Occupational exposure to endocrine disrupters chemicals: State of the art;Esposizione professionalle a distruttori endocrini: Stato dell'arte

Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 171-179

  Papaleo, Bruno ^a   Caporossi, L ^a   De Rosa, M ^a   Chiovato, L ^b   Ferrari, M ^b   Imbriani, M ^b   Signorini, S ^a   Pera, A ^a  

^a ISPESL   (Italy)

^b IRCCS   (Italy)

Author keywords

EDC; Endocrine disrupters chemicals; Occupational exposure; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

4,4' ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL; ALKYLPHENOL; CHLORPHENOTANE; DIOXIN; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER CHEMICAL; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL; FUNGICIDE; IMIDAZOLE; METAL; ORGANOCHLORINE DERIVATIVE; PESTICIDE; PHTHALIC ACID; PHYTOESTROGEN; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN; STYRENE; THIOCARBAMIC ACID DERIVATIVE; TRIAZINE; TRIAZOLE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XENOBIOTIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL WASTE; DOSIMETRY; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HUMAN; ITALY; MALE GENITAL SYSTEM DISEASE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MENTAL HEALTH; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; THYROID DISEASE; WORK ENVIRONMENT; ADULT; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG EFFECT; ENDOCRINE GLAND; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; FORECASTING; GENITAL SYSTEM; INFERTILITY; MALE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE; POLLUTION; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; THYROID GLAND;

ADULT; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; ENDOCRINE GLANDS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; FEMALE; FORECASTING; GENITALIA; HUMANS; INFERTILITY; MALE; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REPRODUCTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAMPLING STUDIES; THYROID GLAND; XENOBIOTICS;

EID: 16544385473     PISSN: 15927830     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Kavlock RJ. Overview of Endocrine Disruptor Research Activity in the United States. Chemosphere 1999, 39(8): 1227-1236.
2. Endocrine Disrupters Website - How the European Commission uses the precautionary principle to tackle endocrine. europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ endocrine.
3. European Commision 2001, European Workshop on Endocrine Disruptors, Aronsborg 18-20 June 2001.
4. Vandelac L. Perturbateurs endocriniens: environnement, santé, politiques et principe de précaution. Bull Acad Natle Méd 2000, 184(7): 1477-1490.
5. Hutchinson TH, Brown R, Brugger KE, Campbell PM, Holt M, Länge R, McCahon P, Tattersfield LJ, van Egmond R. Ecological risk assessment of endocrine disruptors. Environ Health Perspect 2000, 108(11): 1007-1014.
6. Borgioli A. L'inquinamento ambientale da sostanze nocive per il sistema ormonale: i distruttori endocrini (endocrine disruptors, EDs). Ig Sanita Pubbl 2000, LVI 3-4: 263-272.
7. Romanowicz K, Misztal T, Barcikowski B. Genistein, a phytoestrogen, effectively modulates luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion in ovariectomized ewes during seasonal anestrus. Neuroendocrinology 2004, 79(2): 73-81.
8. Kanno S, Hirano S, Kayama F. Effects of phytoestrogens and environmental estrogens on osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Toxicology 2004, 196(1-2): 137-45.
9. Harris RM, Wood DM, Bottomley L, Blagg S, Owen K, Hughes PJ, Waring RH, Kirk CJ. Phytoestrogens are potent inhibitors of estrogen sulfation: implications for breast cancer risk and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 89(4): 1779-87.
10. Johansson M, Nilsson S, Lund BO. Interactions between Methylsulfonyl PCBs and the Glucorticoid Receptor. Environ Health Perspect 1998, 106(12): 769-772.
11. Machala M, Blaha L, Lehmler HJ, Pliskova M, Majkova Z, Kapplova P, Sovadinova I, Vondracek J, Malmberg T, Robertson LW. Toxicity of hydroxylated and quinoid PCB metabolites: inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication and activation of aryl hydrocarbon and estrogen receptors in hepatic and mammary cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2004, 17(3): 340-7.
12. Salama J, Chakraborty TR, Ng L, Gore AC. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on estrogen receptor-beta expression in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111(10): 1278-82.
13. Aoki Y. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychloronated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans as endocrine disrupters - What we have learned from Yusho Disease. Environmental Research Section A 2001, 86: 2-11.
14. Shade L, Beger RD, Wilkes JG. The use of carbon thirteen nuclear magnetic resonance spectra to predict dioxin and furan binding affinities to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Environ Toxicol Chem 2003, 22(3): 501-9.
15. Okubo T, Suzuki T, Yokoyama Y, Kano K, Kano I. Estimation of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities of some phtalate diesters and monoesters by MCF-7 cell proliferation assay in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull 2003, 26(8): 1219-24.
16. Borch J, Ladefoged O, Hass U, Vinggaard AM. Steroidogenesis in fetal male rats is reduced by DEHP and DINP, but endocrine effects of DEHP are not modulated by DEHA in fetal, prepubertal and adult male rats. Reprod Toxicol 2004, 18(1): 53-61.
17. Von Sal F, Cooke PS, Buchanan DL, Palanza P, Thayer KA, Nage SC, Stetano P, Welshons WV. A physiologically based approach to the study of bis-phenol A and other estrogenic chemicals on the size of reproductive organs, daily sperm production, and behaviour. Toxicol Ind Health 199814: 239-260.
18. Fujimoto Y, Sakuma S, Nishiwaki Y, Ikeda M, Fujita T. Effects of endocrine disruptors on arachidonic acid metabolism in rabbit platelets. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003, 189(2): 96-9.
19. Kwack SJ, Kwon O, Kim HS, Kim SS, Kim SH, Sohn KH, Lee RD, Park CH, Jeung EB, An BS, Park KL. Comparative evaluation of alkylphenolic compuonds on estrogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2002, 65(5-6): 419-31.
20. Walsh LP, Stocco DM. Effects of lindane on steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression. Biol Reprod 2000, 63(4): 1024-33.
21. Rawlings NC, Cook SJ, Waldbilling D. Effects of the pesticides carbofuran, chlopyrifos, dimethoate, lindane, triallate, trifluralin, 2,4-D, and pentachlorophenol on the metabolic endocrine and reproductive endocrine system in ewes. J Toxicol Environ Health A 1998, 54(1): 21-36.
22. Sarkar R, Mohanakumar KP, Chowdhury M. Effects of an organophosphate pesticide, quinalphos, on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in adult male rats. J Reprod Fertil 2000, 118(1): 29-38.
23. Scippo ML, Argiris C, Van De Weerdt C, Muller M, Willemsen P, Martial J, Maghuin-Rogister G. Recombinant human estrogen, androgen and progesterone receptors for detection of potential endocrine disruptors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004, 378(3): 664-9.
24. Sanderson JT, Boerma J, Lansbergen GW, van der Berg M. Induction and inhibition of aromatase (CYP19) activity by various classes of pesticides in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002, 182(1): 44-54.
25. Morinaga H, Yanase T, Nomura M, Okabe T, Goto K, Harada N, Nawata H. A benzimidazole fungicide, benomyl, and its metabolite, carbendazim, induce aromatase activity in a human ovarian granulose-like tumor cell line (KGN). Endocrinology 2004, 145(4): 1860-9.
26. Vinggaard AM, Nellemann C, Dalgaard M, Jorgensen EB, Andersen HR. Antiandrogenic effects in vitro and in vivo of the fungicide prochloraz. Toxicol Sci 2002, 69(2): 334-53.
27. Walsh LP, Webster DR, Stocco DM. Dimethoate inhibits steroidogenesis by disrupting transcription of the steroidogenic acute regolatory (StAR) gene. Endocrinology 2000, 167(2): 253-63.
28. Sohoni P, Lefevre PA, Ashby J, Sumpter JP. Possible androgenic/anti- androgenic activity of the insecticide fenitrothion. J Appl Toxicol 2001, 21(3): 173-8.
29. Martin MB, Reiter R, Pham T, Avellanet YR, Camara J, Lahm M, Pentecost E, Pratap K, Gilmore BA, Divekar S, Dagata RS, Bull JL, Stoica A. Estrogen-like activity of metals in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 2003, 144(6): 2425-36.
30. Choe SY, Kim SJ, Kim HG, Lee JH, Choi Y, Lee H, Kim Y. Evaluation of estrogenicity of major heavy metals. Sci Total Environ 2003, 312(1-3): 15-21.
31. Tchernitchin NN, Clavero A, Mena MA, Unda C, Villagra R, Cumsille M, Tchernitchin AN. Effect of chronic exposure to lead on estrogen action in the prepubertal rat uterus. Environ Toxicol 2003, 18(4): 268-77.
32. Sharara FI, Seifer DB, Flaws JA. Environmental toxicants and female reproduction. Fertility and Sterility 1998, 70(4): 613-622.
33. Nakaia N, Murata M, Nagahama M, Hirase T, Tanaka M, Fujikawa T, Nakao N, Nakashima K, Kawanishi S. Oxidative DNA damage induced by toluene is involved in its male reproductive toxicity. Free Radic Res 2003, 37(1): 69-76.
34. Brown NA, Lamb JC, Brown SM, Neat BH. A review of the developmental and reproductive toxicity of styrene. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2000, 32(3): 228-47.
35. Fenner-Crisp PA. Endocrine Modulators: Risk Characterization and Assessment. Toxicologic Pathology 2000, 28(3): 438-440.
36. Ansar Ahmed S. The immune system as a potential target for environmental estrogens (endocrine disrupters): a new emerging field. Toxicology 2000, 150: 191-206.
37. Tilson HA. Develpmental Neurotoxicology of endocrine disruptors and pesticides: Identification of information gaps and research needs. Environ Health Per 1998, 106(3): 807-811.
38. Mayani A, Barel S, Soback S, Almagor M. Dioxin concentrations in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 1997, 12: 373-5.
39. Fein GG, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Schwartz PM, Fowler JK. Prenetal exposure to Polychlorinated biphenyls: effects on birth size and gestional age. J Pediatr 1984, 105: 315-20.
40. Hauser R, Altshul L, Chen Z, Ryan L, Overstreet J, Schiff I, Christiani DC. Environmental Organochlorines and Semen Quality: Results of a pilot study. Environ Health Perspect 2002, 110(3): 229-233.
41. Safe SH. Endocrine Disruptors and Human health - Is There a Problem? An Update. Environ Health Perspect 2000, 108(6): 487-493.
42. Bohannon AD, Cooper GS, Wolff MS, Meier DE. Exposure to 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDT) in relation to bone mineral density and rate of bone loss in menopausal women. Arch Environ Health 2000, 55(6): 386-390.
43. Johnson RA, Harris RE, Wilke RA. Are pesticides really endocrine disruptors?. WMJ 2000, 99(8): 34-8.
44. Guillette LJ Jr. Organochlorine pesticides as endocrine disruptors in wildlife. Cent Eur J Public Health 2000, 8 suppl.: 34-5.
45. Hayes TB, Collins A, Lee M, Mendoza M, Noriega N, Stuart AA, Vonk A. Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 16, 99(8): 5476-80.
46. Baatrup E, Junge M. Antiandrogenic pesticides disrupt sexual characteristics in the adult male guppy Poecilia reticulate. Environ Health Perspect 2001, 109(10): 1063-70.
47. Singleton DW, Khan SA. Xenoestrogen exposure and mechanisms of endocrine disruption. Front Biosci 2003, 1; 8: S110-8.
48. Akingbemi BT, Hardy MP. Oestrogenic and antiandrogenic chemicals in the environment: effects on male reproductive health. Ann Med 2001, 33(6): 391-403.
49. Sultan C, Balaguer P, Terouanne B, Georget V, Paris F, Jeandel C, Lumbroso S, Nicolas J. Environmental xenoestrogens, antiandrogens and disorders of male sexual differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001, 10, 178(1-2): 99-105.
50. Hodges LC, Bergerson JS, Hunter DS, Walker CL. Estrogenic effects of organochlorine pesticides on uterine leiomyoma cells in vitro. Toxicol Sci 2000, 54(2): 355-64.
51. Garey J, Wolff MS. Estrogenic and antiprogestagenic activities of pyrethroid insecticides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998, 29, 251(3): 855-9.
52. Bell EM, Hertz-Picciotto I, Beaumont JJ. A Case-Control Study of Pesticides and Fetal death due to congenital anomalies. Epidemiology 2001, 12(2): 148-156.
53. Quesada I, Fuentes E, Viso Leon MC, Soria B, Ripoll C, Nadal A. Low doses of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol-A and the native hormone 17-estradiol rapidly activate transcription factor CREB. FASEB 2002, 16: 1671-1673.
54. Takeuchi T, Tsutsumi O. Serum bisphenol A concentrations showed Gender differences, possibly linked to Androgen Levels. Biochem Biophys Research Comm 2002, 291: 76-78.
55. Schönfelder G, Werner W, Hopp H, Talsness CE, Paul M, Chahoud I. Parent Bisphenol A Accumulation in the Human Maternal-Fetal-Placental Unit. Environ Health Perspect 2002, 110(11): A703-A707.
56. Peknicova J, Kyselova V, Buckiova D, Boubelik M. Effect of an Endocrine Disruptor on Mammalian Fertility. Application of Monoclonal Antibodies against Sperm Proteins as Markers for Testing Sperm Damage. Am J Reprod Immunol 2002, 47: 311-318.
57. B.J:Davis, R.R:Maronpot, J:J:Heindel. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phtalate suppresses estradiol and ovulation in cycling rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994, 128: 216-223.
58. van Wezel AP, van Vlaardingen P, Posthumus R, Crommentuijn GH, Sijm DT. Environmental risk limits for two phthalates, with special emphasis on endocrine disruptive properties. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2000, 46(3): 305-321.
59. Akingbemi BT, Ge R, Klinefelter GR, Zirkin BR, Hardy MP. Phtalate-induced Leyding cell hyperplasia is associated with multiple endocrine disturbances. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 20-101(3): 775-80.
60. Fischer JS. Environmental anti-androgens and male reproductive health: focus on phtalates and testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Reproduction 2004, 127(3): 305-15.
61. Latini G, Felice C, Presta G, Del Vecchio A, Parisi I, Ruggeri F, Mazzeo P. Exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in humans during pregnancy. A preliminary report. Biol Neonate 2003, 83(1): 22-4.
62. Adibi JJ, Perera FP, Jedrychowski W, Camann DE, Barr D, Jacek R, Whyatt RM. Prenetal exposure to phthalates among women in New York city and Krakow, Poland. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111(14): 1719-22.
63. Pant N, Upadhyay G, Pandey S, Mathur N, Saxena DK, Srivastava SP. Lead and Cadmium concentration in the seminal plasma of man in the general population: correlation with sperm quality. Reprod Toxicol 2003, 17(4): 447-450.
64. Hjollund NH, Bond JP, Jensen TK, Ernst E, Henriksen TB, Kolstad HA, Giwercman A, Skakkebaek NE, Olsen J. Semen quality and sex hormones with reference to metal welding. Reprod Toxicol 1998 12(2): 91-95.
65. Clarkson TW, Magos L, Myers GJ. The toxicology of mercury - current exposures and clinical manifestations. N Engl J Med 2003, 349(18): 1731-1737.
66. Ohno K, Azuma Y, Date K, Nakano S, Kobayashi T, Nagao Y, Yamada T. Evaluation of styrene oligomers eluted from polystyrene for estrogenicity in estrogen receptor binding assay, reporter gene assay, and uterotrophic assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2003, 41(1): 131-41.
67. Date K, Ohno K, Azuma Y, Hirano S, Kobayashi T, Sakurai T, Nobuhara Y, Yamada T. Endocrine-disrupting effects of styrene oligomers that migrated from polystyrene containers into food. Food Chem Toxicol 2002, 40(1): 65-75.
68. Kitamura S, Ohmegi M, Sanoh S, Sugihara K, Yoshihara S, Fujimoto N, Ohta S. Estrogenic activity of styrene oligomers after metabolic activation by rat liver microsomes. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111(3): 329-34.
69. Ohyama KI, Nagai F, Tsuchiya Y. Certain styrene oligomers have proliferative activity on MCF-7 human breast tumor cells and binding affinity for human estrogen receptor. Environ Health Perspect 2001, 109(7): 699-703.
70. Romanowicz K, Misztal T, Barcikowski B. Genistein, a phytoestogen, effectively modulates luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion in ovariectomized ewes during seasonal anestrus. Neuroendocrinology 2004, 79(2): 73-81.
71. Masutomi N, Shibutani M, Takagi H, Uneyama C, Hirose M. Dietary influence on the impact of ethinylestradiol-induced alterations in the endocrine/reproductive system with perinatal maternal exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2004, 18(1): 23-33.
72. Degen GH, Bolt HM. Endocrine disruptors: update on xenoestrogens. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2000, 73: 433-441.
73. Petrelli G, Musti M, Figà-Talamanca I. Esposizione a Pesticidi in serra e fertilità maschile. G Ital Med Lav Erg 2000, 22(4): 291-295.
74. Arbuckle TE, Savitz DA, Mery LS, Curtis KM. Exposure to Phenoxy herbicides and the risk of spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology 1999, 10(6): 752-760.
75. Petrelli G, Lauria L, Figà-Talamanca I. Esposizioni occupazionali e fertilità maschile. Risultati di uno studio multicentrico tra popolazioni esposte. Med Lav 2001, 92(5): 307-313.
76. Figà-Talamanca I, Traina ME, Urbani E. Occupational exposures to metals, solvents and pesticides: recent evidence on male reproductive effects and biological markers. Occup Med 2001, 51(3): 174-188.
77. Figà-Talamanca I, Petrelli G, Tropeano R, Papa G, Boccia G. Fertilità of male workers of the Italian mint. Reprod Toxicol 2000, 14: 325-330.
78. Bonde JPE, Joffe M, Danscher G, Apostoli P, Bisanti L, Giwercman A, Kolstad HA, Thonneau P, Roeleveld N, Vanhoorne M. Objectives, design and populations of European Asclepios study on occupational hazards to male reproductive capability. Scand J Work Environ Health 1999, 25 suppl 1: 49-61.
79. Kolstad HA, Bonde JP, Spano M, Giwercman A, Zschiesche W, Kaae D, Larsen SB, Roeleveld N. Change in semen quality and sperm chromatin structure following occupational styrene exposure. ASCLEPIOS.. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1999, 72(3): 135-41.
80. Kolstad HA, Bonde JP, Spano M, Giwercman A, Zschiesche W, Kaae D, Roeleveld N. Sperm chromatin structure and semen quality following occupational styrene exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health 1999, 25 suppl 1: 70-73.
81. Kolstad HA, Bisanti L, Roeleveld N, Baldi R, Bonde JP, Joffe M. Time to pregnancy among male workers of the reinforced plastics industry in Denmark, Italy and Netherlands. ASCLEPIOS. Scand J Work Environ Health 2000, 26(4): 353-8.
82. Kolstad HA, Bisanti L, Roeleveld N, Bonde JP, Joffe M. Time to pregnancy for men occupationally exposed to styrene in several European reinforsed plastics companies. ASCLEPIOS. Scand J Work Environ Health 1999, 25 suppl 1: 66-9.
83. Harkonen K, Viitanen T, Larsen SB, Bonde JP, Lahdetie J. Aneuploidy in sperm and exposure to fungicides and lifestyle factors. ASCLEPIOS. A European concerted action on occupational hazards to male reproductive capability. Environ Mol Mutagen 1999, 34(1): 39-46.
84. Larsen SB, Spano M, Giwercman A, Bonde JP. Semen quality and sex hormones among organic and traditional Danish farmers. ASCLEPIOS Study group.. Occup Environ Med 1999, 56(2): 139-44.
85. Thonneau P, Abell A, Larsen SB, Bonde JP, Joffe M, Clavert A, Ducot B, Multigner L, Danscher G. Effects of pesticide exposure on time to pregnancy: results of a multicenter study in France and Denmark. ASCLEPIOS study group. Am J Epidemiol 1999, 15-150(2): 157-63.
86. Joffe M, Bisanti L, Apostoli P, Kiss P, Dale A, Roeleveld N, Lindbohm ML, Sallmen M, Vanhoorne M, Bonde JP; ASCLEPIOS. Time to pregnancy and occupational lead exposure. Occup environ Med 2003 60(10): 752-8.
87. Aschengrau A, Coogan PF, Quinn MM, Cashins LJ. Occupational Exposure to Estrogenic Chemicals and the occurrence of Breast Cancer: an exploiratory analysis. Am J Ind Med 1998, 34: 6-14.
88. Hanaoka T, Kawamura N, Hara K, Tsugane S. Urinary bisphenol A and plasma hormone concentrations in male workers exposed to bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and mixed organic solvents. Occup Environ Med 2002, 59: 625-628.
89. Rogan WJ, Glanden BC, Wilcox AJ. Potential Reproductive and postnatal morbidity from exposure to polychlorinated Bisphenyls: Epidemiologic Considerations. Environ Health Persp 1985, 60: 233-239.
90. Mutti A, Vescovi PP, Falzoi M, Arfini G, Valenti G, Franchini I. Neuroendocrine effects of styrene on occupationally exposed workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1984, 10(4): 225-8.
91. Taskinen H, Ahlborg G jr. Assessment of reproductive risk at work. Int J Occup Environ Health 1996, 2: 59-63.
92. Rosenberg CR, Mulvihill MN, Fischbein A, Blum S. An analysis of validity of self reported occupational histories using a cohort of workers exposed to PCBs. Brit J Ind Med 1987, 44: 702-710.
93. Willman EJ, Hertz-Picciotto I, A.Keller J, Martinez E, Charles MJ. A reproducible approach to the reporting of organochlorine compounds in epidemiologic studies. Chemosphere 2001, 44: 1395-1402.
94. Joffe M. Epidemiology of occupational reproductive hazards: methodological aspects. Rev Epidém Santé Publ 1992, 40: S17-S25.
95. Figà-Talamanca I, Giordano F. Applicazioni dell'epidemiologia per la tutela della salute riproduttiva. G Ita Med Lav Erg 2003, 25(3): 416-417.
96. Taskinen HK. Nordic Criteria for Reproductive Toxicology. JOEM 1995, 37(8): 970-973.
97. Taskinen HK. Prevention of reproductive health hazards at work. Scand J Work Environ Health 1992, 18 (Suppl 2): 27-9.
98. De Vito M, Biegel L, Brown A, Brucker-Davis F, Cheek AO, Christensen R, Colborn T, Cooke P, Crissman J, Crofton K, Doerge D, Gray E, Hauser P, Hurley P, Kohn M, Lazar J, McMaster S, McClain M, McConnell E, Meier C, Miller R, Tietge J, Tyl R. Screening methods for thyroid hormone dirruptors. Environ Health Perspect 1999, 107(5): 407-413.
99. Juberg DR. An evaluation of Endocrine Modulators: Implications for human health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2000, 45: 93-105.
100. Hoyer PB. Reproductive toxicology: current and future directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2001, 62(12): 1557-64.
101. Crews D, Willingham E, Skipper JK. Endocrine disruptors: present issues, future directions. Q Rev Biol 2000, 75(3): 243-260.