Developmental robotics: A survey

Connection Science

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 151-190

  Lungarella, Max ^a   Metta, Giorgio ^b   Pfeifer, Rolf ^c   Sandini, Giulio ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AIST   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Development; Embodied cognitive science; Robotics; Synthetic methodology

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPMENTS; EMBODIED COGNITIVE SCIENCE; SYNTHETIC METHODOLOGY;

COGNITIVE SYSTEMS; LEARNING SYSTEMS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; NEUROLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY COMPUTING; SENSITOMETERS;

ROBOTICS;

EID: 1842783360     PISSN: 09540091     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09540090310001655110     Document Type: Review

References (217)

1. Adolph, K., Eppler, M., Marin, L., Weise, I., and Clearfield, M., 2000, Exploration in the service of prospective control. Infant Behavior and Development, 23: 441-460.
2. Adolph, K. Vereijken, B., and Denny, M., 1988, Learning to crawl. Child Development, 69: 1299-1312.
3. Almassy, N., Edelman, G., and Sporns, O., 1998, Behavioral constraints in the development of neuronal properties: a cortical model embedded in a real world device. Cerebral Cortex, 8: 346-361.
4. Andry, P., Gaussier, P., and Nadel, J., 2002, From visuo-motor development to low-level imitation. In Proceedings of (he 2nd International Conference on Epigenetics Robotics (Edinburgh, Scotland), pp. 7-15.
5. Angulo-Kinzler, R., 2001, Exploration and selection of intralimb coordination patterns in 3-month-old infants. Journal of Motor Behavior, 33: 363-376.
6. Asada, M., MacDorman, K., Ishiguro, H., and Kuniyoshi, Y., 2001, Cognitive developmental robotics as a new paradigm for the design of humanoid robots. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 37: 185-193.
7. Balkenius, C., Zlatev, J., Kozima, H., Dautenhahn, K., and Breazeal, C. (eds), 2001, Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Epigenetic Robotics: Modeling Cognitive Development in Robotic Systems, Lund University Cognitive Studies, vol. 85.
8. Ballard, D., 1991, Animate vision. Artificial Intelligence, 48: 57-86.
9. Baron-Cohen, S., 1995, Mindblindness (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
10. Bates, E., and Elman, J., 2002, Connectionism and the study of change. In M. Johnson (ed.) Brain Development and Cognition: A Reader (Oxford: Blackwell).
11. Beer, R., 2003, Autopoiesis and cognition in the game of life, 2004 (in press).
12. Beer, R., Chiel, H., Quinn, R., and Ritzmann, R., 1998, Biorobotics approaches to the study of motor systems. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 8: 777-782.
13. Bernstein, N., 1967, The Co-ordination and Regulation of Movements (London: Pergamon Press).
14. Bertenthal, B., and Von Hofsten, C., 1998, Eye and trunk control: the foundation for manual development. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 22: 515-520.
15. Berthier, N., Clifton, R., Gullapalli, and McCall, D., 1996, Visual information and the control of reaching, Journal of Motor Behavior, 28: 187-197.
16. Berthouze, L., Bakker, P., and Kuniyoshi, Y., 1997, Learning of oculo-motor control: a prelude to robotic imitation. In IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IROS'97), Osaka, Japan, pp. 376-381.
17. Berthouze, L., and Kuniyoshi, Y, 1998, Emergence and categorization of coordinated visual behavior through embodied interaction. Machine Learning, 31: 187-200.
18. Berthouze, L., Kuniyoshi, Y., and Pfeifer, R. (eds), 1999, Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Emergence and Development of Embodied Cognition, workshop held in Tsukuba, Japan (unpublished).
19. Berthouze, L., Shigematsu, Y., and Kuniyoshi, Y., 1998, Dynamic categorization of explorative behaviors for emergence of stable sensorimotor configurations. In International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB'98) (Zurich, Switzerland), pp. 67-72.
20. Bjorklund, E., and Green, B., 1992, The adaptive nature of cognitive immaturity. American Psychologist, 47: 46-54.
21. Blumberg, B., 1996, Old Tricks, New Dogs: Ethology and Interactive Creatures, PhD thesis, The Media Laboratory, MIT.
22. Bornstein, M., 1989, Sensitive periods in development: structural characteristics and causal interpretations, Psychological Bulletin, 105: 179-197.
23. Braitenberg, V., 1984, Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
24. Breazeal, C., and Aryananda, L., 2002, Recognition of affective communicative intent in robot-directed speech. Autonomous Robots, 12: 83-104.
25. Breazeal, C., and Scassellati, B., 2000, Infant-like social interactions between a robot and a human caretaker. Adaptive Behavior, 8: 49-74.
26. Breazeal, C., and Scassellati, B., 2002, Robots that imitate humans. Trends in Cognitive Science, 6: 481-487.
27. Brooks, R., 1991, Intelligence without representation. Artificial Intelligence, 47: 139-160.
28. Brooks, R., 1997, From earwigs to humans. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 20: 291-304.
29. Brooks, R., 2003, Robot: The Future of Flesh and Machines (London: Penguin Books).
30. Brooks, R., Breazeal, C., Irie, R., Kemp, C., Marjanovic, M., Scassellati, B., and Williamson, M., 1998, Alternative essences of intelligence. In Proceedings of the 15th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-98) (Madison, WI), pp. 961-976.
31. Brooks, R., and Stein, L., 1994, Building brains for bodies. Autonomous Robots, 1: 7-25.
32. Bullowa, M., 1979, Before Speech: The Beginning of Interpersonal Communication (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
33. Bushnell, E., and Boudreau, J., 1993, Motor development in the mind: the potential role of motor abilities as a determinant of perceptual development. Child Development, 64: 1005-1021.
34. Butterworth, G., and Jarrett, B., 1991, What minds have in common in space: spatial mechanisms serving joint visual attention in infancy. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9: 55-72.
35. Chec, D., and Martin, S., 2002, Functional Movement Development Across the Life Span (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders).
36. Chomsky, N., 1986, Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use (New York: Praeger).
37. Churchland, P., Ramachandran, V., and Sejnowski, T., 1994, A Critique of Pure Vision (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
38. Clark, A., 1997, Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
39. Clark, A., and Grush, R., 1999, Towards a cognitive robotics. Adaptive Behavior, 7: 5-16.
40. Coehlo, J., Piater, J., and Grupen, R., 2001, Developing haptic and visual perceptual categories for reaching and grasping with a humanoid robot. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 37: 195-218.
41. Dario, P., Laschi, C., and Guglielmelli, E., 1997, Sensor and actuators for 'humanoid' robots. Advanced Robotics, 11: 567-584.
42. Dautenhahn, K., and Billard, A., 1999, Studying robot social cognition within a developmental psychology framework. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Advanced Mobile Robots (Zurich, Switzerland).
43. Dautenhahn, K., and Nehaniv, C. (eds), 2002, Imitation in Animals and Artifacts (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
44. De Garis, H., Gers, F., Korkin, M., Agah, A., and Nawa, N. E., 1998, 'CAM-brain' ATR's billion neuron artificial brain project: a three year progress report. Journal of Artificial Life and Robotics, 2: 56-61.
45. Demiris, Y., 1999, Robot Imitation Mechanisms in Robots and Humans, PhD thesis, Division of Informatics, University of Edinburgh.
46. Demiris, Y., and Hayes, G., 2002, Imitation as a dual-route process featuring predictive and learning components: a biologically plausible computational model. In K. Dautenhahn and C. Nehaniv (eds) Imitation in Animals and Artifacts (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
47. Dewey, J., 1896, The reflex arc concept in psychology. Psychological Review, 3: 357-370 (Original work published in 1896).
48. Di Paolo, A. (ed.), 2002, Special issue on plastic mechanisms, multiple timescales, and lifetime adaptation. Adaptive Behavior, 10 (3/4).
49. Di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., and Rizzolatti, G., 1992, Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research, 91: 176-180.
50. Diamond, A., 1990, Developmental time course in human infants and infant monkeys, and the neural bases of inhibitory control in reaching. In The Development and Neural Bases of Higher Cognitive Functions, Vol. 608 (New York Academy of Sciences), pp. 637-676.
51. Dickinson, P., 2003, Neuromodulation in invertebrate nervous systems. In M. Arbib (ed.) MIT Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
52. Dominguez, M., and Jacobs, R., 2003, Developmental constraints aid the acquisition of binocular disparity sensitivities. Neural Computation, 15(1): 161-182.
53. Edelman, G., 1987, Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neural Group Selection (New York: Basic Books).
54. Edelman, G., 2001, Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination (London: Penguin Books).
55. Elliott, T., and Shadbolt, N., 2001, Growth and repair: instantiating a biologically inspired model of neural development on the Khepera robot. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 36: 149-169.
56. Elliott, T., and Shadbolt, N., 2003, Developmental robotics: manifesto and application. Philosophical Transactions of Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 361: 2187-2206.
57. Elman, J., 1993, Learning and development in neural networks: the importance of starting small. Cognition, 48: 71-99.
58. Elman, J., and Sur, M., and Weng, J. (eds), 2002, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Development and Learning, Michigan State University, USA.
59. EpiRob (ed.), 2004, 3rd International Workshop on Epigenetic Robotics: Modeling Cognitive Development in Robotic Systems, Workshop will take place at the University of Genova, Italy.
60. Fernald, A., 1985, Four-month-old infants prefer to listen to motherese. Infant Behavior and Development, 8: 181-195.
61. Ferrell, C., and Kemp, C., 1996, An ontogenetic perspective on scaling sensorimotor intelligence. In Embodied Cognition and Action: Papers from the 1996 AAAI Fall Symposium (Cambridge, MA).
62. Fodor, J., 1981, Representations (Brighton: Harvester Press).
63. Fodor, J., 1983, The Modularity of Mind (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
64. Fong, T., Nourbakhsh, I., and Dautenhahn, K., 2003, A survey of socially interactive robots. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 42: 143-166.
65. Forssberg, H., 1999, Neural control of human motor development. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 9: 676-682.
66. Friston, K., Tononi, G., Reeke, G., Sporns, O., and Edelman, G., 1994, Value-dependent selection in the brain: simulation in a synthetic neural model. Neuroscience, 59: 229-243.
67. Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., and Rizzolatti, G., 1996, Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain, 119: 593-609.
68. Gibson, E., 1988, Exploratory behavior in the development of perceiving, acting, and the acquiring of knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology, 39: 1-41.
69. Gibson, J., 1977, The theory of affordances. In R. Shaw and J. Brandsford (eds) Perceiving, Acting, and Knowing: Toward and Ecological Psychology (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), pp. 62-82.
70. Goldfield, E., 1995, Emergent Forms: Origins and Early Development of Human Action and Perception (New York: Oxford University Press).
71. Goldfield, E., Kay, B., and Warren, W., 1993, Infant bouncing: the assembly and tuning of an action system. Child Development, 64: 1128-1142.
72. Gottlieb, G., 1991, Experiential canalization of behavioral development: theory. Developmental Psychology, 27: 4-13.
73. Grush, R., 2003, The emulation theory of representation: motor control, imagery, and perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2004 (in press).
74. Hadders-Algra, M., Brogren, E., and Forssberg, H., 1996, Ontogeny of postural adjustments during sitting in infancy: variation, selection and modulation. Journal of Physiology, 493: 273-288.
75. Haehl, V, Vardaxis, V. and Ulrich, B., 2000, Learning to cruise: Bernstein's theory applied to skill acquisition during infancy. Human Movement Science, 19: 685-715.
76. Haken, H., 1983, Synergetics: An Introduction (Berlin: Springer).
77. Halliday, M., 1975, Learning How To Mean: Explorations in the Development of Language (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
78. Hara, F., Pfeifer, R., and Kikuchi, K. (eds) 2003, Shaping Embodied Intelligence - The Morpho-functional Machine Perspective (Berlin: Springer).
79. Harris, P., 1983, Infant cognition. In M. M. Haith and J. J. Campos (eds) Handbook of Child Psychology: Infancy and Developmental Psychobiology (New York: Wiley), Vol. 2, pp. 689-782.
80. Hasselmo, M., Wyble, B., and Fransen, E., 2003, Neuromodulation in mammalian nervous systems. In M. Arbib (ed.) MIT Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
81. Hendriks-Jensen, H., 1996, Catching Ourselves in the Act (Cambridge MA: MIT Press. A Bradford Book).
82. ICDL (ed.), 2004, 3rd International Conference on Cognitive Development and Learning, Conference will take place at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA.
83. Iverson, J., and Thelen, E., 1999, Hand, mouth and brain. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6: 19-40.
84. Johnson, M., 1997, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (Oxford: Blackwell).
85. Kato, N., Artola, A., and Singer, W., 1991, Developmental changes in the susceptibility to long-term potentiation of neurons in rat visual cortex slices. Developmental Brain Research, 60: 53-60.
86. Keil, F., 1981, Constraints on knowledge and cognitive development. Psychological Review, 88: 197-227.
87. Kelso, S., 1995, Dynamic Patterns (Cambridge MA: MIT Press. A Bradford Book).
88. Kelso, S., and Kay, B., 1987, Information and control: a microscopic analysis of perception-action coupling. In H. Heuer and A. Sanders (eds) Perspectives on Perception and Action (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), pp. 3-32.
89. Konczak, J., Borutta, M., and Dichgans, J., 1995, Development of goal-directed reaching in infants: hand trajectory formation and joint force control. Experimental Brain Research, 106: 156-168.
90. Korner, A., and Kraemer, H., 1972, Individual differences in spontaneous oral behavior in neonates. In J. Bosma (ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception (Springfield, IL), pp. 335-346.
91. Kozima, H., Nakagawa, C., and Yano, H., 2002, Emergence of imitation mediated by objects. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Epigenetic Robotics (Edinburgh, Scotland), pp. 59-61.
92. Kozima, H., and Yano, H., 2001, A robot that learns to communicate with human caregivers. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Epigenetic Robotics (Lund, Sweden).
93. Krichmar, J., and Edelman, G., 2002, Machine psychology: autonomous behavior, perceptual categorization and conditioning in a brain-based device. Cerebral Cortex (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) 12: 818-830.
94. Kuhl, P., 2000, Language, mind, and brain: experience alters perception. In M.S. Gazzaniga (ed.), The New Cognitive Neurosciences, pp. 99-115.
95. Kuniyoshi, Y., Yorozu, Y., Inaba, M., and Inoue, H., 2003, From visuo-motor self-learning to early imitation - a neural architecture for humanoid learning. In International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Taipei, Taiwan).
96. Lakoff, G., 1987, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind (Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press).
97. Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M., 1999, Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought (New York: Basic Books).
98. Lambrinos, D., Maris, M., Kobayashi, H., Labhart, T., Pfeifer, R., and Wehner, R., 1997, An autonomous agent navigating with a polarized light compass. Adaptive Behavior, 6: 175-206.
99. Lindblom, J., and Ziemke, T., 2003, Social situatedness of natural and artificial intelligence: Vygotsky and beyond. Adaptive Behavior, 11: 79-96.
100. Luisi, P., 2003, Autopoiesis: a review and a reappraisal. Naturwissenschaften, 90: 49-59.
101. Lungarella, M., and Berthouze, L., 2002a, Adaptivity through physical immaturity. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Epigenetics Robotics (Edinburgh, Scotland), pp. 79-86.
102. Lungarella, M., and Berthouze, L., 2002b, Adaptivity via alternate freeing and freezing of degrees of freedom. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Neural Information Processing (Singapore), pp. 492-497.
103. Lungarella, M., and Berthouze, L., 2002, On the interplay between morphological, neural and environmental dynamics: a robotic case-study. Adaptive Behavior, 10(3/4): 223-241.
104. Lungarella, M., and Berthouze, L., 2003, Learning to bounce: first lessons from a bouncing robot. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Adaptive Motion in Animals and Machines (Kyoto, Japan).
105. Lungarella, M., and Pfeifer, R., 2001, Robots as cognitive tools: an information-theoretic analysis of sensory-motor data. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robotics (Tokyo, Japan), pp. 245-252.
106. Marder, E., and Thirumalai, V., 2002, Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation. Neural Networks, 15: 479-493.
107. Marjanovic, M., Scassellati, B., and Williamson, M., 1996, Self-taught visually-guided pointing for a humanoid robot. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB'96) (Cape Cod, MA), pp. 35-44.
108. Maturana, R., and Varela, F., 1992, The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding (Boston and London: Shambala Publications).
109. Meltzoff, A., and Moore, M., 1977, Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 198: 74-78.
110. Meltzoff, A., and Moore, M., 1997, Explaining facial imitation: a theoretical model. Early Development and Parenting, 6: 179-192.
111. Meltzoff, A., and Prinz, W., 2002, The Imitative Mind: Development, Evolution and Brain Bases (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
112. Metta, G., 2000, Babybot: A Study Into Sensorimotor Development, PhD thesis, LIRA-Lab (DIST).
113. Metta, G., and Fitzpatrick, P., 2003, Early integration of vision and manipulation. Adaptive Behavior, 11(2): 109-128.
114. Metta, G., Sandini, G., and Konczak, J., 1999, A developmental approach to visually-guided reaching in artificial systems. Neural Networks, 12: 1413-1427.
115. Metta, G., Sandini, G., Natale, L., and Panerai, F., 2001., Development and robotics. In Proceedings of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Tokyo, Japan), pp. 33-42.
116. Miall, R., Weir, D., Wolpert, D., and Stein, J. F., 1993, Is the cerebellum a smith predictor? Journal of Motor Behavior, 25: 203-216.
117. Murata, S., Yoshida, E., Kurokawa, H., Tomita, K., and Kokaji, S., 2001, Self-repairing mechanical systems. Autonomous Robots, 10: 7-21.
118. Mussa-Ivaldi, F., 1999, Modular features of motor control and learning. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 9: 713-717.
119. Nadel, J., 2003, Early Social Cognition (Intellectica), 2004 (in press).
120. Nadel, J., and Butterworth, G. (eds) 1999, Imitation in Infancy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
121. Nagai, Y., Asada, M., and Hosoda, K., 2002, Developmental learning model for joint attention. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2002) (Lausanne, Switzerland), pp. 932-937.
122. Natale, L., Metta, G., and Sandini, G., 2002, Development of auditory-evoked reflexes: visuo-acoustic cues integration in a binocular head. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 39: 87-106.
123. Newell, A., 1990, Unified Theories of Cognition (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press).
124. Newell, A., and Simon, H., 1976, Computer science as empirical study: symbols and search. Communications of the ACM, 19: 113-126.
125. Newell, K., and Vaillancourt, D., 2001, Dimensional change in motor learning, Human Movement Science, 20: 695-715.
126. Newport, E., 1990, Maturational constraints on language learning, Cognitive Science, 14: 11-28.
127. Nolfi, S., and Floreano, D., 2000, Evolutionary Robotics: The Biology, Intelligence, and Technology of Self-organizing Machines (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
128. O'Leary, D., Schlagger, B., and Tuttle, R., 1994, Specification of neocortical areas and thalamocortical connections. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 17: 419-439.
129. Panerai, F., Metta, G., and Sandini, G., 2002, Learning visual stabilization reflexes in robots with moving eyes. Neurocomputing, 48: 323-337.
130. Pelaez-Nogueras, M., and Gewirtz, J., and Markham, M., 1996, Infant vocalizations are conditioned both by maternal imitation and motherese speech. Infant Behavior and Development, 19: 670.
131. Peper, L., Bootsma, R., Mestre, D., and Bakker, F., 1994, Catching balls: how to get the hand to the right place at the right time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20: 591-612.
132. Pfeifer, R., 1996, Building "fungus eaters": design principles for autonomous agents. In P. Maes, M. Mataric, J.-A. Meyer, J. Pollack and S. W. Wilson (eds) Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (Cambridge MA: MIT Press), pp. 3-12.
133. Pfeifer, R., 2000, On the role of morphology and materials in adaptive behavior. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (Paris, France).
134. Pfeifer, R., 2002, Robots as cognitive tools. International Journal of Cognition and Technology, 1: 125-143.
135. Pfeifer, R., and Lungarella, M. (eds), 2001, Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop Emergence and Development of Embodied Cognition, Beijing.
136. Pfeifer, R., and Scheier, C., 1994, From perception to action: The right direction? In P. Gaussier and J.-D. Nicoud (eds) From Perception to Action (IEEE Computer Society Press), pp. 1-11.
137. Pfeifer, R., and Scheier, C., 1997, Sensory-motor coordination: the metaphor and beyond. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 20: 157-178.
138. Pfeifer, R., and Scheier, C., 1999, Understanding Intelligence (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
139. Piaget, J., 1953, The Origins of Intelligence (New York: Routledge).
140. Piek, J., 2001, Is a quantitative approach useful in the comparison of spontaneous movements in fullterm and preterm infants? Human Movement Science, 20: 717-736.
141. Piek, J., 2002, The role of variability in early development. Infant Behavior and Development, 156: 1-14.
142. Piek, J., and Carman, R., 1994, Developmental profiles of spontaneous movements in infants. Early Human Development, 39: 109-126.
143. Prechtl, H., 1997, The importance of fetal movements, In K. J. Connolly and H. Forssberg (eds) Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology of Motor Development (London, Philadelphia: Mac Keith Press), pp. 42-53.
144. Prince, C., Berthouze, L., Kozima, H., Bullock, D., Stojanov, G., and Balkenius, C. (eds), 2003, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Epigenetic Robotics: Modeling Cognitive Development in Robotic Systems, Lund University Cognitive Studies, p. 101.
145. Prince, C., and Demiris, Y. (eds), 2003, Special issue on epigenetic robotics. Adaptive Behavior, 11(2).
146. Prince, C., Demiris, Y., Marom, Y., Kozima, H., and Balkenius, C. (eds), 2002, Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Epigenetic Robotics: Modeling Cognitive Development in Robotic Systems, Lund University Cognitive Studies, 94.
147. Purves, D., 1994, Neural Activity and the Growth of the Brain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
148. Pylyshyn, Z., 1984, Computation and Cognition: Toward a Foundation for Cognitive Science (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
149. Reeke, G., Sporns, O., and Edelman, G., 1990, Synthetic neural modeling: the 'Darwin' series of recognition automata. Proceedings IEEE, 78: 1498-1530.
150. Regan, D., 1997, Visual factors in hitting and catching. Journal of Sports Sciences, 15: 533-558.
151. Rizzolatti, G., and Arbib, M., 1998, Language within our grasp. Trends in Neurosciences, 21: 188-194.
152. Rochat, P., 1989, Object manipulation and exploration in 2- to 5-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 25: 871-884.
153. Rochat, P., 1998, Self-perception and action in infancy. Experimental Brain Research, 123: 102-109.
154. Rochat, P., and Striano, T., 2000, Perceived self in infancy. Infant Behavior and Development, 23: 513-530.
155. Rosen, R., 1991, Life Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, Origin, and Fabrication of Life (New York: Columbia University Press).
156. Rus, D., and Chirikjian, G. (eds), 2001, Special issue on self-reconfigurable robots. Autonomous Robots, 10 (1).
157. Rutkowska, J., 1994, Scaling up sensorimeter systems: constraints from human infancy. Adaptive Behavior, 2: 349-373.
158. Rutkowska, J., 1995, Can development be designed? What we may learn from the Cog project. In Advances in Artificial Life: Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Artificial Life (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer), pp. 383-395.
159. Sandini, G., 1997, Artificial systems and neuroscience. In M. Srinivasan (ed), Proceedings of the Otto and Martha Fischbeck Seminar on Active Vision, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
160. Sandini, G., Metta, G., and Konczak, J., 1997, Human sensori-motor development and artificial systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, and Intellectual Human Activity Support for Nuclear Applications, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wakoshi, Japan.
161. Scassellati, B., 1998, Building behaviors developmentally: a new formalism. In Proceedings of the 1998 AAAI Spring Symposium on Integrating Robotics Research (Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press).
162. Scassellati, B., 2001, Foundations for a Theory of Mind for a Humanoid Robot. PhD thesis, MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
163. Schaal, S., 1999, Is imitation learning the route to humanoid robots? Trends in Cognitive Science, 3: 233-242.
164. Scheier, C., and Lambrinos, D., 1996, Categorization in a real-world agent using haptic exploration and active perception. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB'96) (Cambridge MA: MIT Press), pp. 65-75.
165. Schneider, K., and Zernicke, R., 1992, Mass, center of mass, and moment of inertia estimates for infant limb segments. Journal of Biomechanics, 25: 145-148.
166. Schneider, K., Zernicke, R., Ulrich, B., Jensen, J., and Thelen, E., 1990, Understanding movement control in infants through the analysis of limb intersegmental dynamics. Journal of Motor Behavior, 22: 493-520.
167. Schultz, W., 1998, Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology (The American Physiological Society), 80: 1-27.
168. Sharkey, N., 2003, Biologically inspired robotics. In M. Arbib (ed.) MIT Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
169. Slater, A., and Johnson, S., 1997, Visual sensory and perceptual abilities of the newborn: beyond the blooming, buzzing confusion. In F. Simion and G. Butterworth (eds) The Development of Sensory, Motor and Cognitive Capacities in Early Infancy: From Sensation to Cognition (Hove: Psychology Press), pp. 121-141.
170. Smitsman, A., and Schellingerhout, R., 2000, Exploratory behavior in blind infants: how to improve touch? Infant Behavior and Development, 23: 485-511.
171. Spelke, E., 2000, Core knowledge. American Psychologist, 55: 1233-1243.
172. Spencer, J., and Thelen, E., 1999, A multiscale state analysis of adult motor learning. Experimental Brain Research, 128: 505-516.
173. Sporns, O., 2003, Embodied cognition. In M. Arbib (ed.) MIT Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
174. Sporns, O., 2004, Developing neuro-robotic models. In D. Marshals, S. Sirois and G. Westermann (eds) Constructing Cognition (Oxford: Oxford University Press) (to appear).
175. Sporns, O., and Alexander, W., 2002, Neuromodulation and plasticity in an autonomous robot. Neural Networks, 15: 761-774.
176. Sporns, O., Almassy, N., and Edelman, G., 2000, Plasticity in value systems and its role in adaptive behavior. Adaptive Behavior, 8: 129-148.
177. Sporns, O., and Edelman, G., 1993, Solving Bernstein's problem: a proposal for the development of coordinated movement by selection. Child Development, 64: 960-981.
178. Steels, L., 1994, The artificial life roots of artificial intelligence. Artificial Life, 1: 75-110.
179. Steels, L., 2003, Personal communication.
180. Stiles, J., 2000, Neural plasticity and cognitive development. Developmental Neuropsychology, 18: 237-272.
181. Stoica, A., 2001, Robot fostering techniques for sensory-motor development of humanoid robots. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 37: 127-143.
182. Streri, A., 1993, Seeing, Reaching, Touching: The Relations between Vision and Touch in Infancy, (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
183. Streri, A., and Gentaz, E., 2003, Cross-modal recognition of shapes from hand to eyes in newborns, Somatosensory and Motor Research, 20: 11-16.
184. Taga, G., 1991, Self-organized control of bipedal locomotion by neural oscillators in unpredictable environments. Biological Cybernetics, 65: 147-159.
185. Taga, G., 1995, A model of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system for human locomotion. Biological Cybernetics, 73: 113-121.
186. Taga, G., Takaya, R., and Konishi, Y., 1999, Analysis of general movements of infants towards understanding of developmental principle for motor control. In Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (Tokyo, Japan), pp. 678-683.
187. Te Boekhorst, R., Lungarella, M., and Pfeifer, R., 2003, Dimensionality reduction through sensori-motor coordination. In O. Kaynak, E. Alpaydin, E. Oja and L. Xu (eds) Proceedings of the Joint International Conference ICANN/ICONIP, LNCS 2714 (Istanbul, Turkey), pp. 496-503.
188. Teuscher, C., Mange, D., Stauffer, A., and Tempesti, G., 2003, Bio-inspired computing tissues: towards machines that evolve, grow, and learn. Biosystems, 68: 235-244.
189. Thelen, E., 1981, Kicking, rocking and waving: contextual analysis of rhythmical stereotypes in normal human infants. Animal Behaviour, 29: 3-11.
190. Thelen, E., 1995, Time-scale dynamics and the development of an embodied cognition. In R. Port and T. van Gelder (eds) Mind as Motion: Explorations in the Dynamics of Cognition (Cambridge MA: MIT Press), pp. 69-100.
191. Thelen, E., and Fischer, D., 1983, The organization of spontaneous leg movements in newborn infants. Journal of Motor Behavior, 15: 353-377.
192. Thelen, E., and Smith, L., 1994, A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action (Cambridge MA: MIT Press. A Bradford Book).
193. Toda, M., 1982, Man, Robot, and Society (The Hague: Nijhoff).
194. Turkewitz, G., and Kenny, P., 1982, Limitation on input as a basis for neural organization and perceptual development: a preliminary theoretical statement. Developmental Psychology, 15: 357-368.
195. Turrigiano, G., and Nelson, S., 2000, Hebb and homeostasis in neural plasticity. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 10: 358-364.
196. Varela, F., Thompson, E., and Rosch, E., 1991, The Embodied Mind (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
197. Varshavskaya, P., 2002, Behavior-based early language development on a humanoid robot. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Epigenetics Robotics (Edinburgh, Scotland), pp. 149-158.
198. Vereijken, B., van Emmerik, R., Whiting, H., and Newell, K., 1992, Free(z)ing degrees of freedom in skill acquisition. Journal of Motor Behavoir, 24: 133-142.
199. von der Malsburg, C., 2003, Self-organization and the brain. In M. Arbib (ed.) MIT Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).
200. Von Hofsten, C., 1993, Prospective control: a basic aspect of action development. Human Development, 36: 253-270.
201. Von Hofsten, C., Vishton, P., Spelke, E., Feng, G., and Rosander, K., 1998, Predictive action in infancy: head tracking and reaching for moving objects. Cognition, 67: 255-285.
202. Vygotsky, L., 1962, Thought and Language (Cambridge MA: MIT Press) (original work published in 1934).
203. Webb, B., 2001, Can robots make good models of biological behaviour? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24: 1033-1050.
204. Weng, J. (ed.), 2001, NSF/DARPA Workshop on Development and Learning (Cambridge MA).
205. Weng, J., Hwang, W., Zhang, Y., Yang, C., and Smith, R., 2000, Developmental humanoids: humanoids that develop skills automatically. In Proceedings of the 1st IEEE-RAS Conference on Humanoid Robots (Tokyo, Japan).
206. Weng, J., MCClelland, J., Pentland, A., Sporns, O., Stockman, I., Sur, M., and Thelen, E., 2001, Autonomous mental development by robots and animals. Science, 291: 599-600.
207. Westermann, G., 2000, Constructivist Neural Network Models of Cognitive Development, PhD thesis, Division of Informatics, University of Edinburgh.
208. Westermann, G., Lungarella, M., and Pfeifer, R., 2001, Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Developmental Embodied Cognition (Edinburgh).
209. Whiten, A., 2000, Primate culture and social learning. Cognitive Science, 24: 477-508.
210. Williamson, M., 1998, Neural control of rhythmic arm movements. Neural Networks, 11: 1379-1394.
211. Wolpert, D., Ghahramani, Z., and Flanagan, R., 2001, Perspectives and problems in motor learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5: 487-494.
212. Wolpert, D., Doya, K., and Kawato, M., 2003, A unifying computational framework for motor control and social interaction, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B, 358: 593-602.
213. Wood, D., Bruner, J., and Ross, G., 1976, The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17: 89-100.
214. Yoshikawa, Y., Asada, M., and Hosoda, K., 2004, A constructive model of mother-infant interaction towards infant's vowel acquisition. Connection Science (this special issue).
215. Zernicke, R., and Schneider, K., 1993, Biomechanics and developmental neuromotor control. Child Development, 64: 982-1004.
216. Ziemke, T., 2003, On the role of robot simulations in embodied cognitive science. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behavior, 1(4): 389.
217. Zlatev, J., and Balkenius, C., 2001, Introduction: Why 'epigenetic robotics'? In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Epigenetic Robotics (Lund, Sweden), pp. 1-4.