Melatonin

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 57-72

  Pévet, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG   (France)

Author keywords

Chronobiotic effect; Circadian function; Melatonin; Melatonin agonist; Melatonin antagonist; Melatonin receptor; S 20098; Seasonal function

Indexed keywords

4 PHENYL 2 ACETAMIDOTETRALINE; 4 PHENYL 2 PROPIONAMIDOTETRALINE; AGOMELATINE; IIK 7; KI 85; MELATONIN; MELATONIN RECEPTOR; MELATONIN RECEPTOR AGONIST; MELATONIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; N [2 (1 NAPHTHYL)ETHYL]CYCLOBUTANECARBOXAMIDE; N [2 (1 NAPHTHYL)ETHYL]CYCLOBUTYLCARBOXAMIDE; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; S 22153; SEROTONIN 2C ANTAGONIST; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CHRONOBIOLOGY; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE RELEASE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 17744401361     PISSN: 12948322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Shearman LP, Sriram S, Weaver DR, et al. Interacting molecular loops in the mammalian circadian clock. Science. 2000;288:1013-1019.
2. Reppert SM, Weaver DR. Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms. Annu Rev PhysioL 2001;63:647-676.
3. McCord CP, Allen FP. Evidence associating pineal gland function with alterations in pigmentation. J Exp Zool. 1917;23:207-224.
4. Lerner AB, Case JD, Takahashi Y. Isolation of melatonin, the melatonin gland factor that lightens melanocytes. J Am Chem Soc. 1958;80:2587.
5. Bartness T, Bittman EL, Hastings MH, Powers JB, Goldman B. Timed melatonin infusion paradigm for melatonin delivery: what has it taught us about the melatonin signal, its reception, and the photoperiodic control of seasonal responses? J Pineal Res. 1993;15:161-190.
6. Pévet P. Mélatonine et rythmes biologiques. Thérapie. 1998;53:411-420.
7. Moore RY. Neural control of the pineal gland. Behav Brain Res. 1996;73:125-130.
8. Teclemariam-Mesbah R, Ter Horst GJ, Postema F, Wortel J, Buijs RM. Anatomical demonstration of the suprachiasmatic nucleus-pineal pathway. J Comp Neurol. 1999;406:171-182.
9. Klein DC, Coon SL, Roseboom PH, et al. The melatonin rhythm-generating enzyme: molecular regulation of serotonin N-acetyltransferase in the pineal gland. Recent Pragr Horm Res. 1997;52:307-358.
10. Klein DC, Roseboom PH, Coon SL. New light is shining on the melatonin rhythm enzyme. The first postcloning view. Trends Endocrinol. 1996;7:106-112.
11. Ribelayga, Pévet P, Simonneaux V. Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase drives the photoperiodic changes in the melatonin peak amplitude in the pineal gland of the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Am J Physiol. 2000;278:R1339-R1345.
12. Pévet P, Balemans MGM, Bary FAM, Noodergraef EM. The pineal of the mole (Talpa europeae L.). V. Activity of hydroxyindole-O-methyltryptophol in the eyes and the pineal gland. Ann Biol Amin Biochem Biophys. 1978;18:259-264.
13. Tosini G, Menaker M. Circadian rhythms in cultured mammalian retina. Science. 1996;272:419-421.
14. Djeridane Y, Pitrosky B, Vivien-Roels B, Pévet P. Long-term melatonin infusion induces large and stable increase in N-acetyltransferase activity, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity and melatonin content in the Harderian gland and eye of pinealectomized male Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). J Pineal Res. 2000;29:65-73.
15. Vivien-Roels B, Pévet P. Melatonin: presence and formation in invertebrates. Experientia. 1993;49:642-647.
16. Hardeland R, Balzer I, Fuhrberg B, Behrmann G. Melatonin in unicellular organisms and plants. In: Tang PL, Pang SF, Reiter R, eds. Melatonin: An Universal Photoperiodic Signal with Diverse Actions. Frontiers Hormone Research. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 1996;21:1-6.
17. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Burkhardt S, Manchester LC. Melatonin in plants. Nutr Rev. 2001;59:286-290.
18. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Osuna C, Gitto E. Actions of melatonin in the reduction of oxidative stress. A review. J Biomed Sci. 2000;7:444-458.
19. Husson I, Mesples B, Bac P, Vamecq J, Evrard P, Gressens P. Melatoninergic neuroprotection of the murine periventricular white matter against neonatal excitotoxic challenge. Ann Neurol. 2002;51:82-92.
20. 3 as the quinone reductase 2. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:31311-31317.
21. Dubocovich ML. Melatonin is a potent modulator of dopamine release in the retina. Nature. 1983;306:782-784.
22. Grace MS, Cahill GM, Besharse JC. Melatonin deacetylation: retinal vertebrate class distribution and Xenopus laevis tissue destribution. Brain Res. 1991;559:56-63.
23. Cardinali DP. Molecular biology of melatonin: assessment of the "microtubule hypothesis of melatonin action." In: Birau N, Schloot W, eds. Melatonin Current Status and Perspectives. Oxford, UK: Pergamon; 1980:247-256.
24. Cardinali DP, Vacas MI, Boyer EE. Specific binding of melatonin in bovine brain Endocrinology 1979;105:437-441.
25. Niles LP, Wong YW, Mishra RK, Brown GM. Melatonin receptors in brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 1979;55:219-220.
26. Vacas MI, Cardinali DP. Binding sites for melatonin in bovine pineal gland. Horm Res. 1980;13:121-131.
27. 1H NMR spectroscopy. Anal Biochem. 1984;142:284-289.
28. 125I melatonin. FEBS Lett. 1986;197:9-12.
29. Vanecek J, Pavlik A, Illnerova H. Hypothalamic melatonin receptor sites revealed by autoradiography. Brain Res. 1987;435:359-362.
30. Dubocovich ML, Cardinali DP, Guardiola-Lemaître B, et al. In: The IUPHAR Compendium of Receptor Characterisation and Classification. London, UK: IUPHAR Media; 1998:187-193.
31. 2 melatonin receptor antagonists block melatonin-mediated phase advances of circadian rhythms. FASEB J. 1998;12:1211-1220.
32. Hunt AE, Al-Ghoul WM, Gillette MU, Dubocovich ML. Activation of MT(2) melatonin receptors in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus phase advances the circadian clock. Am J Physiol. 2001;280:C110-C118.
33. 125I]-iodomelatonin binding sites in Djungarian hamster brain. Endocrinology. 1989;125:1011-1018.
34. Dubocovich ML Pharmacology and function of melatonin receptors. FASEB J. 1988;2:2765-2773.
35. Ebisawa T, Karne S, Lerner MR, Reppert SM. Expression cloning of a high affinity melatonin receptor from Xenopus dermal melanophores. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:6133-613.
36. Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Ebisawa T. Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses. Neuron. 1994;13:1177-1185.
37. 1b-melatonin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:8734-8738.
38. 1a melatonin receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997;1356:299-307.
39. Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Cassone VM, Godson C, Kolakowski LF Jr. Melatonin receptors are for the birds: molecular analysis of two receptor subtypes differentially expressed in chick brain. Neuron. 1995;15:1003-1015.
40. Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Ebisawa T, Mahle CD, Kolakowski LF Jr. Cloning of a melatonin-related receptor from human pituitary. FEBS Lett. 1996;386:219C-224C.
41. Drew JE, Barrett P, Williams LM, Conway S, Morgan PJ. The ovine melatonin-related receptor: cloning and preliminary distribution and binding studies. J Neuroendocrinol. 1998;10:651-661.
42. Drew JE, Barrett P, Mercer JG, et al. Localization of the melatonin-related receptor in the rodent brain and peripheral tissues. J Neuroendocrinol. 2001;13:453-458.
43. Cassone VM, Natesan AK. Time and time again: the phylogeny of melatonin as a transducer of biological time. J Biol Rhythms. 1997;12:489-497.
44. Masson-Pévet M, George D, Kalsbeek A, Saboureau M, Lakhdar-Ghazal N, Pevet P. An attempt to correlate brain areas containing melatonin-binding sites with rhythmic functions: a study in five hibernator species. Cell Tiss Res. 1994;278:97-106.
45. Stankov B, Cozzi B, Lucini V, Fumagalli P, Scaglione F, Fraschini F. Characterization and mapping of melatonin receptors in the brain of three mammalian species: rabbit, horse and sheep. A comparative in vitro binding study. Neuroendocrinology. 1991;53:214-221.
46. Morgan PJ, Barrett P, Howell E, Helliwell R. Melatonin receptors: localization, molecular pharmacology and physiological significance. Neurochem Int. 1994;24:101-146.
47. Viswanathan M, Laitinen JT, Saavedra JM. Expression of melatonin receptor in arteries involved in thermoregulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:6200-6204.
48. Bucher B, Gauer F, Pévet P, Masson-Pévet M. Vasoconstrictor effect of various melatonin analogues on the rat tail artery in the presence of perilephrine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999;33:316-322.
49. Regrigny O, Delagrange P, Scalbert E, Atkinson J, Lartaud-Idjouadiene I. Melatonin improves cerebral circulation security margin in rats. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:H139-H144.
50. Drazen DL, Bilu D, Bilbo SD, Nelson RJ. Melatonin enhancement of splenocyte proliferation is attenuated by luzindole, a melatonin receptor antagonist. Am J Physiol Regut Integr Comp Physiol. 2001;280:R1476-R1482.
51. Brzezinski A, Fibich T, Cohen M, Schenker JG, Laufer N. Effects of melatonin on progesterone production by human granulosa lutein cells in culture. Fertil Steril. 1992;58:526-529.
52. Xi SC, Siu SW, Fong SW, Shiu SY. Inhibition of androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer growth in vivo by melatonin: association of antiproliferative action of the pineal hormone with mt1 receptor protein expression. Prostate. 2001;46:52-61.
53. Shiu SY, Xi SC, Xu JN, et al. Inhibition of malignant trophoblastic cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by melatonin. Life Sci. 2000;67:2059-2074.
54. Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Ebisawa T. Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses. Neuron. 1994;13:1177-1185.
55. Liu C, Weaver DR, Jin X, et al. Molecular dissection of two distinct actions of melatonin on the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron. 1997;19:91-102.
56. 1 melatonin receptor mRNA expression exhibits a circadian variation in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Brain Res. 2002. In press.
57. Sugden D. Effect of putative melatonin receptor antagonists on melatonin-induced pigment aggregation in isolated Xenopus laevis melanophores. Eur J PharmacoL 1992;213:405-408.
58. Morgan PJ, Barrett P, Hazlerigg D, et al. Melatonin receptors couple through a cholera toxin-sensitive mechanism to inhibit cyclic AMP in the ovine pituitary. J Neuroendocrinol. 1995;7:361-369.
59. Morgan PJ, Lawson W, Davidson G, Howell HE. Melatonin inhibits cyclic AMP in cultured ovine pars tuberalis cells. J Mol Endocrinol. 1989;S:R3-R8.
60. Vanecek J. Cellular mechanisms of melatonin action. Physiol Rev. 1998;78:687-721.
61. White BH, Sekuda RD, Rollag MD. Pertussis toxin blocks melatonin-induced pigment aggregation in dermal melanophores. J Comp Physiol B. 1987;157:153-157.
62. Abe K, Robison GA, Liddle GW, Butcher RW, Nicholson WE, Baird CE. Role of cyclic AMP in mediating the effects of MSH, norepinephrine, and melatonin on frog skin color. Endocrinology. 1969;85:674-682.
63. Carlson LL, Weaver DR, Reppert SM. Melatonin signal transduction in hamster brain: inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. Endocrinology. 1989;125:2670-2676.
64. McNulty S, Ross AW, Barrett P, Hastings MH, Morgan PJ. Melatonin regulates the phosphorylation of CREB in ovine pars tuberalis. J Neuroendocrinol. 1994;6:523-532.
65. Morgan PJ, Williams LM, Barrett P, et al. Differential regulation of melatonin receptors in sheep, chicken and lizard brains by cholera and pertussis toxins and guanine nucleotides. Neurochem Int. 1996;28:259-269.
66. Vanecek J, Vollrath L. Melatonin inhibits cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP accumulation in the rat pituitary. Brain Res. 1989;505:157-159.
67. 1a receptor. Neuroreport. 2000;11:1803-1807.
68. Hazlerigg DG, Gonzalez-Brito A, Lawson W, Hastings MH, Morgan PJ. Prolonged exposure to melatonin leads to time-dependent sensitization of adenylate cyclase and down-regulates melatonin receptors in pars tuberalis cells from ovine pituitary. Endocrinology. 1993;132:285-292.
69. Hazlerigg DG, Hastings MH, Morgan PJ. The recovery of ovine pars tuberalis cells from melatonin-induced sensitization is a slow, protein synthesis-dependent phenomenon. J Endocrinol. 1994;142:127-138.
70. Vanecek J, Klein DC. Mechanism of melatonin signal transduction in the neonatal rat pituitary. Neurochem Int. 1995;27:273-278.
71. McArthur AJ, Hunt AE, Gillette MU. Melatonin action and signal transduction in the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock: activation of protein kinase C at dusk and dawn. Endocrinology. 1997;138:627-634.
72. Godson C, Reppert SM. The Mel(la) melatonin receptor is coupled to parallel signal transduction pathway. Endocrinology. 1997;138:397-404.
73. 1a melatonin receptors via G(i2), G(i3), and G(q/11) proteins. Mol Endocrinol. 1999;13:2025-2038.
74. Roka F, Brydon L, Waldhoer M, et al. Tight association of the human Mel(1a)-melatonin receptor and G(i): precoupling and constitutive activity. Mol Pharmacol. 1999;56:1014-1024.
75. 1b melatonin receptors through the cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate pathway. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999;58:633-639.
76. Masana MI, Dubocovich ML. Melatonin receptor signalling: finding the path through the dark. Sci STKE. 2001;107:1-5.
77. von Gall C, Stehle JH, Weaver DR. Mammalian melatonin receptors: molecular biology and signal transduction. Cell Tiss Res. 2002. In press.
78. Drijfhout WJ, de Vries JB, Homan EJ, et al. Novel non-indolic melatonin receptor agonists differentially entrain endogenous melatonin rhythm and increase its amplitude. EurJ Pharmacol. 1999;382:157-166.
79. Behrens UD, Douglas RH, Sugden D, Davies DJ, Wagner HJ. Effect of melatonin agonists and antagonists on horizontal cell spinule formation and dopamine release in a fish retina. Cell Tiss Res. 2000;299:299-306.
80. Ting KN, Dunn WR, Davies DJ, et al. Studies on the vasoconstrictor action of melatonin and putative melatonin receptor ligands in the tail artery of juvenile Wistar rats. Br J Pharmacol. 1997;122:1299-1306.
81. Duranti E, Stankov B, Spadoni G, et al. 2-Bromomelatonin: synthesis and characterization of a potent melatonin agonist. Life Sci. 1992;51:479-485.
82. 1b recombinant subtypes are used to assess the pharmacological profile of the rabbit retina ML1 presynaptic heteroreceptor. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1997;355:365-375.
83. Browning C, Beresford I, Fraser N, Giles H. Pharmacological characterization of human recombinant melatonin mt(1) and MT(2) receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2000;129:877-886.
84. Teh MT, Sugden D.The putative melatonin receptor antagonist GR128107 is a partial agonist on Xenopus laevis melanophores. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;126:1237-1245.
85. Weibel L, Rettori MC, Lesieur D, Delagrange P, Renard P, Van Reeth O. A single oral dose of S 22153, a melatonin antagonist, blocks the phase-advancing effects of melatonin in C3H mice. Brain Res. 1999;829:160-166.
86. Beresford IJ, Browning C, Starkey SJ, et al. GR196429: a nonindolic agonist at high-affinity melatonin receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998;285:1239-1245.
87. 2-antagonist properties. J Pineal Res. 2000;29:234-240.
88. Sugden D, Yeh LK, Teh MT. Design of subtype selective melatonin receptor agonists and antagonists. Reprod Nutr Dev 1999;39:335-344.
89. Stankov B, Gervasoni M, Scaglione F, et al. Primary pharmaco-toxicological evaluation of 2-iodomelatonin, a potent melatonin agonist. Life Sci. 1993;S3:1357-1365.
90. Lotufo CM, Lopes C, Dubocovich ML, Farsky SH, Markus RP. Melatonin and N-acetylserotonin inhibit leukocyte rolling and adhesion to rat microcirculation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001;430:351-357.
91. Bonnefond C, Monnerie R, Richard JP, Martinet L. Melatonin and the circadian clock in mink: effects of daily injections of melatonin on circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and autoradiographic localization of melatonin binding sites. J Neuroendocrinol. 1993;5:241-246.
92. Conway S, Drew JE, Mowat ES, Barrett P, Delagrange P, Morgan PJ. Chimeric melatonin mt1 and melatonin-related receptors. Identification of domains and residues participating in ligand binding and receptor activation of the melatonin mt1 receptor. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:20602-20609.
93. Ying SW, Zhang DX, Rusak B. Effects of serotonin agonists and melatonin on photic responses of hamster intergeniculate leaflet neurons. Brain Res. 1993;628:8-16.
94. Delagrange P, Ting KN, Kopp C, et al. In vitro and in vivo antagonist properties of S 22153, a new melatonin ligand. Fund Clin Pharmacol. 1999;13:253.
95. Wehr TA. Photoperiodism in humans and other primates: evidence and implications. J Biol Rhythms. 2001;16:348-364.
96. Pitrosky B, Kirsch R, Vivien-Roels B, Georg-Bentz I, Canguilhem B, Pévet P. The photoperiodic response in Syrian hamster depends upon a melatonin-driven circadian rhythm of sensitivity melatonin. J Neuroendocrinol. 1995;7:889-895.
97. Gauer F, Masson-Pevet M, Stehle J, Pevet P. Daily variations in melatonin receptor density of rat pars tuberalis and suprachiasmatic nuclei are distinctly regulated. Brain Res. 1994;641:92-98.
98. Masson-Pévet M, Gauer F. Seasonality and melatonin receptors in the pars tuberalis in some long day breeder. In: Brown GM, Pévet P, Pang SF, eds. Melatonin Binding Sites in Endocrine and Immune Systems. (Biological Signals, Vol 3.) Basel, Switzerand: Karger; 1994;3:63-70.
99. Lincoln GA, Clarke IJ. Photoperiodically induced cycles in secretion of prolactin in hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected ram: evidence for translation of the melatonin signal in the pituitary gland. J Neuroendocrinol 1994;6:251-260.
100. Morgan PJ, Webster CA, Mercier JG. The ovine pars tuberalis secretes a factor(s) that regulates gene expression in both lactotropic and non lactotropic pituitary cells. Endocrinology 1996;137:4018-4026.
101. Morgan PJ. The pars tuberalis: the missing link in the photoperiodic regulation of prolactin secretion? J Neuroendocrinol. 2000;12:287-295.
102. Morgan PJ, Ross AW, Graham ES, Adam C, Messager S, Barrett P. oPer1 is an early response gene under photoperiodic regulation in the ovine pars tuberalis. J Neuroendocrinol. 1998;10:319-323.
103. Messager S, Garabette ML, Hastings MH, Hazlerigg DG. Tissue-specific abolition of Per1 expression in the pars tuberalis by pinealectomy in the Syrian hamster. Neuroreport. 2001;12:1-4.
104. Messager S, Hazlerigg DG, Mercer JG, Morgan PJ. Photoperiod differentially regulates the expression of Per1 and ICER in the pars tuberalis and the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Siberian hamster. Eur J Neurosci. 2000;12:2865-2870.
105. Messager S, Ross AW, Barrett F, Morgan PJ. Decoding photoperiodic time through Per1 and ICER gene amplitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:9938-9943.
106. Sun ZS, Albrecht U, Zhuchenko O, Bailey J, Eichele G, Lee CC. RIGUI, a putative mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila period gene. Cell. 1997;90:1003-1011.
107. Stehle JH, von Gall C, Korf HW. The role of melatonin in the circadian system of mice. Cell Tiss Res. 2002. In press.
108. Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, O'Brien JA, Ebling FJ, Maywood ES, Hastings MH. The circadian cycle of mPER clock gene products in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Siberian hamster encodes both daily and seasonal time. Eur J Neurosci. 2000;12:2856-2864.
109. von Gall C, Garabette ML, Kell CA, et al. Rhythmic gene expression in pituitary depends on heterologous sensitization by the neurohormone melatonin. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5:234-238.
110. Hazlerigg DG, Morgan PJ, Messager S. Decoding photoperiodic time and melatonin in mammals: what can we learn from the pars tuberalis? J Biol Rhythms. 2001;16:326-335.
111. Maywood ES, Hastings MH. Lesions of the iodomelatonin binding sites of the medio-basal hypothalamus block the gonadotrophic, but spare the lactotrophic response of the male Syrian hamster to short photoperiod and melatonin. Endocrinology. 1995;136:144-153.
112. Maywood ES, Bittman EL, Hastings MH. Lesions of the melatonin- and androgen-responsive tissue of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus block the gonadal response of male Syrian hamsters to programmed infusions of melatonin. Biol Reprod. 1996;S4:470-477.
113. Malpaux B, Migaud M, Tricoire H, Chemineau P. Biology of mammalian photoperiodism and the critical role of the pineal gland and melatonin. J Biol Rhythms. 2001;16:336-347.
114. LeGouic S, Delagrange P, Atgie C, et al. Effects of both a melatonin agonist and antagonist on seasonal changes in body mass and energy intake in the garden dormouse. Int J Obes. 1996;20:661-667.
115. Kopp C, Vogel E, Rettori MC, et al. Regulation of emotional behaviour by day length in mice: implication of melatonin. Behav Pharmacol. 1999;10:747-752.
116. 2 receptor ligand, on the neophobia-reducing properties of melatonin in BALB/c mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999;64:131-136.
117. Cassone VM. Melatonin and suprachiasmatic nucleus functions. In: Klein DC, Moore RY, Reppert SM, eds. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1991:309-323.
118. Underwood H, Goldman BD. Vertebrate circadian and photoperiodic systems: role of the pineal gland and melatonin. J Biol Rhythms. 1987;2:279-315.
119. Buijs RM, Kalsbeek A. Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2:521-526.
120. Kramer A, Yang FC, Snodgrass P, et al. Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signaling. Science. 2001;294:2511-2515.
121. Lima FB, Machado UF, Bartol I, et al. Pinealectomy causes glucose intolerance and decreases adipose cell responsiveness to insulin in rats. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:E934-E941.
122. Armstrong SM. Melatonin: the interval Zeitgeber of mammals. In: Reiter RJ, ed. Pineal Research Review Vol 7. New York, NY: Liss; 1989:157-202.
123. Rusak B, Yu GD. Regulation of melatonin-sensitivity and firing-rate rhythms of hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons: pinealectomy effects. Brain Res. 1993;602:200-204.
124. 14C]glucose uptake within rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Am J Physiol. 1988;255:R332-R337.
125. Cardinali DP, Pévet P. Basic aspects of melatonin action. Sleep Med Rev. 1998;2:175-190.
126. 1 (Mel 1a) is associated with melatonin-induced enhancement of cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Neuroendocrinology. 2001;74:178-184.
127. Gauer F, Masson-Pévet M, Skene DJ, Vivien-Roels B, Pévet P. Daily rhythms of melatonin binding sites in the rat pars tuberalis and suprachiasmatic nuclei; evidence for a regulation of melatonin receptors by melatonin itself. Neuroendocrinology. 1993;57:120-126.
128. Gauer F, Masson-Pévet M, Pévet P. Seasonal regulation of melatonin receptors in rodents pars tuberalis: correlation to reproductive state. J Neural Transm. 1994;96:187-195.
129. Weaver DR. Melatonin and circadian rhythmicity in vertebrates: physiological roles and pharmacological effects. In: Turek FW, Zee PC, eds. Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1999:197-262.
130. Redman J, Armstrong S, Ng KT. Free-running activity rhythms in the rat: entrainment by melatonin. Science. 1983;219:1089-1091.
131. Hastings MH, Mead SM, Vindlacheruvu RR, Ebling FJ, Maywood ES, Grosse J. Non-photic phase shifting of the circadian activity rhythm of Syrian hamsters: the relative potency of arousal and melatonin. Brain Res. 1992;591:20-26.
132. 7 receptor agonist, on locomotor activity in golden hamster in constant darkness. Neurosci Lett. 1996;210:1-4.
133. Slotten HA, Pitrosky B, Pévet P. Influence of the mode of daily melatonin administration on entrainment of rat circadian rhythms. J Biol Rhythms, 1999;14:347-353.
134. Kirsch R, Belgnaoui S, Gourmelen S, Pévet P. Daily melatonin infusion entrains free-running activity in Syrian and Siberian hamsters. In: Wettenberg L, ed. Light and Biological Rhythm in Man. New York, NY: Pergamon; 1993:107-120.
135. Pitrosky B, Kirsch R, Malan A, Mocaer E, Pévet P. Organization of rat circadian rhythms during daily infusion of melatonin or S 20098, a melatonin agonist. Am J Physiol. 1999;277:R812-R828.
136. Redman JR, Armstrong SM. Reentrainment of rat circadian activity rhythms: effects of melatonin. J Pineal Res. 1988;5:203-215.
137. Slotten HA, Krekling S, Sicard B, Pévet P. Daily administration of melatonin entrains circadian activity rhythms in the diurnal rodent Arvicanthis ensorgei. Behav Brain Res. 2002. In press.
138. Moore-Ede MC, Sulzman FM, Fuller CA. The Clocks that Time us - Physiology of the Circadian Timing System, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1982.
139. Pittendrigh CS. Circadian systems: entrainment. In: Aschoff J ed, Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1981:95-124.
140. Slotten HA, Pitrosky B, Pévet P. Entrainment of circadian activity rhythms in rats to melatonin administered at T cycles different from 24 hours. NeuroSignals. 2002. In press.
141. Armstrong SM, Thomas EMV, Chesworth MJ. Melatonin induced phase-shifts of rat circadian rhythms. In: Reiter RJ, Pang SF, eds. Advances in Pineal Research. Vol 3. London, UK: John Libbey; 1989:265-270.
142. Warren WS, Hodges DB, Cassone VM. Pinealectomized rats entrain and phase-shift to melatonin injections in a dose-dependent manner. J Biol Rhythms. 1993;8:233-245.
143. Enright JT. Methodology. In: Aschoff J, ed. Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology. Vol 4. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1981;11-19.
144. Cassone VM, Chesworth MJ, Armstrong SM. Dose-dependent entrainment of rat circadian rhythms by daily injection of melatonin. J Biol Rhythms. 1986;1:219-229.
145. Pitrosky B, Masson-Pévet M, Kirsch R, Vivien-Roels B, Canguilhem B, Pévet P. Effects of different doses and durations of melatonin infusions on plasma melatonin concentrations in pinealectomized Syrian hamsters: consequences at the level of sexual activity. J Pineal Res. 1991;11:149-155.
146. Gillette MU, McArthur AJ. Circadian actions of melatonin at the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Behav Brain Res. 1996;73:135-139.
147. Gauer F, Schuster C, Poirel VJ, Pévet P, Masson-Pévet M. Cloning experiments and developmental expression of both melatonin receptor MellA mRNA and melatonin binding sites in the Syrian hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei. Mol Brain Res. 1998;60:193-202.
148. Maywood ES, Bittman EL, Ebling FJ, Barrett P, Morgan P, Hastings MH. Regional distribution of iodomelatonin binding sites within the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster and the Siberian hamster. J Neuroendocrinol 1995;7:215-223.
149. Davis FC, Mannion J. Entrainment of hamster pup circadian rhythms by prenatal melatonin injections to the mother. Am J Physiol. 1988;255:R439-R448.
150. Grosse J, Velickovic A, Davis FC. Entrainment of Syrian hamster circadian activity rhythms by neonatal melatonin injections. Am J Physiol. 1996;270:R533-R540.
151. Schuhler S, Pitrosky B, Kirsch R, Pévet P. Entrainment of locomotor activity rhythm in pinealectomized Syrian hamster by daily melatonin infusion under different conditions. Behav Brain Res. 2002. In press.
152. 1b receptor is not necessary for circadian or reproductive responses in Siberian hamsters. Mol Endocrinol. 1996;10:1478-1487.
153. 1-dopamine agonist SKF 38393 to pregnant hamsters sets the offsprings' circadian rhythms to phases. 180 degrees apart. J Comp Physiol A. 1997;180:339-346.
154. van den Top M, Buijs RM, Ruijter M, Delagrange P, Spanswick D, Hermes MLHJ. Melatonin generates an outward potassium current in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in vitro independent of their circadian rhythm. Neuroscience. 2001;107:99-108.
155. Cardinali DP, Nagle CA, Freire F, Rosner JM. Effects of melatonin on neurotransmitter uptake and release by synaptosome-rich homogenates of the rat hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology. 1975;18:72-85.
156. Miguez JM, Simonneaux V, Pévet P. Evidence for a regulatory role of melatonin on serotonin release and uptake in the pineal gland. J Neuroendocrinol. 1995;7:949-956.
157. Slotten HA, Pitrosky B, Pévet P. Entrainment of rat circadian rhythms by melatonin does not depend on the serotonergic afferents to the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Brain Res. 2000;876:10-16.
158. Dugovic C, Leysen JE, Wauquier A. Melatonin modulates the sensitivity of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 receptor-mediated sleep-wakefulness regulation in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 1989;104:320-325.
159. Eison AS, Freeman RP, Guss VB, Mullins UL, Wright RN. Melatonin agonists modulate 5-HT2A receptor-mediated neurotransmission: behavioral and biochemical studies in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995;273:304-308.