Induction and specification of the vertebrate ectodermal placodes: Precursors of the cranial sensory organs

Biology of the Cell

Volumn 97, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 303-319

  Brugmann, Samantha A ^a,b   Moody, Sally A ^b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dlx; Eya; Groucho; Nueral crest; Six; Sox

Indexed keywords

BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN; DNA BINDING PROTEIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN; NOGGIN; RETINOIC ACID; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DLX5; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EYA 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX3; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX5; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX7; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX8; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SIX1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WNT PROTEIN;

CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FATE; CHICKEN; ECTODERM; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EMBRYONIC STRUCTURES; EPITHELIUM CELL; FACIAL NERVE; FISH; FROG; GENE EXPRESSION; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE; HUMAN; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MOUSE; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEURAL CREST; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY NERVE; OPHTHALMIC NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN SECRETION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SENSE ORGAN; SENSORY GANGLION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TISSUE INDUCTION; TISSUE SPECIFICITY; TRIGEMINAL NERVE; VAGUS NERVE; VERTEBRATE; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE; XENOPUS;

ANIMALS; ECTODERM; EMBRYONIC INDUCTION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; NEURAL CREST; SENSE ORGANS; SKULL; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; VERTEBRATES;

ANURA; GALLUS GALLUS; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 18744373024     PISSN: 02484900     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1042/BC20040515     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Abdelhak, S., Kalatzis, V., Heilig, R., Compain, S., Samson, D., Vincent, C., Weil, D., Cruaud, C., Sahly, I., Leibovici, M. et al. (1997) A human homologue of the Drosophila eyes absent gene underlies branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome and identifies a novel gene family. Nat. Genet. 15, 157-164
2. Aybar, M.J., Glavic, A. and Mayor, R. (2002) Extracellular signals, cell interactions and transcription factors involved in the induction of the neural crest cells. Biol. Res. 35, 267-275
3. Baker, C.V. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1997) The origins of the neural crest. Part I: embryonic induction. Mech. Dev. 69, 3-11
4. Baker, C.V. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2000) Establishing neuronal identity in vertebrate neurogenic placodes. Development 127, 3045-3056
5. Baker, C.V. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2001) Vertebrate cranial placodes. I. Embryonic induction. Dev. Biol. 232, 1-61
6. Baker, C.V., Stark, M.R., Marcelle, C. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1999) Competence, specification and induction of Pax-3 in the trigeminal placode. Development 126, 147-156
7. Bastidas, F., De Calisto, J. and Mayor, R. (2004) Identification of neural crest competence territory: role of Wnt signalling. Dev. Dyn. 229, 109-117
8. Beanan, M.J. and Sargent, T.D. (2000) Regulation and function of Dlx3 in vertebrate development. Dev. Dyn. 218, 545-553
9. Begbie, J. and Graham, A. (2001) The ectodermal placodes: a dysfunctional family. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 356, 1655-1660
10. Bertrand, N., Castro, D.S. and Guillemot, F. (2002) Proneural genes and the specification of neural cell types. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 517-530
11. Bessarab, D.A., Chong, S.W. and Korzh, V. (2004) Expression of zebrafish six1 during sensory organ development and myogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 230, 781-786
12. Bhattacharyya, S. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2004) Hierarchy of regulatory events in sensory placode development. Curr. Opin. Gen. Devel. 14, 520-526
13. Bhattacharyya, S., Bailey, A.P., Bronner-Fraser, M. and Streit, A. (2004) Segregation of lens and olfactory precursors from a common territory: cell sorting and reciprocity of Dlx5 and Pax6 expression. Dev. Biol. 271, 403-414
14. Bonini, N.M., Leiserson, W.M. and Benzer, S. (1993) The eyes absent gene: genetic control of cell survival and differentiation in the developing Drosophila eye. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 72, 379-395
15. Boucher, C.A., Carey, N., Edwards, Y.H., Siciliano, M.J. and Johnson, K.J. (1996) Cloning of the human SIX1 gene and its assignment to chromosome 14. Genomics 33, 140-142
16. Boucher, C.A., Winchester, C.L., Hamilton, G.M., Winter, A.D., Johnson, K.J. and Bailey, M.E. (2000) Structure, mapping and expression of the human gene encoding the homeodomain protein, SIX2. Gene 247, 145-151
17. Brewster, R., Lee, J. and Ruiz i Altaba, A. (1998) Gli/Zic factors pattern the neural plate by defining domains of cell differentiation. Nature (London) 393, 579-583
18. Brodbeck, S. and Englert, C. (2004) Genetic determination of nephrogenesis: the Pax/Eya/Six gene network. Pediatr. Nephrol. 19, 249-255
19. Brugmann, S.A., Pandur, P.D., Kenyon, K.L., Pignoni, F. and S.A. Moody, S.A. (2004) Six1 promotes a placodal fate within the lateral neurogenic ectoderm by functioning as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Development 131, 5871-5881
20. Buller, C., Xu, X., Marquis, V., Schwanke, R. and Xu, P.X. (2001) Molecular effects of Eya1 domain mutations causing organ defects in BOR syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10, 2775-2781
21. Chang, C. and Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. (1998) Neural crest induction by Xwnt7B in Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 194, 129-134
22. Cheyette, B.N., Green, P.J., Martin, K., Garren, H., Hartenstein, V. and Zipursky, S.L. (1994) The Drosophila sine oculis locus encodes a homeodomain-containing protein required for the development of the entire visual system. Neuron 12, 977-996
23. Choudhury, B.K., Kim, J., Kung, H.F. and Li, S.S. (1997) Cloning and developmental expression of Xenopus cDNAs encoding the Enhancer of split groucho and related proteins. Gene 195, 41-48
24. Coletta, R.D., Christensen, K., Reichenberger, K.J., Lamb, J., Micomonaco, D., Huang, L., Wolf, D.M., Muller-Tidow, C., Golub, T.R., Kawakami, K. and Ford, H.L. (2004) The Six1 homeoprotein stimulates tumorigenesis by reactivation of cyclin A1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 6478-6483
25. Courey, A.J. and Jia, S. (2001) Transcriptional repression: the long and the short of it. Genes Dev. 15, 2786-2796
26. David, R., Ahrens, K., Wedlich, D. and Schlosser, G. (2001) Xenopus Eya1 demarcates all neurogenic placodes as well as migrating hypaxial muscle precursors. Mech. Dev. 103, 189-192
27. De Robertis, E.M. and Kuroda, H. (2004) Dorsal-ventral patterning and neural induction in Xenopus embryos. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 20, 285-308
28. Dirksen, M.L., Morasso, M.I., Sargent, T.D. and Jamrich, M. (1994) Differential expression of a Distal-less homeobox gene Xdll-2 in ectodermal cell lineages. Mech. Dev. 46, 63-70
29. Dottori, M., Gross, M.K., Labosky, P. and Goulding, M. (2001) The winged-helix transcription factor Foxd3 suppresses interneuron differentiation and promotes neural crest cell fate. Development 128, 4127-4138
30. Durst, K.L. and Hiebert, S.W. (2004) Role of RUNX family members in transcriptional repression and gene silencing. Oncogene 23, 4220-4224
31. Esteve, P. and Bovolenta, P. (1999) cSix4, a member of the six gene family of transcription factors, is expressed during placode and somite development. Mech. Dev. 85, 161-165
32. Farah, M.H., Olson, J.M., Sucic, H.B., Hume, R.I., Tapscott, S.J. and Turner, D.L. (2000) Generation of neurons by transient expression of neural bHLH proteins in mammalian cells. Development 127, 693-702
33. Feledy, J.A., Beanan, M.J., Sandoval, J.J., Goodrich, J.S., Lim, J.H., Matsuo-Takasaki, M., Sato, S.M. and Sargent, T.D. (1999) Inhibitory patterning of the anterior neural plate in Xenopus by homeodomain factors Dlx3 and Msx1. Dev. Biol. 212, 455-464
34. Ford, H.L., Kabingu, E.N., Bump, E.A., Mutter, G.L. and Pardee, A.B. (1998) Abrogation of the G2 cell cycle checkpoint associated with overexpression of HSIX1: a possible mechanism of breast carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 12608-12613
35. Fougerousse, F., Durand, M., Lopez, S., Suel, L., Demignon, J., Thornton, C., Ozaki, H., Kawakami, K., Barbet, P., Beckman, J.S. and Maire, P. (2002) Six and Eya expression during human somitogenesis and MyoD gene family activation. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 23, 255-264
36. Fredieu, J.R., Cui, Y., Maier, D., Danilchik, M.V. and Christian, J.L. (1997) Xwnt-8 and lithium can act upon either dorsal mesodermal or neurectodermal cells to cause a loss of forebrain in Xenopus embryos. Dev. Biol. 186, 100-114
37. Gamse, J. and Sive, H. (2000) Vertebrate anteroposterior patterning: the Xenopus neurectoderm as a paradigm. Bioessays 22, 976-986
38. Gehring, W.J. and Ikeo, K. (1999) Pax 6: mastering eye morphogenesis and eye evolution. Trends. Genet. 15, 371-377
39. Ghanbari, H., Seo, H.C., Fjose, A. and Brandli, A.W. (2001) Molecular cloning and embryonic expression of Xenopus Six homeobox genes. Mech. Dev. 101, 271-277
40. Glavic, A., Silva, F., Aybar, M.J., Bastidas, F. and Mayor, R. (2004a) Interplay between Notch signalling and the homeoprotein Xiro1 is required for neural crest induction in Xenopus embryos. Development 131, 347-359
41. Glavic, A., Honore, S.M., Feijoo, C.G., Bastidas, F., Allende, M.L. and Mayor, R. (2004b) Role of BMP signalling and the homeoprotein iroquois in the specification of the cranial placodal field. Dev. Biol. 272, 89-103
42. Glinka, A., Wu, W., Delius, H., Monaghan, A.P., Blumenstock, C. and Niehrs, C. (1998) Dickkopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction. Nature (London) 391, 357-362
43. Gould, S.E. and Grainger, R.M. (1997) Neural induction and antero-posterior patterning in the amphibian embryo: past, present and future. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 53, 319-338
44. Graham, A. and Begbie, J. (2000) Neurogenic placodes: a common front. Trends Neurosci. 23, 313-316
45. Graham, V., Khudyakov, J., Ellis, P. and Pevny, L. (2003) SOX2 functions to maintain neural progenitor identity. Neuron 39, 749-765
46. Guillemot, F. (1999) Vertebrate bHLH genes and the determination of neuronal fates. Exp. Cell Res. 253, 357-364
47. Hall, K.B. and Hörstadius, S. (1988) The Neural Crest. Oxford University Press, Oxford
48. Heanue, T.A., Reshef, R., Davis, R.J., Mardon, G., Oliver, G., Tomarev, S., Lassar, A.B. and Tabin, C.J. (1999) Synergistic regulation of vertebrate muscle development by Dach2, Eya2, and Six1, homologs of genes required for Drosophila eye formation. Genes Dev. 15, 3231-3243
49. Heller, N. and Brandli, A.W. (1999) Xenopus Pax-2/5/8 orthologues: novel insights into Pax gene evolution and identification of Pax-8 as the earliest marker for otic and pronephric cell lineages. Dev. Genet. 24, 208-219
50. Hemmati-Brivanlou, A., Kelly, O.G. and Melton, D.A. (1994) Follistatin, an antagonist of activin, is expressed in the Spemann organizer and displays direct neuralizing activity. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 77, 283-295
51. Himeda, C.L., Ranish, J.A., Angellow, J.C., Maire, P., Aebersold, R. and Hauschka, S.D. (2004) Quantitative proteomic identification of Six4 as the trex-binding factor in the muscle creatine kinase enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 2132-2143
52. Ikeda, K., Watanabe, Y., Ohto, H. and Kawakami, K. (2002) Molecular interaction and synergistic activation of a promoter by Six, Eya, and Dach proteins mediated through CREB binding protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 6759-6766
53. Itoh, K. and Sokol, S. (1999) Axis determination by inhibition of Wnt signalling in Xenopus. Genes Dev. 13, 2328-2336
54. Jan, Y.N. and Jan, L.Y. (1993) HLH proteins, fly neurogenesis, and vertebrate myogenesis. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 75, 827-830
55. Johnson, K.R., Cook, S.A., Erway, L.C., Matthews, A.N., Sanford, L.P., Paradies, N.E. and Friedman, R.A. (1999) Inner ear and kidney anomalies caused by IAP insertion in an intron of the Eya1 gene in a mouse model of BOR syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8, 645-653
56. Kamachi, Y., Uchikawa, M., Collignon, J., Lovell-Badge, R. and Kondoh, H. (1998) Involvement of Sox1, 2 and 3 in the early and subsequent molecular events of lens induction. Development 125, 2521-2532
57. Kawakami, K., Ohto, H., Ikeda, K. and Roeder, R.G. (1996) Structure, function and expression of a murine homeobox protein AREC3, a homologue of Drosophila sine oculis gene product, and implication in development. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 303-310
58. Kawakami, K., Sato, S., Ozaki, H. and Ikeda, K. (2000) Six family genes-structure and function as transcription factors and their roles in development. Bioessays 22, 616-626
59. Kishi, M., Mizuseki, K., Sasai, N., Yamazaki, H., Shiota, K., Nakanishi, S. and Sasai, Y. (2000) Requirement of Sox2-mediated signalling for differentiation of early Xenopus neuroectoderm. Development 127, 791-800
60. Knecht, A.K. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2002) Induction of the neural crest: a multigene process. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3, 453-461
61. Knouff, R.A. (1935) The developmental pattern of ectodermal placodes in Rana pipiens. J. Comp. Neurol. 62, 17-71
62. Kobayashi, M., Nishikawa, K., Suzuki, T. and Yamamoto, M. (2001) The homeobox protein Six3 interacts with the Groucho corepressor and acts as a transcriptional repressor in eye and forebrain formation. Dev. Biol. 232, 315-326
63. Kobayashi, M., Osanai, H., Kawakami, K. and Yamamoto, M. (2000) Expression of three zebrafish Six4 genes in the cranial sensory placodes and the developing somites. Mech. Dev. 98, 151-155
64. Kumar, S., Deffenbacher, K., Cremers, C.W., Van Camp, G. and Kimberling, W.J. (1997) Brachio-oto-renal syndrome: identification of novel mutations, molecular characterization, mutation distribution and prospects for genetic testing. Genet. Test. 1, 243-251
65. Kuo, J.S., Patel, M., Gamse, J., Merzdorf, C., Liu, X., Apekin, V. and Sive, H. (1998) Opl: a zinc finger protein that regulates neural determination and patterning in Xenopus. Development 125, 2867-2882
66. LaBonne, C. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1998) Neural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two-signal model. Development 125, 2403-2414
67. Laclef, C., Souil, E., Demignon, J. and Maire, P. (2003) Thymus, kidney and craniofacial abnormalities in Six 1 deficient mice. Mech. Dev. 120, 669-679
68. Larrain, J., Bachiller, D., Lu, B., Agius, E., Piccolo, S. and De Robertis, E.M. (2000) BMP-binding modules in chordin: a model for signalling regulation in the extracellular space. Development 127, 821-830
69. LeDouarin, N.M. (1982) The Neural Crest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
70. LeDouarin, N.M., Fontaine-Perus, J. and Couly, G. (1986) Cephalic ectodermal placodes and neurogenesis. Trends Neurosci. 9, 175-180
71. Lee, J.E. (1997) Basic helix-loop-helix genes in neural development. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7, 13-20
72. Lee, J.E., Hollenberg, S.M., Snider, L., Turner, D.L., Lipnick, N. and Weintraub, H. (1995) Conversion of Xenopus ectoderm into neurons by NeuroD, a basic helix-loop-helix protein. Science (Washington, D.C.) 268, 836-844
73. Li, X., Oghi, K.A., Zhang, J., Krones, A., Bush, K.T., Glass, C.K., Nigam, S.K., Aggarwal, A.K., Maas, R., Rose, D.W. and Rosenfeld, M.G. (2003) Eya protein phosphatase activity regulates Six1-Dach-Eya transcriptional effects in mammalian organogenesis. Nature (London) 426, 247-254
74. Liu, W., Ren, C., Shi, J., Feng, X., He, Z., Xu, L., Lan, K., Xie, L., Peng, Y., Fan, J., Kung, H., Yao, K.T. and Xu, R.H. (2000) Characterization of the functionally related sites in the neural inducing gene noggin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 270, 293-297
75. Luo, T., Matsuo-Takasaki, M., Lim, J.H. and Sargent, T.D. (2001a) Differential regulation of Dlx gene expression by a BMP morphogenetic gradient. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45, 681-684
76. Luo, T., Matsuo-Takasaki, M. and Sargent, T.D. (2001b) Distinct roles for Distal-less genes Dlx3 and Dlx5 in regulating ectodermal development in Xenopus. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60, 331-337
77. Luo, T., Matsuo-Takasaki, M., Thomas, M.L., Weeks, D.L. and Sargent, T.D. (2002) Transcription factor AP-2 is an essential and direct regulator of epidermal development in Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 245, 136-144
78. Ma, Q., Chen, Z., del Barco Barrantes, I., de la Pompa, J.L. and Anderson, D.J. (1998) neurogenin1 is essential for the determination of neuronal precursors for proximal cranial sensory ganglia. Neuron 20, 469-482
79. Mancilla, A. and Mayor, R. (1996) Neural crest formation in Xenopus laevis: mechanisms of Xslug induction. Dev. Biol. 177, 580-589
80. Mansouri, A., Goudreau, G. and Gruss, P. (1999) Pax genes and their role in organogenesis. Cancer Res. 59, 1707-1710
81. Marchant, L., Linker, C., Ruiz, P., Guerrero, N. and Mayor, R. (1998) The inductive properties of mesoderm suggest that the neural crest cells are specified by a BMP gradient. Dev. Biol. 198, 319-329
82. Mason, I. (1996) Neural induction: do fibroblast growth factors strike a cord? Curr. Biol. 6, 672-675
83. Mayor, R. and Aybar, M. (2001) Induction and development of neural crest in Xenopus laevis. Cell Tissue Res. 305, 203-209
84. Mayor, R., Young, R. and Vargas, A. (1999) Development of neural crest in Xenopus. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 43, 85-113
85. McLarren, K., Litsiou, A. and Streit, A. (2003) DLX5 positions the neural crest and preplacode region at the border of the neural plate. Dev. Biol. 259, 34-47
86. Meulemans, D. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2004) Gene-regulatory interactions in neural crest evoluation and development. Dev. Cell 7, 291-299
87. Mizuseki, K., Kishi, M., Matsui, M., Nakanishi, S. and Sasai, Y. (1998) Xenopus Zic-related-1 and Sox-2, two factors induced by chordin, have distinct activities in the initiation of neural induction. Development 125, 579-587
88. Molenaar, M., Brian, E., Roose, J., Clevers, H. and Destree, O. (1997) Differential expression of the Groucho-related genes 4 and 5 during early development of Xenopus laevis. Mech. Dev. 91, 311-315
89. Monsoro-Burq, A.H., Fletcher, R.B. and Harland, R.M. (2003) Neural crest induction by paraxial mesoderm in Xenopus embryos requires FGF signals. Development 130, 3111-3124
90. Moody, S.A. and Je, H.S. (2002) Neural induction, neural fate stabilization, and neural stem cells. Scientific World Journal 2, 1147-1166
91. Morgan, R. and Sargent, M.G. (1997) The role in neural patterning of translation initiation factor elF4All; induction of neural fold genes. Development 124, 2751-2760
92. Nakata, K., Nagai, T., Aruga, J. and Mikoshiba, K. (1997) Xenopus Zic3, a primary regulator both in neural and neural crest development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 11980-11985
93. Nakata, K., Nagai, T., Aruga, J. and Mikoshiba, K. (1998) Xenopus Zic family and its role in neural and neural crest development. Mech. Dev. 75, 43-51
94. Neilson, K.M. and Friesel, R. (1996) Ligand-independent activation of fibroblast growth factor receptors by point mutations in the extracellular, transmembrane, and kinase domains. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 25049-25057
95. Niiya, A., Ohto, H., Kawakami, K. and Araki, M. (1998) Localization of Six4/AREC3 in the developing mouse retina; implications in mammalian retinal development. Exp. Eye Res. 67, 699-707
96. Ohnuma, S. and Harris, W.A. (2003) Neurogenesis and the cell cycle. Neuron 40, 199-208
97. Ohto, H., Takizawa, T., Saito, T., Kobayashi, M., Ikeda, K. and Kawakami, K. (1998) Tissue and developmental distribution of Six family gene products. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42, 141-148
98. Ohto, H., Kamada, S., Tago, K., Tominaga, S.I., Ozaki, H., Sato, S. and Kawakami, K. (1999) Cooperation of six and eya in activation of their target genes through nuclear translocation of Eya. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 6815-6824
99. Oliver, G., Mailhos, A., Wehr, R., Copeland, N.G., Jenkins, N.A. and Gruss, P. (1995) Six3, a murine homologue of the sine oculis gene, demarcates the most anterior border of the developing neural plate and is expressed during eye development. Development 121, 4045-4055
100. Ozaki, H., Nakamura, K., Funahashi, J., Ikeda, K., Yamada, G., Tokano, H., Okamura, H.O., Kitamura, K., Muto, S., Kotaki, H. et al. (2004) Six1 controls patterning of the mouse otic vesicle. Development 131, 551-562
101. Ozaki, H., Watanabe, Y., Ikeda, K. and Kawakami, K. (2002) Impaired interactions between mouse Eya1 harboring mutations found in patients with brachio-oto-renal syndrome and Six, Dach, and G proteins. J. Hum. Genet. 47, 107-116
102. Ozaki, H., Watanabe, Y., Takahashi, K., Kitamura, K., Tanak, A., Urase, K., Momoi, T., Sudi, K., Sakagami, J., Asano, M., Iwakura, Y. and Kawakami, K. (2001) Six4, a putative myogenin gene regulator, is not essential for mouse embryonic development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 3343-3350
103. Pandur, P. and Moody, S. (2000) Xenopus Six1 gene is expressed in neurogenic cranial placodes and maintained in the differentiating lateral lines. Mech. Dev. 96, 253-257
104. Panganiban, G. and Rubenstein, J.L. (2002) Developmental functions of the Distal-less/Dlx homeobox genes. Development 129, 4371-4386
105. Papalopulu, N. and Kintner, C. (1993) Xenopus Distal-less related homeobox genes are expressed in the developing forebrain and are induced by planar signals. Development 117, 961-975
106. Penzel, R., Oschwald, R., Chen, Y., Tacke, L. and Grunz, H. (1997) Characterization and early embryonic expression of a neural specific transcription factor xSOX3 in Xenopus laevis. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 41, 667-677
107. Piccolo, S., Agius, E., Leyns, L., Bhattacharyya, S., Grunz, H., Bouwmeester, T. and De Robertis, E.M. (1999) The head inducer Cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, BMP and Wnt signals. Nature (London) 397, 707-710
108. Pignoni, F., Hu, B., Zavitz, K.H., Xiao, J., Garrity, P.A. and Zipursky, S.L. (1997) The eye-specification proteins So and Eya form a complex and regulate multiple steps in Drosophila eye development. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 91, 881-891
109. Popperl, H., Schmidt, C., Wilson, V., Hume, C.R., Dodd, J., Krumlauf, R. and Beddington, R.S. (1997) Misexpression of Cwnt8C in the mouse induces an ectopic embryonic axis and causes a truncation of the anterior neuroectoderm. Development 124, 2997-3005
110. Rodriguez-Soriano, J. (2003) Brachio-oto-renal syndrome. J. Nephrol. 16, 603-605
111. Ruf, R.G., Xu, P.X., Silvius, D., Otto, E.A., Beekmann, F., Muerb, U.T., Kumar, S., Neuhaus, T.J., Kemper, M.J., Raymond, R.M.J. et al. (2004) SIX1 mutations cause branchio-oto-renal syndrome by disruption of EYA1-SIX1-DNA complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 8090-8095
112. Sahly, I., Andermann, P. and Petit, C. (1999) The zebrafish eya1 gene and its expression pattern during embryogenesis. Dev. Genes Evol. 209, 399-410
113. Sasai, N., Mizuseki, K. and Sasai, Y. (2001) Requirement of FoxD3-class signalling for neural crest determination in Xenopus. Development 128, 2525-2536
114. Schlosser, G. (2003) Hypobranchial placodes in Xenopus laevis give rise to hypobranchial ganglia, a novel type of cranial ganglia. Cell Tissue Res. 312, 21-29
115. Schlosser, G. and Ahrens, K. (2004) Molecular anatomy of placode development in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 271, 439-446
116. Schlosser, G. and Northcutt, R.G. (2000) Development of neurogenic placodes in Xenopus laevis. J. Comp. Neurol. 418, 121-146
117. Selleck, M.A. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1995) Origins of the avian neural crest: the role of neural plate-epidermal interactions. Development 121, 525-538
118. Selleck, M.A. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2000) Avian neural crest cell fate decisions: a diffusible signal mediates induction of neural crest by the ectoderm. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 18, 621-627
119. Serikaku, M.A. and O'Tousa, J.E. (1994) sine oculis is a homeobox gene required for Drosophila visual system development. Genetics 138, 1137-1150
120. Silver, S.J., Davies, E.L., Doyon, L. and Rebay, I. (2003) Functional dissection of eyes absent reveals new modes of regulation within the retinal determination gene network. Mol. Cell Biol. 23, 5989-5999
121. Spitz, F., Demignon, J., Porteu, A., Kahn, A., Concordet, J.P., Daegelen, D. and Maire, P. (1998) Expression of myogenin during embryogenesis is controlled by Six/sine oculis homeoproteins through a conserved MEF3 binding site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 14220-14225
122. Stark, M.R., Sechrist, J., Bronner-Fraser, M. and Marcelle, C. (1997) Neural tube-ectoderm interactions are required for trigeminal placode formation. Development 124, 4287-4295
123. Streit, A. (2002) Extensive cell movements accompany formation of the otic placode. Dev. Biol. 249, 237-254
124. Streit, A., Berliner, A.J., Papanayotou, C., Sirulnik, A. and Stern, C.D. (2000) Initiation of neural induction by FGF signalling before gastrulation. Nature (London) 406, 74-78
125. Streit, A. and Stern, C. (1969) Establishment and maintenance of the border of the neural plate in the chick: involvement of FGF and BMP activity. Mech. Dev. 82, 51-66
126. Suzuki, A., Ueno, N. and Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. (1997) Xenopus msx1 mediates epidermal induction and neural inhibition by BMP4. Development 124, 3037-3044
127. Tribulo, C., Aybar, M.J., Nguyen, V.H., Mullins, M.C. and Mayor, R. (2003) Regulation of Msx genes by a Bmp gradient is essential for neural crest specification. Development 130, 6441-6452
128. Villanueva, S., Glavic, A., Ruiz, P. and Mayor, R. (2002) Posteriorization by FGF, Wnt, and retinoic acid is required for neural crest induction. Dev. Biol. 241, 289-301
129. von Kupffer, A. (1891) The development of the cranial nerves of vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 1, 246-264
130. Walther, C. and Gruss, P. (1991) Pax-6, a murine paired box gene, is expressed in the developing CNS. Development 113, 1435-1449
131. Webb, J.F. and Noden, D.M. (1993) Ectodermal placodes: contributions to the development of the vertebrate head. Am. Zool. 33, 434-447
132. Wegner, M. (1999) From head to toes: the multiple facets of Sox proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 1409-1420
133. Whitlock, K.E. and Westerfield, M. (2000) The olfactory placodes of the zebrafish form by convergence of cellular fields at the edge of the neural plate. Development 127, 3645-3653
134. Wilson, P.A. and Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. (1995) Induction of epidermis and inhibition of neural fate by Bmp-4. Nature (London) 376, 331-333
135. Wilson, S.I., Graziano, E., Harland, R., Jessell, T.M. and Edlund, T. (2000) An early requirement for FGF signalling in the acquisition of neural cell fate in the chick embryo. Curr. Biol. 10, 421-429
136. Wilson, S.I. and Edlund, T. (2001) Neural induction: toward a unifying mechanism. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 1161-1168
137. Woda, J., Pastagia, J., Mercola, M. and Artinger, K.B. (2003) Dlx proteins position the neural plate border and determine adjacent cell fates. Development 130, 331-342
138. Xu, P.X., Adams, J., Peters, H., Brown, M.C., Heaney, S. and Maas, R. (1999) Eya1-deficient mice lack ears and kidneys and show abnormal apoptosis of organ primordia. Nat. Genet. 23, 113-117
139. Xu, P.X., Cheng, J., Epstein, J.A. and Maas, R.L. (1997) Mouse Eya genes are expressed during limb tendon development and encode a transcriptional activation function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 11974-11979
140. Xu, P.X., Zheng, W., Huang, L., Maire, P., Laclef, C. and Silvius, D. (2003) Six1 is required for the early organogenesis of mammalian kidney. Development 130, 3085-3094
141. Xu, P.X., Zheng, W., Laclef, C., Maire, P., Maas, R.L., Peters, H. and Xu, X. (2002) Eya1 is required for the morphogenesis of mammalian thymus, parathyroid and thyroid. Development 129, 3033-3044
142. Zheng, W., Huang, L., Wei, Z.B., Silvius, D., Tang, B. and Xu, P.X. (2003) The role of Six1 in mammalian auditory system development. Development 130, 3989-4000
143. Zhu, C.C., Dyer, M.A., Uchikawa, M., Kondoh, H., Lagutin, O.V., and Oliver, G. (2002) Six3-mediated auto repression and eye development requires its interaction with members of the Groucho-related family of co-repressors. Development 129, 2835-2849
144. Zimmerman, L.B., De Jesus-Escobar, J.M. and Harland, R.M. (1996) The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates bone morphogenetic protein 4. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 86, 599-606