Microbiology and immunology of autism spectrum disorders

Novartis Foundation Symposium

Volumn 251, Issue , 2003, Pages 129-148

  Lipkin, W Ian ^a   Hornig, Mady ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEASLES MUMPS RUBELLA VACCINE;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; AUTISM; BORNA DISEASE VIRUS; BRAIN; CHILD; CYTOLOGY; DISEASE MODEL; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; RAT; T LYMPHOCYTE; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANIMALS; AUTISTIC DISORDER; BORNAVIRIDAE; BRAIN; CHILD; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA VACCINE; MONONEGAVIRALES INFECTIONS; RATS; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 1542576407     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Afzal MA, Armitage E, Ghosh S, Williams LC, Minor PD 2000 Further evidence of the absence of measles virus genome sequence in full thickness intestinal specimens from patients with Crohn's disease. J Med Virol 62:377-382
2. Andjaparidze OG, Chaplygina NM, Bogomolova N et al 1989 Detection of measles virus genome in blood leukocytes of patients with certain autoimmune diseases. Arch Virol 105:287-291
3. Barak Y, Kimhi R, Stein D, Gutman J, Weizman A 1999 Autistic subjects with comorbid epilepsy: a possible association with viral infections. Child Psychiatry Human Dev 29:245-251
4. Barka N, Shen GQ, Shoenfeld Y et al 1995 Multireactive pattern of serum autoantibodies in asymptomatic individuals with immunoglobulin A deficiency. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2:469-472
5. Baron-Cohen S, Saunders K, Chakrabarti S 1999 Does autism cluster geographically? A research note. Autism 3:39-43
6. Bartlik BD 1981 Monthly variation in births of autistic children in North Carolina. J Amer Med Women's Assoc 36:363-368
7. Bautista JR, Schwartz GJ, de la Torre JC, Moran TH, Carbone KM 1994 Early and persistent abnormalities in rats with neonatally acquired Borna disease virus infection. Brain Res Bull 34:31-10
8. Benveniste EN 1997 Cytokine expression in the nervous system. In: Keane RW, Hickey WF (eds) Immunology of the nervous system. Oxford University Press, New York, p 419-459
9. Bergroth V, Konttinen YT, Pelkonen P et al 1988 Synovial fluid lymphocytes in different subtypes of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31:780-783
10. Billaud JN, Ly C, Phillips TR, de la Torre JC 2000 Borna disease virus persistence causes inhibition of glutamate uptake by feline primary cortical astrocytes. J Virol 74:10438-10446
11. Brai M, Accardo P, Bellavia D 1994 Polymorphism of the complement components in human pathology. Ann Ital Med Int 9:167-172
12. Briese T, Hornig M, Lipkin WI 1999 Bornavirus immunopathogenesis in rodents: models for human neurological diseases. J Neurovirol 5:604-612
13. Burd L 1988 Month of birth of non-speaking children. Dev Med Child Neurol 30:685-686
14. Burger RA, Warren RP 1998 Possible immunogenetic basis for autism. Mental Retardation Dev Disabil Res Rev 4:137-141
15. Burmester GR, Jahn B, Gramatzki M, Zacher J, Kalden JR 1984 Activated T cells in vivo and in vitro: divergence in expression of Tac and Ia antigens in the nonblastoid small T cells of inflammation and normal T cells activated in vitro. J Immunol 133:1230-1234
16. California Department of Developmental Services 1999 Changes in the population of persons with autism and pervasive developmental disorders in California's Developmental Services System: 1987 through 1998. A report to the legislature. Sacremento, March 1999. http://www.dds.ca.gov/Autism/pdf/ Autism_Report_1999.PDF
17. Chess S 1971 Autism in children with congenital rubella. J Autism Child Schizophr 1:33-47
18. Chong SK 2001 Gastrointestinal problems in the handicapped child. Curr Opin Pediatr 13:441-446
19. Clark DA 2000 Human herpesvirus 6. Rev Med Virol 10:155-173
20. Comi AM, Zimmerman AW, Frye VH, Law PA, Peeden JN 1999 Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism. J Child Neurol 14:388-394
21. Connolly AM, Chez MG, Pestronk A, Arnold ST, Mehta S, Deuel RK 1999 Serum autoantibodies to brain in Landau-Kleffner variant, autism, and other neurologic disorders. J Pediatrics 134:607-613
22. De Carli M, D'Elios MM, Zancuoghi G, Romagnani S, Del Prete G 1994 Human Th1 and Th2 cells: functional properties, regulation of development and role in autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 18:301-308
23. Denney DR, Frei BW, Gaffney GR 1996 Lymphocyte subsets and interleukin-2 receptors in autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord 26:87-97
24. Desmond MM, Wilson GS, Melnick JL et al 1967 Congenital rubella encephalitis. Course and early sequelae. J Pediatrics 71:311-331
25. Dittrich W, Bode L, Ludwig H, Kao M, Schneider K 1989 Learning deficiencies in Borna disease virus-infected but clinically healthy rats. Biol Psychiatry 26:818-828
26. Fatemi SH, Halt AR 2001 Altered levels of Bcl2 and p53 proteins in parietal cortex reflect deranged apoptotic regulation in autism. Synapse 42:281-284
27. Ferrari P, Marescot MR, Moulias R et al 1988 [Immune status in infantile autism. Correlation between the immune status, autistic symptoms and levels of serotonin] (French). Encephale 14:339-344
28. Fiore M, Pera C, Delfino L, Scotese I, Ferrara GB, Pignata C 1995 DNA typing of DQ and DR alleles in IgA-deficient subjects. Eur J Immunogenet 22:403-411
29. Gillberg C 1990 Do children with autism have March birthdays? Acta Psychiatr Scand 82:152-156
30. Gillberg C, Gillberg IC 1983 Infantile autism: a total population study of reduced optimality in pre-, peri-, and neonatal periods. J Autism Dev Disord 13:153-166
31. Gillberg C, Coleman M 1992 Infectious diseases. In: Gillberg C, Coleman M (eds) The biology of the autistic syndromes. 2nd edn, Mac Keith Press, London p 218-225
32. Gillberg C, Wing L 1999 Autism: not an extremely rare disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 99:399-406
33. Gillberg C, Steffenburg S, Schaumann H 1991 Is autism more common now than ten years ago? Brit J Psychiatry 158:403-409
34. Gillberg IC, Gillberg C, Kopp S 1992 Hypothyroidism and autism spectrum disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 33:531-542
35. Gupta S, Aggarwal S, Heads C 1996 Dysregulated immune system in children with autism: beneficial effects of intravenous immune globulin on autistic characteristics. J Autism Dev Disord 26:439-452
36. Gupta S, Aggarwal S, Rashanravan B, Lee T 1998 Th1- and Th2-like cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in autism. J Neuroimmunol 85:106-109
37. Hafler DA, Hemler ME, Christenson L et al. 1985 Investigation of in vivo activated T cells in multiple sclerosis and inflammatory central nervous system diseases. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 37:163-171
38. Hatalski CG, Lewis AJ, Lipkin WI 1997 Borna disease. Emerg Infect Dis 3:129-135
39. Hoon AH Jr, Reiss AL 1992 The mesial-temporal lobe and autism: case report and review. Dev Med Child Neurol 34:252-259
40. Hornig M, Weissenböck H, Horscroft N, Lipkin WI 1999 An infection-based model of neurodevelopmental damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:12102-12107
41. Horvath K, Papadimitriou JC, Rabsztyn A, Drachenberg C, Tildon JT 1999 Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder. J Pediatr 135:559-563
42. Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M et al 1999 Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science 283:70-74
43. Katayama Y, Kohso K, Nishimura A, Tatsuno Y, Homma M, Hotta H 1998 Detection of measles virus mRNA from autopsied human tissues. J Clin Microbiol 36:299-301
44. Kawashima H, Mori T, Kashiwagi Y, Takekuma K, Hoshika A, Wakefield A 2000 Detection and sequencing of measles virus from peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and autism. Dig Dis Sci 45:723-729
45. Kostantareas MW, Hauser P, Lennox C, Homatidis S 1986 Season of birth in infantile autism. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 17:53-65
46. Landau EC, Cicchetti DV, Klin A, Volkmar FR 1999 Season of birth in autism: a fiction revisited. J Autism Dev Disord 29:385-393
47. Lipkin WI, Battenberg ELF, Bloom FE, Oldstone MBA 1988a Viral infection of neurons can depress neurotransmitter mRNA levels without histologic injury. Brain Res 451:333-339
48. Lipkin W, Carbone K, Wilson M, Duchala C, Narayan O, Oldstone M 1988b Neurotransmitter abnormalities in Borna disease. Brain Res 475:366-70
49. Lolov SR, Encheva VI, Kyurkchiev SD, Edrev GE, Kehayov IR 2001 Antimeasles immunoglobulin G in sera of patients with otosclerosis is lower than that in healthy people. Otol Neurotol 22:766-770
50. Luckett WP 1980 The suggested evolutionary relationships and classification of tree shrews. In: Luckett WP (ed) Comparative biology and evolutionary relationships of tree shrews. Plenum Press, New York p 3-31
51. Mehler MF, Goldstein H, Kessler JA 1996 Effects of cytokines on CNS cells: neurons. In: Ransohoff RM, Benveniste EN (eds), Cytokines and the CNS. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 115-150
52. Money J, Bobrow NA, Clarke FC 1971 Autism and autoimmune disease: a family study. J Autism Child Schizophr 1:146-160
53. Naves M, Hajeer AH, Teh LS et al 1998 Complement C4B null allele status confers risk for systemic lupus erythematosus in a Spanish population. Eur J Immunogenet 25:317-320
54. Niedermeyer HP, Arnold W 1995 Otosclerosis: a measles virus associated inflammatory disease. Acta Otolaryngol 115:300-303
55. Norrholm SD, Ouimet CC 2000 Chronic fluoxetine administration to juvenile rats prevents age-associated dendritic spine proliferation in hippocampus. Brain Res 883:205-215
56. Okado N, Narita M, Narita N 2001 A biogenic amine-synapse mechanism for mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Brain Dev 23:S11-S15
57. Oldstone MB 1989a Molecular mimicry as a mechanism for the cause and a probe uncovering etiologic agent(s) of autoimmune disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 145:127-135
58. Oldstone MB 1989b Viral alteration of cell function. Sci Am 261:42-48
59. Oldstone MB 1989c Viruses can cause disease in the absence of morphologic evidence of cell injury: implication for uncovering new diseases in the future. J Infect Dis 159:384-389
60. 2+-permeable AMPA receptors in neurological disorders. Trends Neurosci 20:464-470
61. Plata-Salaman CR, Ilyin SE, Gayle D, Romanovitch A, Carbone KM 1999 Persistent Borna disease virus infection of neonatal rats causes brain regional changes of mRNAs for cytokines, cytokine receptor components and neuropeptides. Brain Res Bull 49:441-451
62. Pletnikov MV, Rubin SA, Vasudevan K, Moran TH, Carbone KM 1999 Developmental brain injury associated with abnormal play behavior in neonatally Borna disease virus-infected Lewis rats: a model of autism. Behav Brain Res 100:43-50
63. Pletnikov MV, Rubin SA, Schwartz GJ, Carbone KM, Moran TH 2000 Effects of neonatal rat Borna disease virus (BDV) infection on the postnatal development of the brain monoaminergic systems. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 119:179-185
64. Plioplys AV, Greaves A, Kazemi K, Silverman E 1989a Autism: anti-210K neurofilament immunoglobulin reactivity. Neurology 39:187
65. Plioplys AV, Greaves A, Yoshida W 1989b Anti-CNS antibodies in childhood neurologic diseases. Neuropediatrics 20:93-102
66. Plioplys AV, Greaves A, Kazemi K, Silverman E 1994 Lymphocyte function in autism and Rett syndrome. Neuropsychobiol 29:12-16
67. Portera-Cailliau C, Price DL, Martin LJ 1997 Excitotoxic neuronal death in the immature brain is an apoptotic-necrosis morphological continuum. J Compar Neurol 378:70-87
68. Quigley EM, Hurley D 2000 Autism and the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Gastroenterol 95:2154-2156
69. Raiten DJ, Massaro T 1986 Perspectives on the nutritional ecology of autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord 16:133-144
70. Reil A, Bein G, Machulla HK, Sternberg B, Seyfarth M 1997 High-resolution DNA typing in immunoglobulin A deficiency confirms a positive association with DRB1*0301, DQB1*02 haplotypes. Tissue Antigens 50:501-506
71. Rogers T, Kalaydjieva L, Hallmayer J et al 1999 Exclusion of linkage to the HLA region in ninety multiplex sibships with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 29:195-201
72. Rubin SA, Bautista JR, Moran TH, Schwartz GJ, Carbone KM 1999 Viral teratogenesis: brain developmental damage associated with maturation state at time of infection. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 112:237-244
73. Santoro F, Kennedy PE, Locatelli G, Malnati MS, Berger EA, Lusso P 1999 CD46 is a cellular receptor for human herpesvirus 6. Cell 99:817-827
74. Sauder C, de la Torre JC 1999 Cytokine expression in the rat central nervous system following perinatal Borna disease virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 96:29-45
75. Schneider PA, Schneemann A, Lipkin WI 1994 RNA splicing in Borna disease virus, a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus. J Virol 68:5007-5012
76. Schroeder HWJ, Zhu ZB, March RE et al 1998 Susceptibility locus for IgA deficiency and common variable immunodeficiency in the HLA-DR3, -B8, -A1 haplotypes. Mol Med 4:72-86
77. Singh VK 1996 Plasma increase of interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma. Pathological significance in autism. J Neuroimmunol 66:143-145
78. Singh VK 1997 Immunotherapy for brain diseases and mental illnesses. Prog Drug Res 48:129-146
79. Singh VK, Warren RP, Odell JD, Cole P 1991 Changes of soluble interleukin-2, interleukin-2 receptor, T8 antigen, and interleukin-1 in the serum of autistic children. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 61:448-455
80. Singh VK, Warren RP, Odell JD, Warren WL, Cole P 1993 Antibodies to myelin basic protein in children with autistic behavior. Brain Behav Immunity 7:97-103
81. Singh VK, Singh EA, Warren RP 1997a Hyperserotoninemia and serotonin receptor antibodies in children with autism but not mental retardation. Biol Psychiatry 41:753-755
82. Singh VK, Warren R, Averett R, Ghaziuddin M 1997b Circulating autoantibodies to neuronal and glial filament proteins in autism. Pediatr Neurol 17:88-90
83. Singh VK, Lin SX, Yang VC 1998 Serological association of measles virus and human herpesvirus-6 with brain autoantibodies in autism. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 89:105-108
84. Singh VK, Mehrotra S, Agarwal SS 1999 The paradigm of Th1 and Th2 cytokines: its relevance to autoimmunity and allergy. Immunol Res 20:147-161
85. Solbrig MV, Koob GF, Fallon JH, Lipkin WI 1994 Tardive dyskinetic syndrome in rats infected with Borna disease virus. Neurobiol Dis 1:111-119
86. Solum D, Hughes D, Major MS, Parks TN 1997 Prevention of normally occurring and deafferentation-induced neuronal death in chick brainstem auditory neurons by periodic blockade of AMPA/kainate receptors. J Neurosci 17:4744-4751
87. Staeheli P, Sauder C, Hausmann J, Ehrensperger F, Schwemmle M 2000 Epidemiology of borna disease virus. J Gen Virol 81:2123-2135
88. St. Pierre BA, Merrill JE, Dopp JM 1996 Effects of cytokines on CNS cells: glia. In: Ransohoff RM, Benveniste EN (eds) Cytokines and the CNS. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 151-168
89. Stevens MC, Fein DH, Waterhouse LH 2000 Season of birth effects in autism. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 22:399-407
90. Stubbs EG, Crawford ML 1977 Depressed lymphocyte responsiveness in autistic children. J Autism Child Schizophr 7:49-55
91. Tanoue Y, Oda S, Asano F, Kawashima K 1988 Epidemiology of infantile autism in southern Ibaraki, Japan: differences in prevalence in birth cohorts. J Autism Dev Disord 18:155-166
92. Tatsuo H, Ono N, Tanaka K, Yanagi Y 2000 SLAM (CDw150) is a cellular receptor for measles virus. Nature 406:893-897
93. Ticher A, Ring A, Barak Y, Elizur A, Weizman A 1996 Circannual pattern of autistic births: reanalysis in three ethnic groups. Human Biol 68:585-592
94. Todd R, Ciaranello R 1985 Demonstration of inter- and intraspecies differences in serotonin binding sites by antibodies from an autistic child. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:612-616
95. Todd RD, Hickok M, Anderson GM, Cohen DJ 1988 Antibrain antibodies in infantile autism. Biol Psychiatry 23:644-647
96. Torres AR, Maciulis A, Stubbs EG, Cutler A, Odell D 2002 The transmission disequilibrium test suggests that HLA-DR4 and DR13 are linked to autism spectrum disorder. Hum Immunol 63:311-316
97. Torrey EF, Miller J, Rawlings R, Yolken RH 1997 Seasonally of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Schizophr Res 28:1-38
98. Trottier G, Srivastava L, Walker CD 1999 Etiology of infantile autism: a review of recent advances in genetic and neurobiological research. J Psychiatry Neurosci 24:103-115
99. Uhlmann V, Martin CM, Sheils O et al 2002 Potential viral pathogenic mechanism for new variant inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Pathol 55:84-90
100. Ulgiati D, Abraham LJ 1996 Comparative analysis of the disease-associated complement C4 gene from the HLA-A1, B8, DR3 haplotype. Exp Clin Immunogenet 13:43-54
101. Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A et al 1998 Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet 351:637-641
102. Wakefield AJ, Anthony A, Murch SH et al 2000 Enterocolitis in children with developmental disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 95:2285-2295
103. Warren RP 1998 An immunologic theory for the development of some cases of autism. CNS Spect 3:71-79
104. Warren RP, Singh VK 1996 Elevated serotonin levels in autism: association with the major histocompatibility complex. Neuropsychobiology 34:72-75
105. Warren RP, Foster A, Margaretten NC, Pace NC 1986 Immune abnormalities in patients with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 16:189-197
106. Warren RP, Foster A, Margaretten NC 1987 Reduced natural killer cell activity in autism. J Am Acad Adolesc Psychiatry 26:333-335
107. Warren RP, Yonk LJ, Burger RA et al 1990 Deficiency of suppressor-inducer (CD4+CD45RA+) T cells in autism. Immunol Invest 19:245-251
108. Warren RP, Singh VK, Cole P et al 1991 Increased frequency of the null allele at the complement C4B locus in autism. Clin Exp Immunol 83:438-440
109. Warren RP, Singh VK, Cole P et al 1992 Possible association of the extended MHC haplotype B44-SC30-DR4 with autism. Immunogenetics 36:203-207
110. Warren RP, Burger RA, Odell D, Torres AR, Warren WL 1994 Decreased plasma concentrations of the C4B complement protein in autism. Arch Pediatr Adolescent Med 148:180-183
111. Warren RP, Yonk J, Burger RW, Odell D, Warren WL 1995 DR-positive T cells in autism: association with decreased plasma levels of the complement C4B protein. Neuropsychobiol 31:53-57
112. Warren RP, Singh VK, Averett RE et al 1996a Immunogenetic studies in autism and related disorders. Mol Chem Neuropathol 28:77-81
113. Warren RP, Odell JD, Warren WL et al 1996b Strong association of the third hypervariable region of HLA-DR beta 1 with autism. J Neuroimmunol 67:97-102
114. Warren RP, Odell JD, Warren WL et al 1997 Brief report: immunoglobulin A deficiency in a subset of autistic subjects. J Autism Dev Disord 27:187-192
115. Weissenböck H, Hornig M, Hickey WF, Lipkin WI 2000 Microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis in Bornavirus infected neonatal Lewis rats. Brain Pathol 10:260-272
116. Weizman A, Weizman R, Szekely GA, Wijsenbeek H, Livini E 1982 Abnormal immune response to brain tissue antigen in the syndrome of autism. Am J Psychiatry 139:1462-1465
117. Wilton AN, Cobain TJ, Dawkins RL 1985 Family studies of IgA deficiency. Immunogenetics 21:333-342
118. Wright HH, Abramson RK, Self S, Genco P, Cuccaro M 1990 Serotonin may affect lymphocyte cell surface markers in autistic probands. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. San Francisco, CA, NR (abstr 12)
119. Yonk LJ, Warren RP, Burger RA et al 1990 CD4+ helper T cell depression in autism. Immunol Lett 25:341-345
120. Yuwiler A, Shih JC, Chen CH et al 1992 Hyperserotoninemia and antiserotonin antibodies in autism and other disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 22:33-45
121. Zhao Z-S, Granucci F, Yeh L, Schaffer PA, Cantor H 1998 Molecular mimicry by herpes simplex virus-type 1: autoimmune disease after viral infection. Science 279:1344-1347