Hypertension and the metabolic syndrome: Closely related central origin?

Blood Pressure

Volumn 9, Issue 2-3, 2000, Pages 71-82

  Björntorp, Per ^a,b   Holm, Göran ^a   Rosmond, Roland ^a   Folkow, Björn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^b SAHLGRENSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cortisol; Hypothalamus; Insulin; Leptin; Metabolic syndrome; Primary hypertension; Stress; Sympathetic nervous system

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE; INSULIN; LEPTIN;

BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INSULIN RESISTANCE; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SODIUM BALANCE; STRESS; SYMPATHETIC TONE;

EID: 0342748568     PISSN: 08037051     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08037050050151762     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Krotkiewski M, Björntorp P, Sjöström L, Smith U. Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest 1983; 72: 1150-62.
2. Björntorp P. Visceral obesity: a "civilization syndrome". Obes Res 1993; 1: 206-22.
3. Kissebah AH, Krakower GR. Regional adiposity and morbidity. Phys Rev 1994; 4: 761-811.
4. Modan M, Halkin H, Almog S, Lusky A, Eshkol A, Shefti M. Hyperinsulinemia. A link between hypertension, obesity and glucose intolerance. J Clin Invest 1985; 75: 809-17.
5. Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, et al. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 350-7.
6. Folkow B. Physiological aspects of primary hypertension. Physiol Rev 1982; 62: 348-504.
7. Conway J. Haemodynamic aspects of essential hypertension in humans. Physiol Rev 1984; 64: 617-60.
8. Swales JD, editor Textbook of hypertension. Oxford: Blackwell Scient. Publ.; 1994.
9. McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 171-9.
10. Henry JP, Stephens PM Stress, health and the psychosocial environment: a sociobiological approach to medicine. New York, Heidelberg. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1977.
11. Henry JP, Grim C. Psychosocial mechanisms of primary hypertension (editorial). J Hypertens 1990; 8: 783-93.
12. Henry JP, Stephens PM. Psychosocial stress induces high blood pressure in a population of mammals on a low-salt diet. J Hypertens 1988; 6: 139-44.
13. Henry JP, Liu YY, Nadra WE, et al. Psychosocial stress can induce chronic hypertension in normotensive strains of rat. Hypertension 1993; 21: 714-23.
14. Folkow B. Psychosocial and central nervous influences in primary hypertension. Circulation 1987; 76 Suppl 1: 110-119.
15. Folkow B, Schmidt T, Uvnäs-Moberg K, editors. Stress, health and the social environment. James P. Henry's Ethologic Approach to Medicine, reflected by recent research in animals and man. Acta Physiol Scand 1997; 161 Suppl 640: 1-179.
16. Banegas JR, Rodgrigue-Artalejo F, de la Cruz Troca JJ, Guallar-Castillon P, del Rey Calero J. Blood pressure in Spain: distribution, awareness, control, and benefits of a reduction in average pressure. Hypertension 1998; 32: 998-1002.
17. Timio M, Lippi G, Venanzi S, et al. Blood pressure trend and cardiovascular events in nuns in a secluded order: a 30-year follow-up study. Blood Press 1997; 6: 81-7.
18. Hollenberg NK, Martinez G, McCullough M, et al. Aging, acculturation, salt intake, and hypertension in the Kuna of Panama. Hypertension 1997; 29: 171-6.
19. Brod J. Haemodynamic response to stress and its bearing on the haemodynamic basis of essential hypertension. In: The pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Proceedings of the Joint WHO-Czech Cardiology Society Symposium. Prague: State Med Publisher: 1961: 256-64.
20. Brod J, Fencl V, Hejl Z, Jirka J, Ulrych M. General and regional hemodynamic pattern underlying essential hypertension. Clin Sci 1962; 23: 339-49.
21. Folkow B. Physiological organisation of neurohormonal responses to psychosocial stimuli: implication for health and disease. Ann Behav Med 1993: 15: 236-44.
22. Julius S, Esler MD, Randall OS. Role of autonomic nervous system in mild human hypertension. Clin Sci Mol Med 1975; 48: 243-52.
23. Julius S, Esler M. Autonomic nervous cardiovascular regulation in borderline hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1975; 36: 685-96.
24. Julius S, Esler M, editors. The nervous system in arterial hypertension. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1976.
25. Falkner B. Reactivity to mental stress in hypertension and prehypertension. In: Julius S, Bassett DR, editors. Handbook of hypertension, vol. 9. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1987: 95-103.
26. Jern S. Psychological and hemodynamic factors in borderline hypertension. Acta Med Scand 1982; 662 Suppl 1: 1-55.
27. Jern S, Bergbrant A, Hedner T, Hansson L. Enhanced pressor responses to experimental and daily-life stress in borderline hypertensives. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 69-79.
28. Schnall PL, Schwartz JE, Landsbergis PA, Warrer K, Pickering TG. A longitudinal study of job strain and ambulatory blood pressure: results from a three-year follow-up. Psychosom Med 1988; 60: 697-706.
29. Lund-Johansen P. Hemodynamic alterations in essential hypertension-spontaneous changes and effects of drug therapy. A review. Acta Med Scand 1977; 603 Suppl 1.
30. Lund-Johansen P. Haemodynamics of essential hypertension. In: Swales JD, editor. Textbook of hypertension. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1994: 61-76.
31. Okamoto K, Aoki K. Development of a strain spontaneously hypertensive rats. Jpn Circ J 1963; 27: 202-93.
32. Korner P, Bobik A, Oddie C, Friberg P. Sympathoadrenal system is critical for structural changes in genetic hypertension. Hypertension 1993; 22: 243-52.
33. Lawler JE, Barker GF, Hubbard JW, Schaub RG. Effects of stress on blood pressure and cardiac pathology in rats with borderline hypertension. Hypertension 1981; 3: 496-505.
34. Lawler JE, Barker GF, Hubbard JW, Cox RH, Randall GW. Blood pressure and plasma renin activity responses to chronic stress in borderline hypertensive rat. Physiol Bev 1984; 33: 101-8.
35. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Clarkson TB, Lusso FM, Taube DM. Social status, environment and atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys. Arteriosclerosis 1982; 2: 359-68.
36. Shively C, Laber-Laird K, Anton RF. Behavior and physiology of social stress and depression in female Cynomolgus monkeys. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41: 871-2.
37. Kaplan JR, Manuck SB. Using ethnological principles to study psychosocial influences on coronary atherosclerosis in monkeys. Acta Physiol Scand 1997; 161 Suppl 640: 96-9.
38. Folkow B, Ely D. Dietary sodium effects on cardiovascular and sympathetic neuroeffector functions, as studied in various rat models. J Hypertens 1987; 5: 383-95.
39. Folkow B, Ely D. The "salt problem" revisited. Importance of the blood pressure-heart rate relationship. Blood Press 1998; 7: 133-8.
40. Freis ED. Salt, volume and the prevention of hypertension. Circulation 1976; 53: 589-95.
41. Morgan T, Myers J, Carney S. The evidence that salt is an important aetiological agent, if not the cause, of hypertension. Clin Sci 1979; 57 Suppl 5: 459s-62s.
42. Simpson FO. Salt and hypertension: a sceptical review of the evidence. Clin Sci 1979; 57 Suppl 5: 463s-9s.
43. Aoki K, Yamori Y, Ooshima A, Okamoto K. Effects of high or low sodium intake in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Jpn Circ J 1972; 36: 539-45.
44. Dahl LK, Heine M, Tassinari L. Effects of chronic excess salt ingestion. Evidence that genetic factors play an important role in susceptibility to experimental hypertension. J Exp Med 1962; 115: 1173-90.
45. Luft FC, Rankin LI, Henry DP, et al. Plasma and urinary norepinephrine values at extremes of sodium intake in normal man. Hypertension 1979; 1: 261-6.
46. Sullivan JM, Ratts TE, Taylor JC, et al. Hemodynamic effects of dietary sodium in man. Hypertension 1980; 2: 506-14.
47. DiBona GF, Kopp VC. Neural control of renal function. Physiol Rev 1997; 77: 54-95.
48. DeFronzo RA, Cooke CR, Andres R, Fabona GR, Davis PJ. The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphate in man. J Clin Invest 1975; 55: 845-55.
49. Baum M. Insulin stimulates volume absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1104-9.
50. Vierhapper H, Waldhausl W, Nowontny P. The effect of insulin on the rise in blood pressure and plasma aldosterone after angiotensin II in normal man. Clin Sci 1983; 64: 383-6.
51. Rocchini AP, Moorehead C, DeRemer S, Goodfriend TL, Ball DL. Hyperinsulinemia and the aldosterone and pressor responses to angiotensin II. Hypertension 1990; 15: 861-6.
52. Tuck MI, Sowers J, Dornfield L, Kledzik G, Maxwell M. The effect of weight reduction on blood pressure plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone level in obese patients. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 930-3.
53. Granger JP, West D, Scott J. Abnormal pressure natriuresis in the dog model of obesity-induced hypertension. Hypertension 1994; 23 Suppl I: 18-111.
54. Laakso M, Edelman SV, Brecthel G, Baron AD. Decreased effect of insulin to stimulate skeletal muscle blood flow in obese man. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 1844-952.
55. Baron AD, Laasko M, Brechtel G, Edelman SV. Mechanism of insulin resistance in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a major role for reduced skeletal muscle blood flow. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 637-43.
56. Lithell H, Lindgärde F, Hellsing K, et al. Body weight, skeletal muscle morphology, and enzyme activities in relation to fasting serum insulin concentration and glucose tolerance in 48-year-old men. Diabetes 1981; 30: 19-25.
57. Staron RS, Hikida RS, Hagerman FC, Dudley GA, Murray TF. Human muscle fibre type adaptability to various workloads. J Histochem Cytochem 1984; 32: 146-52.
58. Juhlin-Dannfelt A, Frisk-Holmberg M, Karlsson J, Tesch P. Central and peripheral circulation in relation to muscle fibre composition in normo- and hypertensive man. Clin Sci 1979; 56: 335-40.
59. Frisk-Holmberg M, Essen B, Fredrikson M, Strom G, Wibell L. Muscle fibre composition in relation to blood pressure response to isometric exercise in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Acta Med Scand 1983; 213: 21-6.
60. Julius S, Gudbrandsson T, Jamderson K, Shahab ST, Andersson O. The hemodynamic link between insulin resistance and hypertension. J Hypertens 1991; 9: 983-6.
61. Holmäng A, Brzezinska Z, Björntorp P. Effects of hyperinsulinemia on muscle fiber composition and capillarization in rats. Diabetes 1993; 42: 1073-81.
62. Hudlicka O. Review lecture: What makes blood vessels grow? J Physiol 1991; 444: 1-24.
63. Thorén P, Floras JS, Hoffman P, Seals DR. Endorphins and exercise: physiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: 417-28.
64. Landsberg L, Young JB. Insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in the relationship between dietary intake and sympathetic nervous system activity. Int J Obes 1985; 9: 63-8.
65. Rowe JW, Young BY, Minaker KL, Stevens AL, Pallatta J, Landsberg L. Effect of insulin and glucose infusions on sympathetic nervous system activity in normal human man. Diabetes 1981; 30: 219-25.
66. Young JB, Kaufman LN, Saville ME, Landsberg L. Increased sympathetic nervous system activity in rats fed a low protein diet: evidence against a role for dietary tyrosine. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: 627-37.
67. Landsberg L, Krieger DR. Obesity, metabolism and the sympathetic nervous system. Am J Hypertens 1989; 2: 125s-32s.
68. O'Hare JA, Minaker K, Young JB, et al. Insulin increases plasma norepinephrine (NE) and lowers plasma potassium equally in lean and obese men (Abstract). Clin Res 1985; 33: 441a.
69. Anderson EA, Huffman RP, Balon TW, Sinkey CA. Mark AL. Hyperinsulinemia produces both sympathetic neural activation and vasodilation in normal humans. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 2246-52.
70. Tsutsu N, Nunoi K, Koama T, Nomiyama R, Iwase M, Fujishima M. Lack of association between blood pressure and insulin in patients with insulinoma. J Hypertens 1990; 8: 479-82.
71. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome, responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 173-94.
72. Björntorp P. The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans (Review). Int J Obes 1996; 20: 291-302.
73. Reaven GH. Role of insulin in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595-607.
74. Björntorp P, Holm G, Rosmond R. Hypothalamic arousal, insulin resistance and Type-2 diabetes mellitus. Diab Med 1999; 16: 373-83.
75. Björntorp P, Rosmond R. Neuroendocrine abnormalities in visceral obesity. Endocrinology 1999.
76. Chrousos GP, Gold PW. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 1992; 267: 1244-52.
77. Smyth J, Ockenfels MC, Porter L, Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH, Stone AA. Stressors and mood measured on a momentary basis are associated with salivary cortisol secretion. Psychoneuroendochronology 1998; 23: 353-71.
78. Rosmond R, Dallman MF, Björntorp P. Stress-related cortisol secretion in men: relationships with abdominal obesity and endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1853-9.
79. Starkman MN, Sebarski SS, Berent S, Schteingardt DE. Hippocampal volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Bio Psych 1992; 32: 756-65.
80. Rosmond R, Holm G, Bjömtorp P. Food-induced cortisol secretion in relation to anthropometric, metabolic and hemodynamic variables in men. Int J Obes Metab Disord 1999.
81. Chrousos GP, Gold WP. A healthy body in a healthy mind - and vice versa - the damaging power of "uncontrollable" stress (Editorial). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1842-5.
82. Dallman MF, Akana SF, Scribner KA, et al. Stress, feedback and facilitation in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Neuroendocrinol 1992: 4: 516-26.
83. Björntorp P. The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans. Int J Obes 1996; 20: 291-302.
84. McMahon M, Gerich J, Rizza R. Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism. Diab Met Rev 1988; 4: 17-30.
85. Rosmond R, Björntorp P. Blood pressure in relation to obesity, insulin and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in Swedish men. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 1721-6.
86. Ljung T, Holm G, Friberg P, Andersson B, Bengtsson B-Å, Svensson J, et al. The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system in relation to elevated waist/hip circumference ratio in men. Submitted for publication, 1999.
87. Björntorp P. Neuroendocrine perturbations as a cause of insulin resistance. Diab Met Res Rev 1999; 15: 427-41.
88. Plotsky PM, Cunningham ET Jr, Widmaier EP. Catecholaminergic modulation of corticotrophin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotrophin secretion. Endocr Rev 1989; 10: 437-58.
89. Randle P, Garland P, Males N, Newsholme E. The glucosefatty acid cycle: its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1963: 785-9.
90. Larsson B, Seidell J, Svärdsudd K, et al. Obesity, adipose tissue distribution and health in men - the study of men born in 1913. Appetite 1989; 13: 37-44.
91. Rosmond R, Lapidus L, Björntorp P. The influence of occupational and social factors on obesity and body fat distribution in middle-aged men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996; 20: 599-607.
92. Rosmond R, Lapidus L, Mårin P, Björntorp P. Mental distress, obesity and body fat distribution in middle-aged men. Obes Res 1996; 4: 245-52.
93. Brunner E, Marmot MG, Nanchahal K, Shipley MJ, Stansfield SA, Juneja M, et al. Social inequality in coronary risk: central obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. Evidence from the Whitehall II study. Diabetologia 1997; 40: 1341-9.
94. Rosmond R, Björntorp P Occupational status, cortisol secretory pattern and visceral obesity in middle-aged men. Submitted for publication, 1999.
95. Jayo JM, Shively CA, Kaplan JR, Manuck SB. Effects of exercise and stress on body fat distribution in male Cynomolgus monkeys. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993; 17: 597-604.
96. Rosmond R. Visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In: Björntorp P, editor. Obesity. Chichester: Wiley, UK, 2000.
97. Björntorp P. Centralisation of body fat. In: Björntorp, editor, Obesity. Chichester: Wiley, UK, 2000.