Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis

Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

Volumn 130, Issue 1 SUPPL., 2004, Pages 1-45

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CARBAPENEM; CEFACLOR; CEFDINIR; CEFIXIME; CEFPODOXIME PROXETIL; CEFPROZIL; CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME AXETIL; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GATIFLOXACIN; KETOLIDE; LEVOFLOXACIN; LORACARBEF; MACROLIDE; MOXIFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; TELITHROMYCIN; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE BACTERIAL RHINOSINUSITIS; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; BACTERIAL DIEBACK; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FAMILY; HUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; RHINOSINUSITIS; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS;

EID: 1542539367     PISSN: 01945998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2003.12.001     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership. Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial Rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:S1-31.
2. Gwaltney JM Jr. Acute community-acquired sinusitis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:1209-23.
3. Dowell SF, Butler JC, Giebink GS, et al. Acute otitis media: management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance-a report from the Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:1-9.
4. Gwaltney JM Jr, Phillips CD, Miller RD, et al. Computed tomographic study of the common cold. N Engl J Med 1994;330:25-30.
5. Berg O, Carenfelt C, Rystedt G, et al. Occurrence of asymptomatic sinusitis in common cold and other acute ENT-infections. Rhinology 1986;24:223-5.
6. Scott Levin™ Prescription Audit from Verispan, L.L.C., January-December 2002.
7. Ray NF, Baraniuk JN, Thamer M, et al. Healthcare expenditures for sinusitis in 1996: contributions of asthma, rhinitis, and other airway disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:408-14.
8. Physician Drug & Diagnosis Audit (PDDA) and SourceTM Prescription Audit (SPA) from Verispan, L.L.C., January-December 2002.
9. Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Lum A, et al. Decreasing antibiotic use in ambulatory practice: impact of a multidimensional intervention on the treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis in adults. JAMA 1999;281:1512-9.
10. Dosh SA, Hickner JM, Mainous AG III, et al. Predictors of antibiotic prescribing for nonspecific upper respiratory infections, acute bronchitis, and sinusitis. J Fam Pract 2000;49:407-14.
11. Nissinen A, Gronroos P, Huovinen P. Development of b-lactamase-mediated resistance to penicillin in middle-ear isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis in Finnish children, 1978-1993. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1193-6.
12. Arason V, Kristinsson K, Sigurdsson J, et al. Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study. BMJ 1996:313:387-91.
13. Seppala H, Klaukka T, Lehtonen R, et al. Outpatient use of erythromycin: link to increased erythromycin resistance in Group A Streptococci. Clin Infect Dis 1995: 1378-85.
14. Seppala H, Klaukka T, Vuopio-Varkila J, et al. The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci in Finland. N Engl J Med 1997;337:441-6.
15. Hyde TB, Gay K, Stephens DS, et al. Macrolide resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. JAMA 2001;286:1857-62.
16. Baquero F, Martinez-Beltran J, Loza E. A review of antibiotic resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 28(Suppl C):31-8.
17. McCaig LF, Besser RE, Hughes JM. Antimicrobial drug prescriptions in ambulatory care settings, United States, 1992-2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:432-7.
18. McCaig LF, Besser RE, Hughes JM. Trends in antimicrobial prescribing rates for children and adolescents. JAMA 2002;287:3096-102.
19. Lanza DC, Kennedy DW. Adult rhinosinusitis defined. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:S1-7.
20. AHCPR. Diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1999.
21. Makela MJ, Puhakka T, Ruuskanen O, et al. Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:539-42.
22. Winther B, Gwaltney JM Jr, Mygind N, et al. Viral-induced rhinitis. Am J Rhinol 1998;12:17-20.
23. Greve JM, Davis G, Meyer AM, et al. The major human rhinovirus receptor is ICAM-1. Cell 1989;56:839-47.
24. Patel J, Faden H, Sharma S, et al. Effect of respiratory syncytial virus on adherence, colonization and immunity of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae: implications for otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1992;23:15-23.
25. Adderson EE, Ulett GC, Avadhanula V. Respiratory syncytial virus enhanced attachment of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae to A549 epithelial cells [presentation B-797]. Presented at the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 14-17, 2003; Chicago, Illinois.
26. Gwaltney JM Jr, Hendley JO, Simon G, et al. Rhinovirus infections in an industrial population. II. Characteristics of illness and antibody response. JAMA 1967; 202:494-500.
27. Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO, Phillips CD, et al. Nose blowing propels nasal fluid into the paranasal sinuses. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:387-91.
28. Monto AS, Ullman BM. Acute respiratory illness in an American community. The Tecumseh study. JAMA 1974;227:164-9.
29. Wald ER, Guerra N, Byers C. Upper respiratory tract infections in young children: duration of and frequency of complications. Pediatrics 1991;87:129-33.
30. Hays GC, Mullard JE. Can nasal bacterial flora be predicted from clinical findings? Pediatrics 1972;49: 596-9.
31. Wald ER. Purulent nasal discharge. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991;10:329-33.
32. Wald ER, Milmoe GJ, Bowen A, et al. Acute maxillary sinusitis in children. N Engl J Med 1981;304:749-54.
33. Winther B. Effects on the nasal mucosa of upper respiratory viruses (common cold). Dan Med Bull 1994;41: 193-204.
34. Winther B, Brofeldt S, Gronborg H, et al. Study of bacteria in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx during naturally acquired common colds. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984;98:315-20.
35. LaCroix JS, Ricchetti A, Lew D, et al. Symptoms and clinical and radiological signs predicting the presence of pathogenic bacteria in acute rhinosinusitis. Acta Otolaryngol 2002;122:192-6.
36. Gwaltney JM Jr, Scheld WM, Sande MA, et al. The microbial etiology and antimicrobial therapy of adults with acute community-acquired sinusitis: a fifteen-year experience at the University of Virginia and review of other selected studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90: 457-61.
37. Hickner JM, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute rhinosinusitis in adults: background. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:498-505.
38. Gold SM, Tami TA. Role of middle meatus aspiration culture in the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1997;107:1586-9.
39. Brook I, Frazier EH, Foote PA. Microbiology of chronic maxillary sinusitis: comparison between specimens obtained by sinus endoscopy and by surgical drainage. J Med Microbiol 1997;46:430-2.
40. Benninger MS, Appelbaum PC, Denneny JC, et al. Maxillary sinus puncture and culture in the diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis: the case for pursuing alternative culture methods. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 127:7-12.
41. Williams JW Jr, Simel DL. Does this patient have sinusitis? Diagnosing acute sinusitis by history and physical examination. JAMA 1993;270:1242-6.
42. Tiedjen KU, Becker E, Heimann KD, et al. Value of B-image ultrasound in diagnosis of paranasal sinus diseases in comparison with computerized tomography. Laryngorhinootologie 1998;77:541-6.
43. de Bock GH, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Springer MP, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests in acute maxillary sinusitis determined by maximum likelihood in the absence of an external standard. J Clin Epidemiol 1994;47:1343-52.
44. Laine K, Maatta T, Varonen H, et al. Diagnosing acute maxillary sinusitis in primary care: a comparison of ultrasound, clinical examination and radiography. Rhinology 1998;36:2-6.
45. Zinreich SJ. Rhinosinusitis: radiologic diagnosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:S27-34.
46. Leopold DA, Sod EW, Szeverenyi NM, et al. Clinical course of acute maxillary sinusitis documented by sequential MRI scanning. Am J Rhinol 1994;8:19-28.
47. Ambrose P, Jones RN, Van Wart S, et al. Serial sinus aspirate sampling (SSAS): a novel technique for evaluating antimicrobial therapy of acute maxillary sinusitis (AMS) [presentation A-34]. Presented at the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 14-17, 2003; Chicago, IL.
48. Dagan R, Klugman KP, Craig WA, et al. Evidence to support the rationale that bacterial eradication in respiratory tract infection is an important aim of antimicrobial therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;47:129-40.
49. Gwaltney J, Syndor A, Sande M. Etiology and antimicrobial treatment of acute sinusitis. Otol Rhinol Layrngol 1981;90:68-71.
50. Berg O, Carenfelt C, Kronvall G. Bacteriology of maxillary sinusitis in relation to character of inflammation and prior treatment. Scand J Infect Dis 1988;20:511-6.
51. Brook I. Microbiology and management of sinusitis. J Otolaryngol 1996;25:249-56.
52. Anon J, Ferguson B, Wynne B, et al. Pharmacokinetically enhanced amoxicillin/clavulanate 2000/125 mg twice daily in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) in adults [Poster #300]. Presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the Infectious Disease Society of America; October 9-12, 2003; San Diego, CA.
53. Bluestone CD, Stool SE, Kenna MA. Pediatric otolaryngology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996.
54. Wald ER, Reilly JS, Casselbrant M, et al. Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis in childhood: a comparative study of amoxicillin and cefaclor. J Pediatr 1984;104: 297-302.
55. Faden H, Duffy L, Wasielewski R, et al. Relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children. Tonawanda/Williamsville Pediatrics. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1440-5.
56. Faden H, Waz MJ, Bernstein JM, et al. Nasopharyngeal flora in the first three years of life in normal and otitisprone children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991;100: 612-5.
57. Muller-Graf CD, Whatmore AM, King SJ, et al. Population biology of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from oropharyngeal carriage and invasive disease. Microbiology 1999; 145:3283-93.
58. Faden H, Duffy L, Williams A, et al. Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal colonization with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the first 2 years of life. J Infect Dis 1995;172:132-5.
59. Faden H, Harabuchi Y, Hong JJ. Epidemiology of Moraxella catarrhalis in children during the first 2 years of life: relationship to otitis media. J Infect Dis 1994; 169:1312-7.
60. Pelton S, Marchant CD, Christiansen D, Loughlin A. Temporal changes in Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance among isolates of S. pneumoniae in Massachusetts [presentation G-890]. Presented at the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 14-17, 2003; Chicago, IL.
61. Bernstein JM, Dryja D, Murphy TF. Molecular typing of paired bacterial isolates from the adenoid and lateral wall of the nose in children undergoing adenoidectomy: implications in acute rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:593-7.
62. Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Greenberg D, et al. Dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization during the first days of antibiotic treatment in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:880-5.
63. Ekdahl K, Ahlinder I, Hansson HB, et al. Duration of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: experiences from the South Swedish Pneumococcal Intervention Project. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:1113-7.
64. Chi DH, Hendley JO, French P, et al. Nasopharyngeal reservoir of bacterial otitis media and sinusitis pathogens in adults during wellness and viral respiratory illness. Am J Rhinol 2003;17:209-14.
65. Scott JA, Hall AJ, Dagan R, et al. Serogroup-specific epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae: associations with age, sex, and geography in 7,000 episodes of invasive disease. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:973-81.
66. Butler JC. Epidemiology of pneumococcal serotypes and conjugate vaccine formulations. Microb Drug Resist 1997;3:125-9.
67. Joloba ML, Windau A, Bajaksouzian S, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility of such isolates in children with otitis media. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1489-94.
68. Dowell SF, Whitney CG, Wright C, et al. Seasonal patterns of invasive pneumococcal disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:573-9.
69. Albanese BA, Roche JC, Pass M, et al. Geographic, demographic, and seasonal differences in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Baltimore. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:15-21.
70. Appelbaum PC. Epidemiology and in vitro susceptibility of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:932-4.
71. Jacobs M, Appelbaum P. Antibiotic resistant pneumococci. Rev Med Microbiol 1995;6:77-93.
72. Nagai K, Davies TA, Ednie LM, et al. Activities of a new fluoroketolide, HMR 3787, and its (des)-fluor derivative RU 64399 compared to those of telithromycin, erythromycin A, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and clindamycin against macrolide-susceptible or -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. pyogenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:3242-5.
73. Fasola E, Bajaksouzian S, Appelbaum P, et al. Variation in erythromycin and clindamycin susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae in four test methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:129-34.
74. Sutcliffe J, Grebe T, Tait-Kamradt A, et al. Detection of erythromycin-resistant determinants by PCR. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2562-6.
75. Tait-Kamradt A, Davies T, Cronan M, et al. Mutations in 23S rRNA and ribosomal protein L4 account for resistance in pneumococcal strains selected in vitro by macrolide passage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2118-25.
76. Bozdogan B, Appelbaum PC, Kelly LM, et al. Activity of telithromycin and seven other agents against 1034 pediatric Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from ten central and eastern European centers. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003;9:653-61.
77. Farrell DJ, Douthwaite S, Morrissey I, et al. Macrolide Resistance by Ribosomal Mutation in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT 1999-2000 Study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1777-83.
78. Reinert RR, Wild A, Appelbaum P, et al. Ribosomal mutations conferring resistance to macrolides in Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical strains isolated in Germany. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2319-22.
79. Tait-Kamradt A, Davies T, Appelbaum PC, et al. Two new mechanisms of macrolide resistance in clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Eastern Europe and North America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:3395-401.
80. Kays MB, Wack MF, Smith DW, et al. Azithromycin treatment failure in community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to macrolides by a 23S rRNA mutation. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002;43:163-5.
81. Musher DM, Dowell ME, Shortridge VD, et al. Emergence of macrolide resistance during treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002;346:630-1.
82. Butler JC, Lennox JL, McDougal LK, et al. Macrolide-resistant pneumococcal endocarditis and epidural abscess that develop during erythromycin therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:e19-25.
83. Pihlajamaki M, Kataja J, Seppala H, et al. Ribosomal mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:654-8.
84. Depardieu F, Courvalin P. Mutation in 23S rRNA responsible for resistance to 16-membered macrolides and streptogramins in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:319-23.
85. Gill MJ, Brenwald NP, Wise R. Identification of an efflux pump gene, pmrA, associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:187-9.
86. Felmingham D, Washington J. Trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory tract pathogens-findings of the Alexander Project 1992-1996. J Chemother 1999;11:5-21.
87. Ubukata K, Shibasaki Y, Yamamoto K, et al. Association of amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 with beta-lactam resistance in beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:1693-9.
88. Peric M, Bozdogan B, Jacobs MR, et al. Effects of an efflux mechanism and ribosomal mutations on macrolide susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1017-22.
89. Jacobs MR, Felmingham D, Appelbaum PC, et al. The Alexander Project 1998-2000: susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community-acquired respiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:229-46.
90. Jones R. SENTRY Surveillance Program-US isolates; 2003.
91. Jacobs MR, Bajaksouzian S, Zilles A, et al. Susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae to 10 oral antimicrobial agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters: 1997 U.S. Surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1901-8.
92. Jones RN, Johnson DM, Sader HS, Fritsche TR. Recent declines in β-lactam and MLSB resistance among S. pneumoniae and age-related effects: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America, 1997-2002) [presentation C2-926]. Presented at the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 14-17, 2003; Chicago, IL.
93. Hasegawa K, Yamamoto K, Chiba N, et al. Diversity of ampicillin-resistance genes in Haemophilus influenzae in Japan and the United States. Microb Drug Resist 2003;9:39-46.
94. Dagan R, Greenberg D, Leiberman A, et al. The effect of azithromycin on carriage of antibiotic resistant S. pneumoniae in children depends on the prevalence of macrolide-resistance in the community [presentation G-898]. Presented at the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 14-17, 2003: Chicago, IL.
95. Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults: background, specific aims, and methods. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:479-86.
96. Vogelman B, Gudmundsson S, Leggett J, et al. Correlation of antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters with therapeutic efficacy in an animal model. J Infect Dis 1988;158:831-47.
97. Craig W. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1-12.
98. Craig WA, Andes DR. In vivo pharmacodynamic activity of faropenem against Streptococcus pneumoniae [abstract A-2094]. Presented at the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; December 16-19, 2001; Chicago, IL.
99. Craig WA, Andes D. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:255-9.
100. Craig WA. Antimicrobial resistance issues of the future. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1996;25:213-7.
101. Ambrose PG, Quintiliani R, Nightingdale CH, et al. Continuous vs intermittent infusion of cefuroxime for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin Pract 1997;7:463-70.
102. Odenholt-Tornqvist I, Lowdin E, Cars O. Postantibiotic effects and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of roxithromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin on respiratory tract pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:221-6.
103. Craig WA, Kiem S, Andes DR. Free Drug 24-Hr AUC/MIC is the PK/PD target that correlates with in vivo efficacy of macrolides, azalides, ketolides and clindamycin [abstract A-1264]. Presented at the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 27-30, 2002; San Diego, CA.
104. Jackson M, Burry V, Olson L, et al. Breakthrough sepsis in macrolide resistant pneumococcal infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:1049-51.
105. Leach A, Shelby-James T, Mayo M, et al. A prospective study of the impact of community-based arithromycin treatment of trachoma on carriage and resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24: 356-62.
106. Guggenbichler J, Kastner U. In influence of antibiotics on the normal flora. Infect Med 1998;15(Suppl A):15-22.
107. Moore RD, Lietman PS, Smith CR. Clinical response to aminoglycoside therapy: importance of the ratio of peak concentration to minimal inhibitory concentration. J Infect Dis 1987;155:93-9.
108. Preston S, Drusano G, Berman A, et al. Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin. A new paradigm for early clinical trials. JAMA 1998;279:125-9.
109. Drusano GL, Johnson DE, Rosen M, et al. Pharmacodynamics of a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent in a neutropenic rat model of Pseudomonas sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:483-90.
110. Lister PD, Sanders CC. Pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and sparfloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;47: 811-8.
111. Preston SL, Drusano GL, Berman AL. Levofloxacin population pharmacokinetic and creation of a demographic model for prediction of individual drug clearance in patients with serious community-acquired infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:1098-104.
112. Forrest A, Nix D, Ballow C. Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients. Anitmicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1073-81.
113. Lacy MK, Lu W, Xu X, et al. Pharmacodynamic comparisons of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro model of infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43: 672-7.
114. Lister PD, Sanders CC. Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;43:79-86.
115. Vesga O, Craig WA. Activity of levofloxacin against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in normal and neutropenic mice. Presented at the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 15-18, 1996; New Orleans, LA.
116. Ambrose PG, Grasela DM, Grasela TH. et al. Pharmacodynamics of fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2793-7.
117. Kim MK, Zhou W, Tessier PR, et al. Bactericidal effect and pharmacodynamics of cethromycin (ABT-773) in a murine pneumococcal pneumonia model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:3185-92.
118. Vesga O, Bonnat C, Craig WA. In vivo pharmacodynamic activity of HMR3647, a new ketolide [abstract F-255]. Presented at the 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 28-October 1, 1997; Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
119. Vesga O, Andes D, Craig WA. Comparative in vivo activity of HMR 3647, azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin against S. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus [abstract F-258]. Presented at the 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 28-October 1, 1997; Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
120. Vesga O, Craig WA. Impact of macrolide resistance on the in vivo activity of a new ketolide, HMR 3647, against S. pneumoniae and S. aureus [abstract F-259]. Presented at the 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 28-October 1, 1997; Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
121. Zhanel GG, Walters M, Noreddin A, et al. The ketolides: a critical review. Drugs 2002;62:1771-804.
122. Andes D, Vesga O, Craig W. Impact of neutrophils on the antimicrobial activity of ketolides in an animal infection model [abstract 1-19]. Presented at the Fourth International Conference on Macrolides, Azalides, Streptogramins, Ketolides and Oxazolidinones; January 21-23, 1998; Barcelona, Spain.
123. Capitano B, Maglio D, Banevicius MA, et al. Bactericidal effect of cethromycin in an imunompetent murine pneumococcal pneumonia model [abstract A-1271]. Presented at the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 27-30, 2002; San Diego, CA.
124. Tessier PR, Kim MK, Zhou W, et al. Pharmacodynamic assessment of clarithromycin in a murine model of pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46: 1425-34.
125. NCCLS. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard supplemental tables. NCCLS M7-A5/M100-S10 (M7) 2000;20:1-25.
126. Jacobs MR, Bajaksouzian S, Windau A, et al. Effects of various test media on the activities of 21 antimicrobial agents against Haemophilus influenzae. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:2369-3276.
127. Ambrose PG, Garsela DM. The use of Monte Carlo simulation to examine pharmacodynamic variance of drugs: fluoroquinolone pharmacodynamics against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;38:151-7.
128. Dudley MN, Ambrose PG. Pharmacodynamics in the study of drug resistance and establishing in vitro susceptibility breakpoints: ready for prime time. Curr Opin Microbiol 2000;3:515-21.
129. Ambrose PG, Bhavnani SM, Cirincione BB, et al. Gatifloxacin and the elderly: pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic rationale for a potential age-related dose reduction. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:435-40.
130. Ambrose PG, Quintiliani R. Limitations of single point pharmacodynamic analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:769.
131. Nicolau DP, Ambrose PG. Pharmacodynamic profiling of levofloxacin and gatifloxacin using Monte Carlo simulation for community-acquired isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am J Med 2001;111(Suppl 9A): 13S-8.
132. Jones RN, Rubino CM, Bhavnani SM, et al. Worldwide antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and pharmacodynamic comparisons of gatifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae: report from the Antimicrobial Resistance Rate Epidemiology Study Team. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:292-6.
133. Schrag SJ, Pena C, Fernandez J, et al. Effect of short-course, high-dose amoxicillin therapy on resistant pneumococcal carriage: a randomized trial. JAMA 2001; 286:49-56.
134. Dagan R, Hoberman A, Johnson C, et al. Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of high dose amoxicillin/clavulanate in children with otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:829-37.
135. Piglansky L, Leibovitz E, Raiz S, et al. Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of high dose amoxicillin for therapy of acute otitis media in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:405-13.
136. File TM Jr, Jacobs MR, Poole MD, et al. Outcome of treatment of respiratory tract infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, including drug-resistant strains, with pharmacokinetically enhanced amoxicillin/clavulanate. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;20:235-47.
137. Doern GV. Activity of oral β-lactam antimicrobial agents versus respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the era of antibiotic resistance. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:S17-23.
138. Powers JL, Gooch WM III, Oddo LP. Comparison of the palatability of the oral suspension of cefdinir vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, cefprozil, and azithromycin in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19(12 Suppl):S174-80.
139. Steele RW, Thomas MP, Begue RE. Compliance issues related to the selection of antibiotic suspensions for children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:1-5.
140. Craig WA. Does the dose matter? Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33(Suppl 3):S233-7.
141. Ambrose P, Owens R. New antibiotics in pulmonary critical care medicine; focus on advanced generation quinolones and cephalosporins. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2000;21:19-32.
142. Khaliq Y, Zhanel GG. Fluoroquinolone-associated tendinopathy: a critical review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:1404-10.
143. Kuehnert MJ, Nolte FS, Perlino CA. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:312-3.
144. Urban C, Rahman N, Zhao X, et al. Fluoroquinolone-resistance Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with levofloxacin therapy. J Infect Dis 2001;184:794-8.
145. Kays MB, Smith DW, Wack MF, et al. Levofloxacin treatment failure in a patient with fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococous pneumoniae pneumonia. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:395-9.
146. Ross JJ, Worthington MG, Gorbach SL. Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002;347:65-6.
147. Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Fliss DM, et al. Bacteriologic efficacies of oral azithromycin and oral cefaclor in treatment of acute otitis media in infants and young children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:43-50.
148. Doern GV. Antimicrobial use and emergence of antimicrobial resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33(Suppl 3): S187-92.
149. Christianson J, Andes DR, Craig WA. Pharmacodynamic characteristics of clindamycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a murine thigh-infection model [abstract A-1100]. Presented at the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; December 16-19, 2001; Chicago, IL.
150. Doern GV, Jones RN, Pfaller MA, et al. Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections: antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (United States and Canada, 1997). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43: 385-9.
151. Doem GV, Heilmann KP, Huynh HK, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States during 1999-2000, including a comparison of resistance rates since 1994-1995. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:1721-9.
152. Bertho G, Gharbi-Benarous J, Delaforge M, et al. Conformational analysis of ketolide, conformations of RU 004 in solution and bound to bacterial ribosomes. J Med Chem 1998;41:3373-86.
153. Capobianco JO, Cao Z, Shortridge VD, et al. Studies of the novel ketolide ABT-773: transport, binding to ribosomes, and inhibition of protein synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:1562-7.
154. Craig WA, Andes DR. Pattern of bactericidal activity with telithromycin against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the murine thigh-infection model [abstract A-2098]. Presented at the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; December 16-19, 2001; Chicago, IL.
155. Bonnefoy A, Girard AM, Agouridas C, et al. Ketolides lack inducibility properties of MLS(B) resistance phenotype. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40:85-90.
156. Agouridas C, Denis A, Auger JM, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of ketolides (6-O-methyl-3-oxoerythromycin derivatives): a new class of antibacterials highly potent against macrolide-resistant and -susceptible respiratory pathogens. J Med Chem 1998;41:4080-100.
157. Rosato A, Vicarini H, Bonnefoy A, et al. A new ketolide, HMR 3004, active against streptococci inducibly resistant to erythromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:1392-6.
158. Tessier PR, Mattoes HM, Dandekar PK, et al. Pharmacodynamic profile of telithromycin against macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a neutropenic thigh infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. In Press.
159. Drusano GL, Preston SL. Utility of an 800 mg dose of telithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia caused by extracellular pathogens: an assessment by pharmacodynamic modelling and monte carlo simulation [poster P1364]. Presented at: 12th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease; April 24-27, 2002; Milan, Italy.
160. Ferguson BJ. Recommendations for the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis are NOT based on current microbial resistance patterns. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:665-7.
161. Marchant C, Carlin S, Johnson C, et al. Measuring the comparative efficacy of antibacterial agents for acute otitis media: the "Pollyanna phenomenon." J Pediatr 1992;120:72-7.
162. Poole MD. A mathematical therapeutic outcomes model for sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130: 46S-50S.
163. Levine OS, Farley M, Harrison LH, et al. Risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease in children: a population-based case-control study in North America. Pediatrics 1999;103:E28.
164. Pallares R, Gudiol F, Linares J, et al. Risk factors and response to antibiotic therapy in adults with bacteremic pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant pneumococci. N Engl J Med 1987;317:18-22.
165. Dagan R, Hoberman A, Johnson C, et al. Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of high dose amoxicillin/clavulanate in children with acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:829-37.