synthesis of lipoprotein lipase in rat heart cells Biochim Biophys Acta 1986;877: 112-20.
83. Lithell H, Cedermark M, Froberg J, Tesch P, Karlsson J. Increase of lipoprotein-lipase activity in skeletal muscle during heavy exercise: relation to epinephrine excretion. Metabolism 1981;30.1130-4.
84. Lithell H, Waern U, Vessby B Effect of prazosin on lipoprotein metabolism in premenopausal, hypertensive women. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1982,4: Suppl 2.S242-S244
85. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease Diabetes 1988,37 1595-607.