Molecular anatomy of placode development in Xenopus laevis

Developmental Biology

Volumn 271, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 439-466

  Schlosser, Gerhard ^a   Ahrens, Katja ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Epibranchial placodes; Lateral line placodes; Lens placode; Neural crest; Neural plate; Neurulation; Otic placode; Panplacodal primordium; Trigeminal placode; Xenopus

Indexed keywords

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DLX3; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EYA1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOX11C; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MSX1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX3; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX6; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX8; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SIX1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SIX4; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TBX2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TBX3; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR XIRO1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMBRYO; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GENE EXPRESSION; LENS; NEURAL CREST; NEUROECTODERM; NONHUMAN; PRIMORDIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; XENOPUS LAEVIS;

XENOPUS LAEVIS;

EID: 3042587085     PISSN: 00121606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.04.013     Document Type: Article

References (248)

1. Abdelhak S., Kalatzis V., Heilig R., Compain S., Samson D., Vincent C., Weil D., Cruaud C., Sahly I., Leibovici M., Bitner-Glindzicz M., Francis M., Lacombe D., Vigneron J., Charachon R., Boven K., Bedbeder P., Van Regemorter N., Weissenbach J., Petit C. A human homologue of the Drosophila eyes absent gene underlies Branchio-Oto-Renal (BOR) syndrome and identifies a novel gene family. Nat. Genet. 15:1997;157-164
2. Abu-Elmagd M., Ishii Y., Cheung M., Rex M., Le Rouedec D., Scotting P.J. cSox3 expression and neurogenesis in the epibranchial placodes. Dev. Biol. 237:2001;258-269
3. Acampora D., Merlo G.R., Paleari L., Zerega B., Postiglione M.P., Mantero S., Bober E., Barbieri O., Simeone A., Levi G. Craniofacial, vestibular and bone defects in mice lacking the distal-less-related gene Dlx5. Development. 126:1999;3795-3809
4. Akimenko M.A., Ekker M., Wegner J., Lin W., Westerfield M. Combinatorial expression of three zebrafish genes related to distal-less: part of a homeobox gene code for the head. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;3475-3486
5. Altmann C.R., Chow R.L., Lang R.A., Hemmati-Brivanlou A. Lens induction by Pax-6 in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 185:1997;119-123
6. Alvarez Y., Alonso M.T., Vendrell V., Zelarayan L.C., Chamero P., Theil T., Bosl M.R., Kato S., Maconochie M., Riethmacher D., Schimmang T. Requirements for FGF3 and FGF10 during inner ear formation. Development. 130:2003;6329-6338
7. Andermann P., Ungos J., Raible D.W. Neurogenin1 defines zebrafish cranial sensory ganglia precursors. Dev. Biol. 251:2002;45-58
8. Artinger K.B., Chitnis A.B., Mercola M., Driever W. Zebrafish narrowminded suggests a genetic link between formation of neural crest and primary sensory neurons. Development. 126:1999;3969-3979
9. Aybar M.J., Mayor R. Early induction of neural crest cells: lessons learned from frog, fish and chick. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12:2002;452-458
10. Baker C.V.H., Bronner-Fraser M. The origins of the neural crest: Part II. An evolutionary perspective. Mech. Dev. 69:1997;13-29
11. Baker C.V.H., Bronner-Fraser M. Establishing neuronal identity in vertebrate neurogenic placodes. Development. 127:2000;3045-3056
12. Baker C.V.H., Bronner-Fraser M. Vertebrate cranial placodes: I. Embryonic induction. Dev. Biol. 232:2001;1-61
13. Baker C.V.H., Sharpe C.R., Torpey N.P., Heasman J., Wylie C.C. A Xenopus c-kit related receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in migrating stem cells of the lateral line system. Mech. Dev. 50:1995;217-228
14. Baker C.V., Stark M.R., Marcelle C., Bronner-Fraser M. Competence, specification and induction of Pax-3 in the trigeminal placode. Development. 126:1999;147-156
15. Baker C.V., Stark M.R., Bronner-Fraser M. Pax3-expressing trigeminal placode cells can localize to trunk neural crest sites but are committed to a cutaneous sensory neuron fate. Dev. Biol. 249:2002;219-236
16. Bando K. Untersuchungen über die Entstehung des Hörblä schens aus einem in die Haut gesteckten Ektodermstück bei der Amphibienlarve. Jpn. J. Med. Sci., pt. 1. Anat. 22:1930;45-63
17. Bang A.G., Papalopulu N., Kintner C., Goulding M.D. Expression of Pax-3 is initiated in the early neural plate by posteriorizing signals produced by the organizer and by posterior non-axial mesoderm. Development. 124:1997;2075-2085
18. Bang A.G., Papalopulu N., Goulding M.D., Kintner C. Expression of Pax-3 in the lateral neural plate is dependent on a Wnt-mediated signal from posterior nonaxial mesoderm. Dev. Biol. 212:1999;366-380
19. Barth K.A., Kishimoto Y., Rohr K.B., Seydler C., Schulte-Merker S., Wilson S.W. Bmp activity establishes a gradient of positional information throughout the entire neural plate. Development. 126:1999;4977-4987
20. Begbie J., Graham A. The ectodermal placodes: a dysfunctional family. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B. 356:2001;1655-1660
21. Begbie J., Brunet J.-F., Rubenstein J.L.R., Graham A. Induction of the epibranchial placodes. Development. 126:1999;895-902
22. Begbie J., Ballivet M., Graham A. Early steps in the production of sensory neurons by the neurogenic placodes. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 21:2002;502-511
23. Bellefroid E.J., Kobbe A., Gruss P., Pieler T., Gurdon J.B., Papalopulu N. Xiro3 encodes a Xenopus homolog of the Drosophila Iroquois genes and functions in neural specification. EMBO J. 17:1998;191-203
24. Bendall A.J., Abate-Shen C. Roles for Msx and Dlx homeoproteins in vertebrate development. Gene. 247:2000;17-31
25. Bonini N.M., Leiserson W.M., Benzer S. The eyes absent gene: genetic control of cell survival and differentiation in the developing Drosophila eye. Cell. 72:1993;379-395
26. Bonini N.M., Leiserson W.M., Benzer S. Multiple roles of the eyes absent gene in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 196:1998;42-57
27. Boorman C.J., Shimeld S.M. Pitx homeobox genes in Ciona and amphioxus show left-right asymmetry is a conserved chordate character and define the ascidian adenohypophysis. Evolut. Develop. 4:2002;354-365
28. Bourguignon C., Li J., Papalopulu N. XBF-1, a winged helix transcription factor with dual activity, has a role in positioning neurogenesis in Xenopus competent ectoderm. Development. 125:1998;4889-4900
29. Burighel P., Lane N.J., Zaniolo G., Manni L. Neurogenic role of the neural gland in the development of the ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri (Tunicata, Urochordata). J. Comp. Neurol. 394:1998;230-241
30. Burighel P., Lane N.J., Fabio G., Stefano T., Zaniolo G., Carnevali M.D., Manni L. Novel, secondary sensory cell organ in ascidians: in search of the ancestor of the vertebrate lateral line. J. Comp. Neurol. 461:2003;236-249
31. Burns C.J., Vetter M.L. Xath5 regulates neurogenesis in the Xenopus olfactory placode. Dev. Dyn. 225:2002;536-543
32. Candiani S., Pestarino M. Expression of the tissue-specific transcription factor Pit-1 in the lancelet, Branchiostoma lanceolatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 392:1998;343-351
33. Carpenter E. The head pattern in Amblystoma studied by vital staining and transplantation methods. J. Exp. Zool. 75:1937;103-129
34. Černý R., Slipka J., Pospísilova V. Contribution of neural placodes in branchial region structures during evolution. J. Morphol. 248:2001;215
35. Chang W.Y., Khosrow-Shahian F., Chang R., Crawford M.J. xPitx1 plays a role in specifying cement gland and head during early Xenopus development. Genesis. 29:2001;78-90
36. Chapman D.L., Garvey N., Hancock S., Alexiou M., Agulnik S.I., Gibson-Brown J.J., Cebra-Thomas J., Bollag R.J., Silver L.M., Papaioannou V.E. Expression of the T-box family genes, Tbx1-Tbx5, during early mouse development. Dev. Dyn. 206:1996;379-390
37. Cheyette B.N., Green P.J., Martin K., Garren H., Hartenstein V., Zipursky S.L. The Drosophila sine oculist locus encodes a homeodomain-containing protein required for the development of the entire visual system. Neuron. 12:1994;977-996
38. Chibon P.P. Marquage nucléaire par la thymidine tritiée des dérivés de la crête neurale chez l'amphibien urodèle Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 18:1967;343-358
39. Chitnis A., Henrique D., Lewis J., Ish-Horowicz D., Kintner C. Primary neurogenesis in Xenopus embryos regulated by a homologue of the Drosophila neurogenic gene Delta. Nature. 375:1995;761-766
40. Choi M.H. Determination of the ear and side-specificity of the ear region in amphibian embryos. Folia Anat. Jpn. 9:1931;315-332
41. Chow R.L., Altmann C.R., Lang R.A., Hemmati-Brivanlou A. Pax6 induces ectopic eyes in a vertebrate. Development. 126:1999;4213-4222
42. Christiaen L., Burighel P., Smith W.C., Vernier P., Bourrat F., Joly J.S. Pitx genes in Tunicates provide new molecular insight into the evolutionary origin of pituitary. Gene. 287:2002;107-113
43. Cordier A.C., Haumont S.M. Development of thymus, parathyroids, and ultimo-branchial bodies in NMRI and nude mice. Am. J. Anat. 157:1980;227-263
44. Couly G.F., Le Douarin N.M. Mapping of the early neural primordium in quail-chick chimeras: II. The prosencephalic neural plate and neural folds: implications for the genesis of cephalic human congenital abnormalities. Dev. Biol. 120:1987;198-214
45. Couly G., Le Douarin N.M. Head morphogenesis in embryonic avian chimeras: evidence for a segmental pattern in the ectoderm corresponding to the neuromeres. Development. 108:1990;543-558
46. D'Amico-Martel A., Noden D.M. Contributions of placodal and neural crest cells to avian cranial peripheral ganglia. Am. J. Anat. 166:1983;445-468
47. David R., Ahrens K., Wedlich D., Schlosser G. Xenopus Eya1 demarcates all neurogenic placodes as well as migrating hypaxial muscle precursors. Mech. Dev. 103:2001;189-192
48. Davidson E.H. Genomic Regulatory Systems. 2001;Academic Press, San Diego
49. Davidson L.A., Keller R.E. Neural tube closure in Xenopus laevis involves medial migration, directed protrusive activity, cell intercalation and convergent extension. Development. 126:1999;4547-4556
50. Depew M.J., Liu J.K., Long J.E., Presley R., Meneses J.J., Pedersen R.A., Rubenstein J.L. Dlx5 regulates regional development of the branchial arches and sensory capsules. Development. 126:1999;3831-3846
51. Detwiler S.R., van Dyke R.H. Recent experiments on the differentiation of the labyrinth in Amblystoma. J. Exp. Zool. 118:1951;389-405
52. Dirksen M.L., Morasso M.I., Sargent T.D., Jamrich M. Differential expression of a Distal-less homeobox gene Xdll-2 in ectodermal cell lineages. Mech. Dev. 46:1994;63-70
53. Dorsky R.I., Rapaport D.H., Harris W.A. Xotch inhibits cell differentiation in the Xenopus retina. Neuron. 14:1995;487-496
54. Drysdale T.A., Elinson R.P. Cell migration and induction in the development of the surface ectodermal pattern of the Xenopus laevis tadpole. Dev. Growth Differ. 34:1992;51-59
55. Duncan M.K., Kos L., Jenkins N.A., Gilbert D.J., Copeland N.G., Tomarev S.I. Eyes absent: a gene family found in several metazoan phyla. Mamm. Genome. 8:1997;479-485
56. Eagleson G.W., Harris W.A. Mapping of the presumptive brain regions in the neural plate of Xenopus laevis. J. Neurobiol. 21:1990;427-440
57. Eagleson G., Ferreiro B., Harris W.A. Fate of the anterior neural ridge and the morphogenesis of the Xenopus forebrain. J. Neurobiol. 28:1995;146-158
58. Ermakova G.V., Alexandrova E.M., Kazanskaya O.V., Vasiliev O.L., Smith M.W., Zaraisky A.G. The homeobox gene, Xanf-1, can control both neural differentiation and patterning in the presumptive anterior neuroectoderm of the Xenopus laevis embryo. Development. 126:1999;4513-4523
59. Esteve P., Bovolenta P. cSix4, a member of the six gene family of transcription factors, is expressed during placode and somite development. Mech. Dev. 85:1999;161-165
60. Fautrez J. La signification de la partie céphalique du bourrelet de la plaque médullaire chez les urodèles. Localisation des ébauches présomptives des microplacodes des nerfs crâniens et de la tête au stade neurale. Bull. Cl. Sci., Acad. R. Belg. 1942;391-403
61. 1Neu mutation is identical to a human Pax2 mutation in a family with renal-coloboma syndrome and results in developmental defects of the brain, ear, eye and kidney. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93:1996;13870-13875
62. Feledy J.A., Beanan M.J., Sandoval J.J., Goodrich J.S., Lim J.H., Matsuo-Takasaki M., Sato S.M., Sargent T.D. Inhibitory patterning of the anterior neural plate in Xenopus by homeodomain factors Dlx3 and Msx1. Dev. Biol. 212:1999;455-464
63. Fode C., Gradwohl G., Morin X., Dierich A., Lemeur M., Goridis C., Guillemot F. The bHLH protein neurogenin 2 is a determination factor for epibranchial placode-derived sensory neurons. Neuron. 20:1998;483-494
64. Franco M.D., Pape M.P., Swiergiel J.J., Burd G.D. Differential and overlapping expression patterns of X-dll3 and Pax-6 genes suggest distinct roles in olfactory system development of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. J. Exp. Biol. 204:2001;2049-2061
65. Fritzsch B., Barald K.F., Lomax M.I. Early embryology of the vertebrate ear. Rubel E.W., Popper A.N., Fay R.R. Development of the Auditory System. 1998;80-145 Springer, New York
66. Gallagher B.C., Henry J.J., Grainger R.M. Inductive processes leading to inner ear formation during Xenopus development. Dev. Biol. 175:1996;95-107
67. Gammill L.S., Sive H. Identification of otx2 target genes and restrictions in ectodermal competence during Xenopus cement gland formation. Development. 124:1997;471-481
68. Gammill L.S., Sive H. otx2 expression in the ectoderm activates anterior neural determination and is required for Xenopus cement gland formation. Dev. Biol. 240:2001;223-236
69. Ghanbari H., Seo H.C., Fjose A., Brändli A.W. Molecular cloning and embryonic expression of Xenopus Six homeobox genes. Mech. Dev. 101:2001;271-277
70. Gibson-Brown J.J., Agulnik I., Silver L.M., Papaioannou V.E. Expression of T-box genes Tbx2-Tbx5 during chick organogenesis. Mech. Dev. 74:1998;165-169
71. Ginsburg A.S. Specific differences in the determination of the internal ear and other ectodermal organs in certain urodela. C. R. Acad. Sci. USSR. 54:1946;557-560
72. Ginsburg A.S. Determination of the labyrinth in different amphibian species and its correlation with determination of the other ectoderm derivatives. Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 204:1995;351-358
73. Golub R., Adelman Z., Clementi J., Weiss R., Bonasera J., Servetnick M. Evolutionarily conserved and divergent expression of members of the FGF receptor family among vertebrate embryos, as revealed by FGFR expression patterns in Xenopus. Dev. Genes Evol. 210:2000;345-357
74. Gómez-Skarmeta J.L., Glavic A., de la Calle-Mustienes E., Modolell J., Mayor R. Xiro, a Xenopus homolog of the Drosophila iroquois complex genes, controls development at the neural plate. EMBO J. 17:1998;181-190
75. Graham A., Begbie J. Neurogenic placodes: a common front. Trends Neurosci. 23:2000;313-316
76. Grainger R.M. New perspectives on embryonic lens induction. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 7:1996;149-155
77. Grindley J.C., Davidson D.R., Hill R.E. The role of Pax-6 in eye and nasal development. Development. 121:1995;1433-1442
78. XlC1 and imparting a neural fate. Development. 127:2000;1303-1314
79. Harland R.G. In situ hybridization: an improved whole-mount method for Xenopus embryos. Methods Cell Biol. 36:1991;685-695
80. Hayata T., Kuroda H., Eisaki A., Asashima M. Expression of Xenopus T-box transcription factor, Tbx2 in Xenopus embryo. Dev. Genes Evol. 209:1999;625-628
81. Heller N., Brändli A. Xenopus Pax-2 displays multiple splice forms during embryogenesis and pronephric kidney development. Mech. Dev. 69:1997;83-104
82. Heller N., Brändli A.W. Xenopus Pax-2/5/8 orthologues: novel insights into Pax gene evolution and identification of Pax-8 as the earliest marker for otic and pronephric cell lineages. Dev. Genet. 24:1999;208-219
83. Hirsch N., Harris W.A. Xenopus Pax-6 and retinal development. J. Neurobiol. 32:1997;45-61
84. Holland L.Z., Holland N.D. Evolution of neural crest and placodes: amphioxus as a model for the ancestral vertebrate? J. Anat. 199:2001;85-98
85. Hollemann T., Pieler T. Xpitx-1: a homeobox gene expressed during pituitary and cement gland formation of Xenopus embryos. Mech. Dev. 88:1999;249-252
86. Hollemann T., Panitz F., Pieler T. In situ hybridization: an improved whole mount method for Xenopus embryos. Anonymous Methods in Cell Biology. 1999;685-695 Academic Press, San Diego
87. Hulander M., Wurst W., Carlsson P., Enerback S. The winged helix transcription factor Fkh10 is required for normal development of the inner ear. Nat. Genet. 20:1998;374-376
88. Hulander M., Kiernan A.E., Blomqvist S.R., Carlsson P., Samuelsson E.J., Johansson B.R., Steel K.P., Enerback S. Lack of pendrin expression leads to deafness and expansion of the endolymphatic compartment in inner ears of Foxi1 null mutant mice. Development. 130:2003;2013-2025
89. Ishibashi S., Yasuda K. Distinct roles of maf genes during Xenopus lens development. Mech. Dev. 101:2001;155-166
90. Ishii Y., Abu-Elmagd M., Scotting P.J. Sox3 expression defines a common primordium for the epibranchial placodes in chick. Dev. Biol. 236:2001;344-353
91. Itoh M., Kudoh T., Dedekian M., Kim C.H., Chitnis A.B. A role for iro1 and iro7 in the establishment of an anteroposterior compartment of the ectoderm adjacent to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. Development. 129:2002;2317-2327
92. Jacobson C.-O. The localization of the presumptive cerebral regions in the neural plate of the axolotl larva. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 7:1959;1-21
93. Jacobson A.G. Inductive processes in embryonic development. Science. 152:1966;25-34
94. Kablar B., Vignali R., Menotti L., Pannese M., Andreazzoli M., Polo C., Giribaldi M.G., Boncinelli E., Barsacchi G. Xotx genes in the developing brain of Xenopus laevis. Mech. Dev. 1996;145-158
95. Kalatzis V., Sahly I., El-Amraoui A., Petit C. Eya1 expression in the developing ear and kidney: towards the understanding of the pathogenesis of Branchio-Oto-Renal (BOR) syndrome. Dev. Dyn. 213:1998;486-499
96. Kamachi Y., Uchikawa M., Collignon J., Lovellbadge R., Kondoh H. Involvement of Sox1, 2 and 3 in the early and subsequent molecular events of lens induction. Development. 125:1998;2521-2532
97. Kamachi Y., Uchikawa M., Tanouchi A., Sekido R., Kondoh H. Pax6 and SOX2 form a co-DNA-binding partner complex that regulates initiation of lens development. Genes Dev. 15:2001;1272-1286
98. Kammandel B., Chowdhury K., Stoykova A., Aparicio S., Brenner S., Gruss P. Distinct cis-essential modules direct the time-space pattern of the Pax6 gene activity. Dev. Biol. 205:1999;79-97
99. Kardon G., Heanue T.A., Tabin C.J. The Pax/Six/Eya/Dach network in development and evolution. Schlosser G., Wagner G.P. Modularity in Development and Evolution. 2004;59-80 University of Chicago Press, Chicago
100. Kawakami K., Sato S., Ozaki H., Ikeda K. Six family genes - Structure and function as transcription factors and their roles in development. Bioessays. 22:2000;616-626
101. Keller R.E. Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis: I. Prospective areas and morphogenetic movements of the superficial layer. Dev. Biol. 42:1975;222-241
102. Kenyon K.L., Moody S.A., Jamrich M. A novel fork head gene mediates early steps during Xenopus lens formation. Development. 126:1999;5107-5116
103. Kil S.H., Collazo A. Origins of inner ear sensory organs revealed by fate map and time-lapse analyses. Dev. Biol. 233:2001;365-379
104. Knecht A.K., Bronner-Fraser M. Induction of the neural crest: a multigene process. Nat. Rev., Genet. 3:2002;453-461
105. Knecht A.K., Harland R.M. Mechanisms of dorsal-ventral patterning in noggin-induced neural tissue. Development. 124:1997;2477-2488
106. Knouff R.A. The developmental pattern of ectodermal placodes in Rana pipiens. J. Comp. Neurol. 62:1935;17-71
107. Kobayashi M., Osanai H., Kawakami K., Yamamoto M. Expression of three zebrafish Six4 genes in the cranial sensory placodes and the developing somites. Mech. Dev. 98:2000;151-155
108. Köster R.W., Kühnlein R.P., Wittbrodt J. Ectopic Sox3 activity elicits sensory placode formation. Mech. Dev. 95:2000;175-187
109. Koyano-Nakagawa N., Kim J., Anderson D., Kintner C. Hes6 acts in a positive feedback loop with the neurogenins to promote neuronal differentiation. Development. 127:2000;4203-4216
110. Kozlowski D.J., Murakami T., Ho R.K., Weinberg E.S. Regional cell movement and tissue patterning in the zebrafish embryo revealed by fate mapping with caged fluorescein. Biochem. Cell Biol. 75:1997;551-562
111. Kozmik Z., Holland N.D., Kalousova A., Paces J., Schubert M., Holland L.Z. Characterization of an amphioxus paired box gene, AmphiPax2/5/8: developmental expression patterns in optic support cells, nephridium, thyroid-like structures and pharyngeal gill slits, but not in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary region. Development. 126:1999;1295-1304
112. La Bonne C., Bronner-Fraser M. Neural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two-signal model. Development. 125:1998;2403-2414
113. La Bonne C., Bronner-Fraser M. Molecular mechanisms of neural crest formation. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15:1999;81-112
114. Laclef C., Souil E., Demignon J., Maire P. Thymus, kidney and craniofacial abnormalities in Six1 deficient mice. Mech. Dev. 120:2003;669-679
115. Ladher R.K., Anakwe K.U., Gurney A.L., Schoenwolf G.C., Francis-West P.H. Identification of synergistic signals initiating inner ear development. Science. 290:2000;1965-1967
116. Landacre F.L. The primitive lines of Amblystoma jeffersonianum. J. Comp. Neurol. 40:1926;471-495
117. Landacre F.L. The differentiation of preauditory and postauditory primitive lines into preauditory and postauditory placodes, lateralis ganglia and migratory lateral-line placodes in Amblystoma jeffersonianum. J. Comp. Neurol. 44:1927;29-59
118. Lee S.A., Shen E.L., Fiser A., Sali A., Guo S. The zebrafish forkhead transcription factor Foxi1 specifies epibranchial placode-derived sensory neurons. Development. 130:2003;2669-2679
119. Levi G., Puche A.C., Mantero S., Barbieri O., Trombino S., Paleari L., Egeo A., Merlo G.R. The Dlx5 homeodomain gene is essential for olfactory development and connectivity in the mouse. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 22:2003;530-543
120. Lekander B. The sensory line system and the canal bones in the head of some Ostariophysi. Acta Zool. 30:1949;1-131
121. Lemaire P., Bertrand V., Hudson C. Early steps in the formation of neural tissue in ascidian embryos. Dev. Biol. 252:2002;151-169
122. Léger S., Brand M. Fgf8 and Fgf3 are required for zebrafish ear placode induction, maintenance and inner ear patterning. Mech. Dev. 119:2002;91-108
123. Li H.S., Yang J.M., Jacobson R.D., Pasko D., Sundin O. Pax-6 is first expressed in a region of ectoderm anterior to the early neural plate: implications for stepwise determination of the lens. Dev. Biol. 162:1994;181-194
124. Li H.S., Tierney C., Wen L., Wu J.Y., Rao Y. A single morphogenetic field gives rise to two retina primordia under the influence of the prechordal plate. Development. 124:1997;603-615
125. Li X., Oghi K.A., Zhang J., Krones A., Bush K.T., Glass C.K., Nigam S.K., Aggarwal A.K., Maas R., Rose D.W., Rosenfeld M.G. Eya protein phosphatase activity regulates Six1-Dach-Eya transcriptional effects in mammalian organogenesis. Nature. 426:2003;247-254
126. Linker C., Bronner-Fraser M., Mayor R. Relationship between gene expression domains of Xsnail, Xslug, and Xtwist and cell movement in the prospective neural crest of Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 224:2000;215-225
127. Liu D., Chu H., Maves L., Yan Y.L., Morcos P.A., Postlethwait J.H., Westerfield M. Fgf3 and Fgf8 dependent and independent transcription factors are required for otic placode specification. Development. 130:2003;2213-2224
128. Lombardo A., Slack J.M.W. Postgastrulation effects of fibroblast growth factor on Xenopus development. Dev. Dyn. 212:1998;75-85
129. Long J.E., Garel S., Depew M.J., Tobet S., Rubenstein J.L. DLX5 regulates development of peripheral and central components of the olfactory system. J. Neurosci. 23:2003;568-578
130. Løvtrup S. Morphogenesis in the amphibian embryo: cell type distribution, germ layers, and fate maps. Acta Zool. 47:1966;209-276
131. Luo T., Matsuo-Takasaki M., Sargent T.D. Distinct roles for distal-less genes Dlx3 and Dlx5 in regulating ectodermal development in Xenopus. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60:2001;331-337
132. Luo T., Matsuo-Takasaki M., Lim J.H., Sargent T.D. Differential regulation of Dlx gene expression by a BMP morphogenetic gradient. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45:2001;681-684
133. Ma Q.F., Kintner C., Anderson D.J. Identification of neurogenin, a vertebrate neuronal determination gene. Cell. 87:1996;43-52
134. Ma Q.F., Chen Z.F., Barrantes I.D., de la Pompa J.L., Anderson D.J. Neurogenin1 is essential for the determination of neuronal precursors for proximal cranial sensory ganglia. Neuron. 20:1998;469-482
135. Mancilla H., Mayor R. Neural crest formation in Xenopus laevis: mechanisms of Xslug induction. Dev. Biol. 177:1996;580-589
136. Manni L., Lane N.J., Sorrentino M., Zaniolo G., Burighel P. Mechanism of neurogenesis during the embryonic development of a tunicate. J. Comp. Neurol. 412:1999;527-541
137. Manni L., Lane N.J., Burighel P., Zaniolo G. Are neural crest and placodes exclusive to vertebrates? Evolut. Develop. 3:2001;297-298
138. Marchant L., Linker C., Ruiz P., Guerrero N., Mayor R. The inductive properties of mesoderm suggest that the neural crest cells are specified by a BMP gradient. Dev. Biol. 198:1998;319-329
139. Maroon H., Walshe J., Mahmood R., Kiefer P., Dickson C., Mason I. Fgf3 and Fgf8 are required together for formation of the otic placode and vesicle. Development. 129:2002;2099-2108
140. Mathers P.H., Miller A., Doniach T., Dirksen M.L., Jamrich M. Initiation of anterior head specific gene expression in uncommitted ectoderm of Xenopus laevis by ammonium chloride. Dev. Biol. 171:1995;641-654
141. Mayor R., Aybar M.J. Induction and development of neural crest in Xenopus laevis. Cell Tissue Res. 305:2001;203-209
142. Mayor R., Morgan R., Sargent M.G. Induction of the prospective neural crest of Xenopus. Development. 121:1995;767-777
143. McLarren K.W., Litsiou A., Streit A. DLX5 positions the neural crest and preplacode region at the border of the neural plate. Dev. Biol. 259:2003;34-47
144. Merlo G.R., Paleari L., Mantero S., Zerega B., Adamska M., Rinkwitz S., Bober E., Levi G. The Dlx5 homeobox gene is essential for vestibular morphogenesis in the mouse embryo through a BMP4-mediated pathway. Dev. Biol. 248:2002;157-169
145. Mishima N., Tomarev S. Chicken Eyes absent 2 gene: isolation and expression pattern during development. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42:1998;1109-1115
146. Mizuseki K., Kishi M., Matsui M., Nakanishi S., Sasai Y. Xenopus zic-related-1 and sox-2, two factors induced by chordin, have distinct activities in the initiation of neural induction. Development. 125:1998;579-587
147. Moury J.D., Jacobson A.G. The origins of neural crest cells in the axolotl. Dev. Biol. 141:1990;243-253
148. Murakami Y., Ogasawara M., Sugahara F., Hirano S., Satoh N., Kuratani S. Identification and expression of the lamprey Pax6 gene: evolutionary origin of the segmented brain of vertebrates. Development. 128:2001;3521-3531
149. Neave B., Holder N., Patient R. A graded response to BMP-4 spatially coordinates patterning of the mesoderm and ectoderm in the zebrafish. Mech. Dev. 62:1997;183-195
150. Nguyen V.H., Schmid B., Trout J., Connors S.A., Ekker M., Mullins M.C. Ventral and lateral regions of the zebrafish gastrula, including the neural crest progenitors, are established by a bmp2b/swirl pathway of genes. Dev. Biol. 199:1998;93-110
151. Nguyen V.H., Trout J., Connors S.A., Andermann P., Weinberg E., Mullins M.C. Dorsal and intermediate neuronal cell types of the spinal cord are established by a BMP signaling pathway. Development. 127:2000;1209-1220
152. Nieuwkoop P.D. Pattern formation in artificially activated ectoderm (Rana pipiens and Ambystoma punctatum). Dev. Biol. 7:1963;255-279
153. Nieuwkoop P.D. Inductive interactions in early amphibian development and their general nature. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 89:1985;333-347. (Suppl.)
154. Nieuwkoop P.D., Faber J. Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). 1967;North-Holland, Amsterdam
155. Nissen R.M., Yan J., Amsterdam A., Hopkins N., Burgess S.M. Zebrafish foxi one modulates cellular responses to Fgf signaling required for the integrity of ear and jaw patterning. Development. 130:2003;2543-2554
156. Noramly S., Grainger R.M. Determination of the embryonic inner ear. J. Neurobiol. 53:2002;100-128
157. Northcutt R.G. A reassessment of Goodrichs model of cranial nerve phylogeny. Acta Anat. 148:1993;71-80
158. Northcutt R.G. The origin of craniates: neural crest, neurogenic placodes, and homeobox genes. Isr. J. Zool. 42:1996;273-313
159. Northcutt R.G., Brändle K. Development of branchiomeric and lateral line nerves in the axolotl. J. Comp. Neurol. 355:1995;427-454
160. Northcutt R.G., Gans C. The genesis of neural crest and epidermal placodes: a reinterpretation of vertebrate origins. Q. Rev. Biol. 58:1983;1-28
161. Novoselov V.V., Alexandrova E.M., Ermakova G.V., Zaraisky A.G. Expression zones of three novel genes abut the developing anterior neural plate of Xenopus embryo. Gene Expression Patt. 3:2003;225-230
162. Nozaki M., Gorbman A. The question of functional homology of Hatschek's pit of amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) and the vertebrate adenohypophysis. Zool. Sci. 9:1992;387-395
163. Ogino H., Yasuda K. Sequential activation of transcription factors in lens induction. Dev. Growth Differ. 42:2000;437-448
164. Ohto H., Takizawa T., Saito T., Kobayashi M., Ikeda K., Kawakami K. Tissue and developmental distribution of Six family gene products. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42:1998;141-148
165. Oliver G., Wehr R., Jenkins A., Copeland N.G., Cheyette B.N.R., Hartenstein V., Zipursky S.L., Gruss P. Homeobox genes and connective tissue patterning. Development. 121:1995;693-705
166. Ozaki H., Watanabe Y., Takahashi K., Kitamura K., Tanaka A., Urase K., Momoi T., Sudo K., Sakagami J., Asano M., Iwakura Y., Kawakami K. Six4, a putative myogenin gene regulator, is not essential for mouse embryonal development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21:2001;3343-3350
167. Pandur P.D., Moody S.A. Xenopus Six1 gene is expressed in neurogenic cranial placodes and maintained in differentiating lateral lines. Mech. Dev. 96:2000;253-257
168. Panganiban G., Rubenstein J.L. Developmental functions of the Distal-less/Dlx homeobox genes. Development. 129:2002;4371-4386
169. Pannese M., Polo C., Andreazzoli M., Vignali R., Kablar B., Barsacchi G., Boncinelli E. The Xenopus homologue of Otx2 is a maternal homeobox gene that demarcates and specifies anterior body regions. Development. 121:1995;707-720
170. Penzel R., Oschwald R., Chen Y., Tacke L., Grunz H. Characterization and early embryonic expression of a neural specific transcription factor xSOX3 in Xenopus laevis. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 41:1997;667-677
171. Pera E., Stein S., Kessel M. Ectodermal patterning in the avian embryo: epidermis versus neural plate. Development. 126:1999;63-73
172. Perron M., Furrer M.P., Wegnez M., Theodore L. Xenopus elav-like genes are differentially expressed during neurogenesis. Mech. Dev. 84:1999;139-142
173. Pestarino M. A pituitary-like role of the neural gland of an ascidian. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 60:1985;293-297
174. Pfeffer P.L., Gerster T., Lun K., Brand M., Busslinger M. Characterization of three novel members of the zebrafish Pax2/5/8 family: dependency of Pax5 and Pax8 expression on the Pax2.1 (noi) function. Development. 125:1998;3063-3074
175. Phillips B.T., Bolding K., Riley B.B. Zebrafish fgf3 and fgf8 encode redundant functions required for otic placode induction. Dev. Biol. 235:2001;351-365
176. Pignoni F., Hu B., Zavitz K.H., Xiao J., Garrity P.A., Zipursky S.L. The eye-specification proteins So and Eya form a complex and regulate multiple steps in Drosophila eye development. Cell. 91:1997;881-891
177. Platt J.B. Ontogenetische Differenzierung des Ektoderms in Necturus. Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. 43:1894;911-966
178. Pohl B.S., Knöchel W. Overexpression of the transcriptional repressor FoxD3 prevents neural crest formation in Xenopus embryos. Mech. Dev. 103:2001;93-106
179. Pohl B.S., Knöchel S., Dillinger K., Knöchel W. Sequence and expression of FoxB2 (XFD-5) and FoxI1c (XFD-10) in Xenopus embryogenesis. Mech. Dev. 117:2002;283-287
180. Pommereit D., Pieler T., Hollemann T. Xpitx3: a member of the Rieg/Pitx gene family expressed during pituitary and lens formation in Xenopus laevis. Mech. Dev. 102:2001;255-257
181. Quinn J.C., West J.D., Hill R.E. Multiple functions for Pax6 in mouse eye and nasal development. Genes Dev. 10:1996;435-446
182. Relaix F., Buckingham M. From insect eye to vertebrate muscle: redeployment of a regulatory network. Genes Dev. 13:1999;3171-3178
183. Represa J., Leon Y., Miner C., Giraldez F. The int-2 proto-oncogene is responsible for induction of the inner ear. Nature. 353:1991;561-563
184. Riley B.B., Phillips B.T. Ringing in the new ear: resolution of cell interactions in otic development. Dev. Biol. 261:2003;289-312
185. Röhlich K. Gestaltungsbewegungen der präsumptiven Epidermis während der Neurulation und Kopfbildung bei Triton taeniatus. Roux' Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Org. 124:1931;66-81
186. Sahly I., Andermann P., Petit C. The zebrafish eya1 gene and its expression pattern during embryogenesis. Dev. Genes Evol. 209:1999;399-410
187. Sasai Y., De Robertis E.M. Ectodermal patterning in vertebrate embryos. Dev. Biol. 182:1997;5-20
188. Sasai N., Mizuseki K., Sasai Y. Requirement of FoxD3-class signaling for neural crest determination in Xenopus. Development. 128:2001;2525-2536
189. Schlosser G. Development and evolution of lateral line placodes in amphibians: I. Development. Zoology. 105:2002;119-146
190. Schlosser G. Hypobranchial placodes in Xenopus laevis give rise to hypobranchial ganglia, a novel type of cranial ganglia. Cell Tissue Res. 312:2003;21-29
191. Schlosser G., Northcutt R.G. Development of neurogenic placodes in Xenopus laevis. J. Comp. Neurol. 418:2000;121-146
192. Schlosser G., Northcutt R.G. Lateral line placodes are induced during neurulation in the axolotl. Dev. Biol. 234:2001;55-71
193. Schlosser G., Kintner C., Northcutt R.G. Loss of ectodermal competence for lateral line placode formation in the direct developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui. Dev. Biol. 213:1999;354-369
194. Schroeder T.E. Neurulation in Xenopus laevis: an analysis and model based upon light and electron microscopy. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 23:1970;427-462
195. Schweickert A., Steinbeisser H., Blum M. Differential gene expression of Xenopus Pitx1, Pitx2b and Pitx2c during cement gland, stomodeum and pituitary development. Mech. Dev. 107:2001;191-194
196. Selleck M.A.J., Bronner-Fraser M. Origins of the avian neural crest: the role of neural plate-epidermal interactions. Development. 121:1995;525-538
197. Seo H.C., Drivenes O., Fjose A. A zebrafish Six4 homologue with early expression in head mesoderm. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1442:1998;427-431
198. Seo H.C., Curtiss J., Mlodzik M., Fjose A. Six class homeobox genes in Drosophila belong to three distinct families and are involved in head development. Mech. Dev. 83:1999;127-139
199. Serikaku M.A., O'Tousa J.E. sine oculis is a homeobox gene required for Drosophila visual system development. Genetics. 138:1994;1137-1150
200. Sharman A.C., Shimeld S.M., Holland P.W.H. An amphioxus Msx gene expressed predominantly in the dorsal neural tube. Dev. Genes Evol. 209:1999;260-263
201. Shi D.L., Goisset C., Boucaut J.C. Expression of xfz3, a Xenopus frizzled family member, is restricted to the early nervous system. Mech. Dev. 70:1998;35-47
202. Shimeld S.M., Holland P.W.H. Vertebrate innovations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:2000;4449-4452
203. Simpson T.I., Price D.J. Pax6; a pleiotropic player in development. Bioessays. 24:2002;1041-1051
204. Sive H., Bradley L. A sticky problem - The Xenopus cement gland as a paradigm for anteroposterior patterning. Dev. Dyn. 205:1996;265-280
205. Sive H.L., Grainger R.M., Harland R.M. Early Development of Xenopus laevis. 2000;Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
206. Solomon K.S., Fritz A. Concerted action of two dlx paralogs in sensory placode formation. Development. 129:2002;3127-3136
207. Solomon K.S., Kudoh T., Dawid I.B., Fritz A. Zebrafish foxi1 mediates otic placode formation and jaw development. Development. 130:2003;929-940
208. Stark M.R., Sechrist J., Bronner-Fraser M., Marcelle C. Neural tube-ectoderm interactions are required for trigeminal placode formation. Development. 124:1997;4287-4295
209. Stone L.S. Experiments on the development of the cranial ganglia and the lateral line sense organs in Amblystoma punctatum. J. Exp. Zool. 35:1922;421-496
210. Stone L.S. Primitive lines in Amblystoma and their relation to the migratory lateral-line primordia. J. Comp. Neurol. 45:1928;169-190
211. Streit A. Origin of the vertebrate inner ear: evolution and induction of the otic placode. J. Anat. 199:2001;99-103
212. Streit A. Extensive cell movements accompany formation of the otic placode. Dev. Biol. 249:2002;237-254
213. Streit A., Stern C.D. Establishment and maintenance of the border of the neural plate in the chick: involvement of FGF and BMP activity. Mech. Dev. 82:1999;51-66
214. Suzuki A., Ueno N., Hemmati-Brivanlou A. Xenopus msx1 mediates epidermal induction and neural inhibition by BMP4. Development. 124:1997;3037-3044
215. Takabatake Y., Takabatake T., Takeshima K. Conserved and divergent expression of T-box genes Tbx2-Tbx-5 in Xenopus. Mech. Dev. 91:2000;433-437
216. Takabatake Y., Takabatake T., Sasagawa S., Takeshima K. Conserved expression control and shared activity between cognate T-box genes Tbx2 and Tbx3 in connection with Sonic hedgehog signaling during Xenopus eye development. Dev. Growth Differ. 44:2002;257-271
217. Torres M., Giráldez F. The development of the vertebrate inner ear. Mech. Dev. 71:1998;5-21
218. Torres M., Gómez-Pardo E., Gruss P. Pax2 contributes to inner ear patterning and optic nerve trajectory. Development. 122:1996;3381-3391
219. Torreson H., Martinez-Barbera J.P., Bardsley A., Caubit X., Krauss S. Conservation of BF-1 expression in amphioxus and zebrafish suggests evolutionary ancestry of anterior cell types that contribute to the vertebrate forebrain. Dev. Genes Evol. 208:1998;431-439
220. Tribulo C., Aybar M.J., Nguyen V.H., Mullins M.C., Mayor R. Regulation of Msx genes by a Bmp gradient is essential for neural crest specification. Development. 130:2003;6441-6452
221. Uchikawa M., Ishida Y., Takemoto T., Kamachi Y., Kondoh H. Functional analysis of chicken Sox2 enhancers highlights an array of diverse regulatory elements that are conserved in mammals. Dev. Cell. 4:2003;509-519
222. van Heyningen V., Williamson K.A. PAX6 in sensory development. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11:2002;1161-1167
223. Vendrell V., Carnicero E., Giraldez F., Alonso M.T., Schimmang T. Induction of inner ear fate by FGF3. Development. 127:2000;2011-2019
224. Verwoerd C.D.A., van Oostrom C.G. Cephalic neural crest and placodes. Adv. Anat., Embryol. Cell Biol. 58:1979;1-75
225. Vogt W. Gestaltungsanalyse am Amphibienkeim mit örtlicher Vitalfärbung: II. Gastrulation und Mesodermbildung bei Urodelen und Anuren. Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 120:1929;384-706
226. Vokes S.A., Krieg P.A. Gdf16, a novel member of the growth/ differentiation factor subgroup of the TGF-beta superfamily, is expressed in the hindbrain and epibranchial placodes. Mech. Dev. 95:2000;279-282
227. Wada H., Saiga H., Satoh N., Holland P.W.H. Tripartite organization of the ancestral chordate brain and the antiquity of placodes: insights from ascidian Pax-2/5/8, Hox and Otx genes. Development. 125:1998;1113-1122
228. Waterman R.E. Formation and perforation of closing plates in the chick embryo. Anat. Rec. 211:1985;450-457
229. Wawersik S., Maas R.L. Vertebrate eye development as modeled in Drosophila. Hum. Mol. Genet. 9:2000;917-925
230. Webb J.F., Noden D.M. Ectodermal placodes - Contributions to the development of the vertebrate head. Am. Zool. 33:1993;434-447
231. Whitfield T.T., Riley B.B., Chiang M.Y., Phillips B. Development of the zebrafish inner ear. Dev. Dyn. 223:2002;427-458
232. Wilson P.A., Lagna G., Suzuki A., Hemmati-Brivanlou A. Concentration-dependent patterning of the Xenopus ectoderm by BMP4 and its signal transducer Smad1. Development. 124:1997;3177-3184
233. Woda J.M., Pastagia J., Mercola M., Artinger K.B. Dlx proteins position the neural plate border and determine adjacent cell fates. Development. 130:2003;331-342
234. Wong K., Peng Y., Kung H.F., He M.L. Retina dorsal/ventral patterning by Xenopus TBX3. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290:2002;737-742
235. Wu J., Saint-Jeannet J.P., Klein P.S. Wnt-frizzled signaling in neural crest formation. Trends Neurosci. 26:2003;40-45
236. Xu P.-X., Woo I., Her H., Beier D.R., Maas R.L. Mouse Eya homologues of the Drosophila eyes absent gene require Pax6 for expression in lens and nasal placode. Development. 124:1997;219-231
237. Xu P.X., Adams J., Peters H., Brown M.C., Heaney S., Maas R. Eya1-deficient mice lack ears and kidneys and show abnormal apoptosis of organ primordia. Nat. Genet. 23:1999;113-117
238. Xu P.X., Zheng W., Laclef C., Maire P., Maas R.L., Peters H., Xu X. Eya1 is required for the morphogenesis of mammalian thymus, parathyroid and thyroid. Development. 129:2002;3033-3044
239. Yamamoto T.S., Takagi C., Ueno N. Requirement of Xmsx-1 in the BMP-triggered ventralization of Xenopus embryos. Mech. Dev. 91:2000;131-141
240. Yntema C.L. Experiments on the determination of the ear ectoderm in the embryo of Amblystoma punctatum. J. Exp. Zool. 65:1933;317-357
241. Yntema C.L. Self-differentiation of heterotopic ear ectoderm in the embryo of Amblystoma punctatum. J. Exp. Zool. 80:1939;1-17
242. Zaraisky A.G., Ecochard V., Kazanskaya O.V., Lukyanov S.A., Fesenko I.V., Duprat A.M. The homeobox-containing gene XANF-1 may control development of the Spemann organizer. Development. 121:1995;3839-3847
243. Zheng W., Huang L., Wei Z.B., Silvius D., Tang B., Xu P.X. The role of Six1 in mammalian auditory system development. Development. 130:2003;3989-4000
244. Zhou X.L., Hollemann T., Pieler T., Gruss P. Cloning and expression of xSix3, the Xenopus homologue of murine Six3. Mech. Dev. 91:2000;327-330
245. Zuber M.E., Perron M., Philpott A., Bang A., Harris W.A. Giant eyes in Xenopus laevis by overexpression of XOptx2. Cell. 98:1999;341-352
246. Zwilling E. An experimental analysis of the development of the anuran olfactory organ. J. Exp. Zool. 84:1940;291-323
247. Zwilling E. The determination of the otic vesicle in Rana pipiens. J. Exp. Zool. 86:1941;333-342
248. Zygar C.A., Cook T.L., Grainger R.M. Gene activation during early stages of lens induction in Xenopus. Development. 125:1998;3509-3519