메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 6 I, 2004, Pages 589-600

Recommendations for estrogen and progestogen use in peri- and postmenopausal women: October 2004 position statement of the North American Menopause Society
[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR;

EID: 14844352009     PISSN: 10723714     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.gme.0000145876.76178.dc     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (125)

References (113)
  • 1
    • 0013026405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amended report from the NAMS Advisory Panel on Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy
    • Level of evidence: III
    • The North American Menopause Society. Amended report from the NAMS Advisory Panel on Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy. Menopause 2003;10:6-12. Level of evidence: III.
    • (2003) Menopause , vol.10 , pp. 6-12
  • 2
    • 1042286114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen and progestogen use in peri- and postmenopausal women: September 2003 position statement of the North American Menopause Society
    • Level of evidence: III
    • The North American Menopause Society. Estrogen and progestogen use in peri- and postmenopausal women: September 2003 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2003;10: 497-506. Level of evidence: III.
    • (2003) Menopause , vol.10 , pp. 497-506
  • 3
    • 0037028766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality-of-life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women after receiving hormone therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Hlatky MA, Boothroyd D, Vittinghoff E, Sharp P, Whooley MA, for the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Quality-of-life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women after receiving hormone therapy: results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) trial. JAMA 2002;287: 591-597. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.287 , pp. 591-597
    • Hlatky, M.A.1    Boothroyd, D.2    Vittinghoff, E.3    Sharp, P.4    Whooley, M.A.5
  • 4
    • 0036898842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Menopausal symptoms in older women and the effects of treatment with hormone therapy
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Barnabei VM, Grady D, Stovall DW, et al. Menopausal symptoms in older women and the effects of treatment with hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1209-1218. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) Obstet Gynecol , vol.100 , pp. 1209-1218
    • Barnabei, V.M.1    Grady, D.2    Stovall, D.W.3
  • 5
    • 1442354075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of developing urinary incontinence
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Grodstein F, Lifford K, Resnick NM, Curhan GC. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of developing urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:254-260. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2004) Obstet Gynecol , vol.103 , pp. 254-260
    • Grodstein, F.1    Lifford, K.2    Resnick, N.M.3    Curhan, G.C.4
  • 6
    • 1842867053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al, for the Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial JAMA 2004;291:1701-1712. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 1701-1712
    • Anderson, G.L.1    Limacher, M.2    Assaf, A.R.3
  • 7
    • 0012868624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Hays J, Ockene JK., Brunner RL, et al, for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1839-1854. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 1839-1854
    • Hays, J.1    Ockene, J.K.2    Brunner, R.L.3
  • 8
    • 1442280620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transition from estrogen-progestin to raloxifene in postmenopausal women: Effect on vasomotor symptoms
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Gordon S, Walsh BW, Ciaccia AV, Siddhanti S, Rosen AS, Plouffe L. Transition from estrogen-progestin to raloxifene in postmenopausal women: effect on vasomotor symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:267-273. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2004) Obstet Gynecol , vol.103 , pp. 267-273
    • Gordon, S.1    Walsh, B.W.2    Ciaccia, A.V.3    Siddhanti, S.4    Rosen, A.S.5    Plouffe, L.6
  • 9
    • 3242739931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality associated with hormone replacement therapy in younger and older women: A meta-analysis
    • Level of evidence: III. Meta-analysis
    • Salpeter SR, Walsh JME, Greyber E, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Mortality associated with hormone replacement therapy in younger and older women: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19:791-804. Level of evidence: III. Meta-analysis.
    • (2004) J Gen Intern Med , vol.19 , pp. 791-804
    • Salpeter, S.R.1    Walsh, J.M.E.2    Greyber, E.3    Ormiston, T.M.4    Salpeter, E.E.5
  • 10
    • 0036833924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Utian Quality of Life (UQOL) Scale: Development and validation of an instrument to quantify quality of life through and beyond menopause
    • Level of evidence: II-3
    • Utian WH, Janata JW, Kingsberg SA, Schluchter M, Hamilton JC. The Utian Quality of Life (UQOL) Scale: development and validation of an instrument to quantify quality of life through and beyond menopause. Menopause 2002;9:402-410. Level of evidence: II-3.
    • (2002) Menopause , vol.9 , pp. 402-410
    • Utian, W.H.1    Janata, J.W.2    Kingsberg, S.A.3    Schluchter, M.4    Hamilton, J.C.5
  • 11
    • 2442664493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of hormones on menopausal sexuality: A literature review
    • Level of evidence: review
    • Bachmann GA, Leiblum SR. The impact of hormones on menopausal sexuality: a literature review. Menopause 2004;11:120-130. Level of evidence: review.
    • (2004) Menopause , vol.11 , pp. 120-130
    • Bachmann, G.A.1    Leiblum, S.R.2
  • 12
    • 0035220435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral oestrogen replacement therapy versus placebo for hot flushes (Cochrane Review)
    • CD002978. Level of evidence: III
    • MacLennan A, Lester S, Moore V. Oral oestrogen replacement therapy versus placebo for hot flushes (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;1:CD002978. Level of evidence: III.
    • (2001) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.1
    • MacLennan, A.1    Lester, S.2    Moore, V.3
  • 13
    • 0037282404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of reproductive hormones and selective estrogen receptor modulators on mood during menopause
    • Level of evidence: Review
    • Soares CN, Poitras JR, Prouty J. Effect of reproductive hormones and selective estrogen receptor modulators on mood during menopause. Drugs Aging 2003;20:85-100. Level of evidence: Review.
    • (2003) Drugs Aging , vol.20 , pp. 85-100
    • Soares, C.N.1    Poitras, J.R.2    Prouty, J.3
  • 14
    • 0345118246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of estrogen or estrogen-progestin hormone therapy use
    • Level of evidence: II-3
    • Brett KM, Reuben CA. Prevalence of estrogen or estrogen-progestin hormone therapy use. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:1240-1249. Level of evidence: II-3.
    • (2003) Obstet Gynecol , vol.102 , pp. 1240-1249
    • Brett, K.M.1    Reuben, C.A.2
  • 15
    • 0345060913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of the Women's Health Initiative on women's decisions to discontinue postmenopausal hormone therapy
    • Level of evidence: Telephone survey
    • Ettinger B, Grady D, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL. Effect of the Women's Health Initiative on women's decisions to discontinue postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:1225-1232. Level of evidence: Telephone survey.
    • (2003) Obstet Gynecol , vol.102 , pp. 1225-1232
    • Ettinger, B.1    Grady, D.2    Tosteson, A.N.3    Pressman, A.4    Macer, J.L.5
  • 16
    • 0346599193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: Annual trends and responses to recent evidence
    • Level of evidence: Database review
    • Hersh AL, Stefanick ML, Stafford RS. National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: annual trends and responses to recent evidence. JAMA 2004;291:47-53. Level of evidence: Database review.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 47-53
    • Hersh, A.L.1    Stefanick, M.L.2    Stafford, R.S.3
  • 17
    • 0034992740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on endometrial bleeding
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Women's Health, Osteoporosis, Progestin, Estrogen (HOPE) trial Archer DF, Dorin M, Lewis V, Schneider DL, Pickar JH. Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on endometrial bleeding. Fertil Steril 2001;75:1080-1087. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2001) Fertil Steril , vol.75 , pp. 1080-1087
    • Archer, D.F.1    Dorin, M.2    Lewis, V.3    Schneider, D.L.4    Pickar, J.H.5
  • 18
    • 0037157169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kleerekoper M, Pickar JH. Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. JAMA 2002; 287:2668-2676. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.287 , pp. 2668-2676
    • Lindsay, R.1    Gallagher, J.C.2    Kleerekoper, M.3    Pickar, J.H.4
  • 19
    • 0242661467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endometrial effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate: Two-year substudy results
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Pickar JH, Yeh I-T, Wheeler JE, Cunnane MF, Speroff L. Endometrial effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate: two-year substudy results. Fertil Steril 2003;80:1234-1240. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) Fertil Steril , vol.80 , pp. 1234-1240
    • Pickar, J.H.1    Yeh, I.-T.2    Wheeler, J.E.3    Cunnane, M.F.4    Speroff, L.5
  • 20
    • 4043096475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass index does not influence response to treatment, nor does body weight change with lower doses of conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate in younger, postmenopausal women
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Utian WH, Gass MLS, Pickar JH. Body mass index does not influence response to treatment, nor does body weight change with lower doses of conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate in younger, postmenopausal women. Menopause 2004;11:306-314. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2004) Menopause , vol.11 , pp. 306-314
    • Utian, W.H.1    Gass, M.L.S.2    Pickar, J.H.3
  • 21
    • 0034992739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy with lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Utian WH, Shoupe D, Bachmann G, Pinkerton JV, Pickar JH. Relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy with lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 2001;75:1065-1079. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2001) Fertil Steril , vol.75 , pp. 1065-1079
    • Utian, W.H.1    Shoupe, D.2    Bachmann, G.3    Pinkerton, J.V.4    Pickar, J.H.5
  • 22
    • 0036188062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low dose transdermal estradiol/norethisterone acetate treatment over 2 years does not cause endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Brynhildsen J, Hammar M. Low dose transdermal estradiol/norethisterone acetate treatment over 2 years does not cause endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2002;9:137-144. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) Menopause , vol.9 , pp. 137-144
    • Brynhildsen, J.1    Hammar, M.2
  • 23
    • 0036153878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term and reduced-dose hormone replacement therapy on endothelial function and intima-media thickness in postmenopausal women
    • Level of evidence: II-1
    • Hashimoto M, Miyao M, Akishita M, et al. Effects of long-term and reduced-dose hormone replacement therapy on endothelial function and intima-media thickness in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2002;9: 58-64. Level of evidence: II-1.
    • (2002) Menopause , vol.9 , pp. 58-64
    • Hashimoto, M.1    Miyao, M.2    Akishita, M.3
  • 24
    • 0041920903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultralow-dose micronized 17β-estradiol and bone density and bone metabolism in older women: A randomized controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Prestwood KM, Kenny AM, Kleppinger A, Kulldorff M. Ultralow-dose micronized 17β-estradiol and bone density and bone metabolism in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:1042-1048. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 1042-1048
    • Prestwood, K.M.1    Kenny, A.M.2    Kleppinger, A.3    Kulldorff, M.4
  • 25
    • 0029791095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and local tolerance of a low-dose, 7-day matrix estradiol transdermal system in the treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Speroff L, Whitcomb RW, Kempfert NJ, Boyd RA, Paulissen JB, Rowan JP. Efficacy and local tolerance of a low-dose, 7-day matrix estradiol transdermal system in the treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:587-592. Level of evidence: I.
    • (1996) Obstet Gynecol , vol.88 , pp. 587-592
    • Speroff, L.1    Whitcomb, R.W.2    Kempfert, N.J.3    Boyd, R.A.4    Paulissen, J.B.5    Rowan, J.P.6
  • 26
    • 0003026989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of low, standard, and high dosages of an estradiol transdermal system (Esclim) compared with placebo on vasomotor symptoms in highly symptomatic menopausal patients: The Esclim Study Group
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Utian WH, Burry KA, Archer DF, et al. Efficacy and safety of low, standard, and high dosages of an estradiol transdermal system (Esclim) compared with placebo on vasomotor symptoms in highly symptomatic menopausal patients: the Esclim Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:71-79. Level of evidence: I.
    • (1999) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.181 , pp. 71-79
    • Utian, W.H.1    Burry, K.A.2    Archer, D.F.3
  • 27
    • 0038798005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of progestogen in hormone therapy for postmenopausal women: Position statement of the North American Menopause Society
    • Level of evidence: III
    • The North American Menopause Society. Role of progestogen in hormone therapy for postmenopausal women: position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2003;10:113-132. Level of evidence: III.
    • (2003) Menopause , vol.10 , pp. 113-132
  • 28
    • 2342433540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative review of the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy regimens
    • Level of evidence: Review
    • Warren MP. A comparative review of the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy regimens. Am J Obstet Gyncol 2004;190: 1141-1157. Level of evidence: Review.
    • (2004) Am J Obstet Gyncol , vol.190 , pp. 1141-1157
    • Warren, M.P.1
  • 29
    • 0042737410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Scarabin P-Y, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, for the EStrogen and THromboEmbolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group. Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk. Lancet 2003;362:428-432. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 428-432
    • Scarabin, P.-Y.1    Oger, E.2    Plu-Bureau, G.3
  • 30
    • 0035808009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Lobo RA, et al, for Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial Research Group. Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:939-953. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med , vol.135 , pp. 939-953
    • Hodis, H.N.1    Mack, W.J.2    Lobo, R.A.3
  • 31
    • 0037153707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oestrogen therapy for prevention of reinfarction in postmenopausal women: A randomized placebo controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Cherry N, Gilmour K, Hannaford P, et al, for The ESPRIT team. Oestrogen therapy for prevention of reinfarction in postmenopausal women: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:2001-2008. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 2001-2008
    • Cherry, N.1    Gilmour, K.2    Hannaford, P.3
  • 32
    • 0034710627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, et al. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000;343:522-529. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 522-529
    • Herrington, D.M.1    Reboussin, D.M.2    Brosnihan, K.B.3
  • 33
    • 0038742057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does elevated body mass modify the influence of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on atherosclerosis progression: Results from the estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Mack WJ, Hameed AB, Xiang M, et al. Does elevated body mass modify the influence of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on atherosclerosis progression: results from the estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis trial. Atherosclerosis 2003;168:91-98. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) Atherosclerosis , vol.168 , pp. 91-98
    • Mack, W.J.1    Hameed, A.B.2    Xiang, M.3
  • 34
    • 0037173078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin therapy, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS)
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Herrington DM, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, et al, for the HERS Study Group. Statin therapy, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation 2002;105:2962-2967. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 2962-2967
    • Herrington, D.M.1    Vittinghoff, E.2    Lin, F.3
  • 35
    • 0034739442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral arterial disease in randomized trial of estrogen with progestin in women with coronary heart disease: The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Hsia J, Simon JA, Lin F, et al. Peripheral arterial disease in randomized trial of estrogen with progestin in women with coronary heart disease: the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study. Circulation 2000;102:2228-2232. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , pp. 2228-2232
    • Hsia, J.1    Simon, J.A.2    Lin, F.3
  • 36
    • 0035814748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of stroke: The Heart and Estrogen-progestin Replacement Study (HERS)
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Simon JA, Hsia J, Cauley JA, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of stroke: the Heart and Estrogen-progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation 2001;103:638-642. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , pp. 638-642
    • Simon, J.A.1    Hsia, J.2    Cauley, J.A.3
  • 37
    • 0037014584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II)
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, et al, for the HERS Research Group. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:49-57. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 49-57
    • Grady, D.1    Herrington, D.2    Bittner, V.3
  • 38
    • 0037014630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II)
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Hulley S, Furberg C, Barrett-Connor E, et al, for the HERS Research Group. Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:58-66. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 58-66
    • Hulley, S.1    Furberg, C.2    Barrett-Connor, E.3
  • 39
    • 0037458219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors and secondary prevention in women with heart disease: The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Vittinghoff E, Shlipak MG, Varosy PD, et al, for the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study research group. Risk factors and secondary prevention in women with heart disease: the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:81-89. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) Ann Intern Med , vol.138 , pp. 81-89
    • Vittinghoff, E.1    Shlipak, M.G.2    Varosy, P.D.3
  • 40
    • 0034687825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:933-941. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2000) Ann Intern Med , vol.133 , pp. 933-941
    • Grodstein, F.1    Manson, J.E.2    Colditz, G.A.3    Willett, W.C.4    Speizer, F.E.5    Stampfer, M.J.6
  • 41
    • 0029759025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996;335:453-461. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 453-461
    • Grodstein, F.1    Stampfer, M.J.2    Manson, J.E.3
  • 42
    • 0036754747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with ischaemic heart disease: The Papworth HRT atherosclerosis study
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Clarke SC, Kelleher J, Lloyd-Jones H, Slack M, Schofiel PM. A study of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with ischaemic heart disease: the Papworth HRT atherosclerosis study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;109:1056-1062. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.109 , pp. 1056-1062
    • Clarke, S.C.1    Kelleher, J.2    Lloyd-Jones, H.3    Slack, M.4    Schofiel, P.M.5
  • 43
    • 0030786416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Study: Primary outcomes in adherent women
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Barrett-Connor E, Slone S, Greendale G, et al. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Study: primary outcomes in adherent women. Maturitas 1997;27:261-274. Level of evidence: I.
    • (1997) Maturitas , vol.27 , pp. 261-274
    • Barrett-Connor, E.1    Slone, S.2    Greendale, G.3
  • 44
    • 77957126077 scopus 로고
    • Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial [erratum in: JAMA 1995;214:1616]. JAMA 1995;273:199-208. Level of evidence: I.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , pp. 199-208
  • 45
    • 77957126077 scopus 로고
    • Erratum
    • The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial [erratum in: JAMA 1995;214:1616]. JAMA 1995;273:199-208. Level of evidence: I.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.214 , pp. 1616
  • 46
    • 0042737410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Scarabin PY, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, for the Estrogen and THromboEmbolism Risk Study Group. Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk. Lancet 2003;362:428-432. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 428-432
    • Scarabin, P.Y.1    Oger, E.2    Plu-Bureau, G.3
  • 47
    • 0037145833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:2432-2440. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 2432-2440
    • Waters, D.D.1    Alderman, E.L.2    Hsia, J.3
  • 48
    • 0035950682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical trial of estrogen-replacement therapy after ischemic stroke
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Kernan WN, Sarrel PM, Suissa S, Horwitz RI. A clinical trial of estrogen-replacement therapy after ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1243-49. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1243-1249
    • Viscoli, C.M.1    Brass, L.M.2    Kernan, W.N.3    Sarrel, P.M.4    Suissa, S.5    Horwitz, R.I.6
  • 49
    • 0042594633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone therapy and the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Azen SP, et al, for the Women's Estrogen-Progestin Lipid-Lowering Hormone Atherosclerosis Regression Trial Research Group. Hormone therapy and the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2003;349: 535-545. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.349 , pp. 535-545
    • Hodis, H.N.1    Mack, W.J.2    Azen, S.P.3
  • 50
    • 0042093742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al, for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003;349:523-534. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.349 , pp. 523-534
    • Manson, J.E.1    Hsia, J.2    Johnson, K.C.3
  • 51
    • 4143116880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Margolis KL, Bonds DE, Rodabough RJ, et al, for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trial. Diabetologia 2004;47:1175-1187. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2004) Diabetologia , vol.47 , pp. 1175-1187
    • Margolis, K.L.1    Bonds, D.E.2    Rodabough, R.J.3
  • 52
    • 0037534909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative: A randomized trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M, et al, for the WHI Investigators. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:2673-2684. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 2673-2684
    • Wassertheil-Smoller, S.1    Hendrix, S.L.2    Limacher, M.3
  • 53
    • 0037125379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-333. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 321-333
  • 54
    • 0037419763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypoestrogenemia of hypothalamic origin and coronary artery disease in premenopausal women: A report from the NHLB1-sponsored WISE Study
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Bairey Merz CN, Johnson BD, Sharaf BL, et al, for the WISE Study Group. Hypoestrogenemia of hypothalamic origin and coronary artery disease in premenopausal women: a report from the NHLB1-sponsored WISE Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:413-419. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.41 , pp. 413-419
    • Bairey Merz, C.N.1    Johnson, B.D.2    Sharaf, B.L.3
  • 55
    • 0033599984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age at natural menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Hu FB, Grodstein F, Hannekens CH, et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1061-1066. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (1999) Arch Intern Med , vol.159 , pp. 1061-1066
    • Hu, F.B.1    Grodstein, F.2    Hannekens, C.H.3
  • 56
    • 0034669649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone replacement therapy and distensibility of carotid arteries in postmenopausal women: A randomized, controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Angerer P, Kothny W, Störk S, von Schacky C. Hormone replacement therapy and distensibility of carotid arteries in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1786-1796. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2000) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.36 , pp. 1786-1796
    • Angerer, P.1    Kothny, W.2    Störk, S.3    Von Schacky, C.4
  • 57
    • 0035144266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of oral postmenopausal hormone replacement on progression of atherosclerosis: A randomized, controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Angerer P, Störk S, Kothny W, Schmitt P, von Schacky C. Effect of oral postmenopausal hormone replacement on progression of atherosclerosis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:262-268. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2001) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.21 , pp. 262-268
    • Angerer, P.1    Störk, S.2    Kothny, W.3    Schmitt, P.4    Von Schacky, C.5
  • 58
    • 0346328571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of acute myocardial infarction: A case control study of women in the East Midlands, UK
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Chilvers CE, Knibb RC, Armstrong SJ, Woods KL, Logan RF. Post menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of acute myocardial infarction: a case control study of women in the East Midlands, UK. Euro Heart J 2003;24:2191-2205. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) Euro Heart J , vol.24 , pp. 2191-2205
    • Chilvers, C.E.1    Knibb, R.C.2    Armstrong, S.J.3    Woods, K.L.4    Logan, R.F.5
  • 59
    • 0037422530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current use of unopposed estrogen and estrogen plus progestin and the risk of acute myocardial infarction among women with diabetes: The Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry, 1995-1998
    • Level of evidence: II-3
    • Ferrara A, Quesenberry CP, Karter AJ, Njoroge CW, Jacobson AS, Selby JV, for the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Current use of unopposed estrogen and estrogen plus progestin and the risk of acute myocardial infarction among women with diabetes: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry, 1995-1998. Circulation 2003;107:43-48. Level of evidence: II-3.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 43-48
    • Ferrara, A.1    Quesenberry, C.P.2    Karter, A.J.3    Njoroge, C.W.4    Jacobson, A.S.5    Selby, J.V.6
  • 60
    • 1542347635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of cardiovascular event rates with hormone therapy in healthy early postmenopausal women
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Lobo RA. Evaluation of cardiovascular event rates with hormone therapy in healthy early postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:482-484. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2004) Arch Intern Med , vol.164 , pp. 482-484
    • Lobo, R.A.1
  • 61
    • 0037143553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
    • Level of evidence: Review
    • Humphrey LL, Chan BK, Sox HC. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:273-284. Level of evidence: Review.
    • (2002) Ann Intern Med , vol.137 , pp. 273-284
    • Humphrey, L.L.1    Chan, B.K.2    Sox, H.C.3
  • 62
    • 0032559775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
    • Level of evidence: Database review
    • Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, et al. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:585-593. Level of evidence: Database review.
    • (1998) Arch Intern Med , vol.158 , pp. 585-593
    • Silverstein, M.D.1    Heit, J.A.2    Mohr, D.N.3
  • 63
    • 0037014630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II)
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Hulley S, Furberg C, Barrett-Connor E, et al, for the HERS Research Group. Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:58-66. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 58-66
    • Hulley, S.1    Furberg, C.2    Barrett-Connor, E.3
  • 64
    • 2342501362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fracture incidence in relation to the pattern of use of hormone therapy in postmenopausal women
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Banks E, Beral V, Reeves G, Balkwill A, Barnes I, for the Million Women Study Collaborators. Fracture incidence in relation to the pattern of use of hormone therapy in postmenopausal women. JAMA 2004;291: 2212-2220. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 2212-2220
    • Banks, E.1    Beral, V.2    Reeves, G.3    Balkwill, A.4    Barnes, I.5
  • 65
    • 0347186069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recency and duration of postmenopausal hormone therapy: Effects on bone mineral density and fracture risk in the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) study
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Barrett-Connor E, Wehren LE, Siris ES, et al. Recency and duration of postmenopausal hormone therapy: effects on bone mineral density and fracture risk in the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) study. Menopause 2003;10:412-419. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) Menopause , vol.10 , pp. 412-419
    • Barrett-Connor, E.1    Wehren, L.E.2    Siris, E.S.3
  • 66
    • 1842458473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid loss of hip fracture protection after estrogen cessation: Evidence from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Yates J, Barrett-Connor E, Barlas S, Chen YT, Miller PD, Siris ES. Rapid loss of hip fracture protection after estrogen cessation: evidence from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103:440-446. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2004) Obstet Gynecol , vol.103 , pp. 440-446
    • Yates, J.1    Barrett-Connor, E.2    Barlas, S.3    Chen, Y.T.4    Miller, P.D.5    Siris, E.S.6
  • 67
    • 0037170596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone mass response to discontinuation of long-term hormone replacement therapy: Results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) safety follow-up study
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Greendale GA, Espeland M, Slone S, Marcus R, Barrett-Connor E, for the PEPI Safety Follow-up Study (PSFS) Investigators. Bone mass response to discontinuation of long-term hormone replacement therapy: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) safety follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:665-672. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 665-672
    • Greendale, G.A.1    Espeland, M.2    Slone, S.3    Marcus, R.4    Barrett-Connor, E.5
  • 68
    • 0034645459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How many women lose bone mineral density while taking hormone replacement therapy? Results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions trial
    • Level of evidence:.
    • Greendale GA, Wells B, Marcus R, Barrett-Connor E, for the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions trial investigators. How many women lose bone mineral density while taking hormone replacement therapy? Results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions trial. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3065-3071. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2000) Arch Intern Med , vol.160 , pp. 3065-3071
    • Greendale, G.A.1    Wells, B.2    Marcus, R.3    Barrett-Connor, E.4
  • 69
    • 0029907556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density: Results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA 1996;276:1389-1396. Level of evidence: I.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.276 , pp. 1389-1396
  • 70
    • 1642367713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two to three years of hormone replacement treatment in healthy women have long-term preventive effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: The PERF study
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Bagger YZ, Tanko LB, Alexandersen P, et al. Two to three years of hormone replacement treatment in healthy women have long-term preventive effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: the PERF study. Bone 2004;34:728-735. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2004) Bone , vol.34 , pp. 728-735
    • Bagger, Y.Z.1    Tanko, L.B.2    Alexandersen, P.3
  • 71
    • 0141705375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: The Women's Health Initiative randomized trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z, et al, for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003;290:1729-1738. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 1729-1738
    • Cauley, J.A.1    Robbins, J.2    Chen, Z.3
  • 72
    • 0036845372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of discontinuation of estrogen, calcitriol, and the combination of both on bone density and bone markers
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Gallagher JC, Rapuri PB, Haynatzki G, Detter JR. Effect of discontinuation of estrogen, calcitriol, and the combination of both on bone density and bone markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4914-4923. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 4914-4923
    • Gallagher, J.C.1    Rapuri, P.B.2    Haynatzki, G.3    Detter, J.R.4
  • 73
    • 0037016032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significant differential effects of alendronate, estrogen, or combination therapy on the rate of bone loss after discontinuation of treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Greenspan SL, Emkey RD, Bone HG, et al. Significant differential effects of alendronate, estrogen, or combination therapy on the rate of bone loss after discontinuation of treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:875-883. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) Ann Intern Med , vol.137 , pp. 875-883
    • Greenspan, S.L.1    Emkey, R.D.2    Bone, H.G.3
  • 74
    • 0037042498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
    • Level of evidence: Review
    • Delmas PD. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 2002; 359:2018-2026. Level of evidence: Review.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 2018-2026
    • Delmas, P.D.1
  • 75
    • 0036190678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of postmenopausal osteoporosis: Position statement of the North American Menopause Society
    • Level of evidence: III
    • The North American Menopause Society. Management of postmenopausal osteoporosis: position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2002;9:84-101. Level of evidence: III.
    • (2002) Menopause , vol.9 , pp. 84-101
  • 76
    • 0036677998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. V. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in treating and preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
    • Level of evidence: III
    • Wells G, Tugwell P, Shea B, et al, for the Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. V. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in treating and preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev 2002;23:529-539. Level of evidence: III.
    • (2002) Endocr Rev , vol.23 , pp. 529-539
    • Wells, G.1    Tugwell, P.2    Shea, B.3
  • 77
    • 0037032401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: The Cache County Study
    • Level of evidence: II-3
    • Zandi PP, Carlson MC, Plassman BL, et al, for the Cache County Memory Study Investigators. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: the Cache County Study. JAMA 2002;288:2123-2129. Level of evidence: II-3.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 2123-2129
    • Zandi, P.P.1    Carlson, M.C.2    Plassman, B.L.3
  • 78
    • 0036851506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cognitive function: The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Grady D, Yaffe K, Kristof M, Lin F, Richards C, Barrett-Connor E. Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cognitive function: the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study. Am J Med 2002;113: 543-548. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) Am J Med , vol.113 , pp. 543-548
    • Grady, D.1    Yaffe, K.2    Kristof, M.3    Lin, F.4    Richards, C.5    Barrett-Connor, E.6
  • 79
    • 0037461317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen exposures and memory at midlife: A population-based study of women
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Henderson VW, Guthrie JR, Dudley EC, Burger HG, Dennerstein L. Estrogen exposures and memory at midlife: a population-based study of women. Neurology 2003;60:1369-1371. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.60 , pp. 1369-1371
    • Henderson, V.W.1    Guthrie, J.R.2    Dudley, E.C.3    Burger, H.G.4    Dennerstein, L.5
  • 81
    • 0141542561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A population-based longitudinal study of cognitive functioning in the menopausal transition
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Meyer PM, Powell LH, Wilson RS, et al. A population-based longitudinal study of cognitive functioning in the menopausal transition. Neurology 2003;61:801-806. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.61 , pp. 801-806
    • Meyer, P.M.1    Powell, L.H.2    Wilson, R.S.3
  • 82
    • 2942750157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conjugated equine estrogens and global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Espeland MA, Rapp SR, Shumaker SA, et al, for the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study Investigators. Conjugated equine estrogens and global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA 2004;291:2959-2968. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 2959-2968
    • Espeland, M.A.1    Rapp, S.R.2    Shumaker, S.A.3
  • 83
    • 0038724280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of estrogen plus progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: A randomized controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Rapp SR, Espeland MA, Shumaker SA, et al, for the WHIMS Investigators. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;289:2663-2672. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 2663-2672
    • Rapp, S.R.1    Espeland, M.A.2    Shumaker, S.A.3
  • 84
    • 2942755831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
    • Levels of evidence: I
    • Shumaker SA, Legault C, Kuller L, et al, for the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study Investigators. Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA 2004;291:2947-2958. Levels of evidence: I.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 2947-2958
    • Shumaker, S.A.1    Legault, C.2    Kuller, L.3
  • 85
    • 0038386058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: A randomized controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Shumaker SA, Legault C, Thai L, et al, for the WHIMS Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;289: 2651-2662. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 2651-2662
    • Shumaker, S.A.1    Legault, C.2    Thai, L.3
  • 86
    • 0037320311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Higher estrogen levels are not associated with larger hippocampi and better memory performance
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • den Heijer T, Geerlings MI, Hofman A, et al. Higher estrogen levels are not associated with larger hippocampi and better memory performance. Arch Neurol 2003;60:213-220. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) Arch Neurol , vol.60 , pp. 213-220
    • Den Heijer, T.1    Geerlings, M.I.2    Hofman, A.3
  • 87
    • 1042300983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of efficacy of estradiol for depression in postmenopausal women: A randomized, controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Morrison MF, Kallan MJ, Ten Have T, Katz I, Tweedy K, Battistini M. Lack of efficacy of estradiol for depression in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55:406-412. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2004) Biol Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 406-412
    • Morrison, M.F.1    Kallan, M.J.2    Ten Have, T.3    Katz, I.4    Tweedy, K.5    Battistini, M.6
  • 88
    • 0037320796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen levels do not correlate with improvement in cognition
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Thai LJ, Thomas RG, Mulnard R, Sano M, Grundman M, Schneider L. Estrogen levels do not correlate with improvement in cognition. Arch Neurol 2003;60:209-212. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) Arch Neurol , vol.60 , pp. 209-212
    • Thai, L.J.1    Thomas, R.G.2    Mulnard, R.3    Sano, M.4    Grundman, M.5    Schneider, L.6
  • 89
    • 1242341933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone therapy and Alzheimer's disease: Benefit or harm?
    • Level of evidence: Review
    • Henderson VW. Hormone therapy and Alzheimer's disease: benefit or harm? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004;5:389-406. Level of evidence: Review.
    • (2004) Expert Opin Pharmacother , vol.5 , pp. 389-406
    • Henderson, V.W.1
  • 90
    • 1142285536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HABITS (hormonal replacement therapy after breast cancer - Is it safe?), a randomized comparison trial stopped
    • Level of evidence: I (no placebo)
    • Holmberg L, Anderson H, for the HABITS steering and data monitoring committees. HABITS (hormonal replacement therapy after breast cancer - is it safe?), a randomized comparison trial stopped. Lancet 2004;363:453-455. Level of evidence: I (no placebo).
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 453-455
    • Holmberg, L.1    Anderson, H.2
  • 91
    • 0042018741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Beral V, for the Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003;362:419-427. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 419-427
    • Beral, V.1
  • 92
    • 0033574030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of estrogen and estrogen-progestin on mammographic parenchymal density
    • Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Investigators. Level of evidence: I
    • Greendale GA, Reboussin BA, Sie A, et al. Effects of estrogen and estrogen-progestin on mammographic parenchymal density. Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Investigators. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:262-269. Level of evidence: I.
    • (1999) Ann Intern Med , vol.130 , pp. 262-269
    • Greendale, G.A.1    Reboussin, B.A.2    Sie, A.3
  • 93
    • 0141593565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: The Women's Health Initiative randomized trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Anderson GL, Judd HL, Kaunitz AM, et al, for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003;290:1739-1748. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 1739-1748
    • Anderson, G.L.1    Judd, H.L.2    Kaunitz, A.M.3
  • 94
    • 0037830132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative randomized trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD, et al, for the WHI Investigators. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:3243-3253. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 3243-3253
    • Chlebowski, R.T.1    Hendrix, S.L.2    Langer, R.D.3
  • 95
    • 0042413423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women's Health Initiative Cohort Study. Recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative Cohort Study
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • McTiernan A, Kooperberg C, White E, Wilcox S, Coates R, Adams-Campbell LL, Woods N, Ockene J. Women's Health Initiative Cohort Study. Recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Cohort Study. JAMA. 2003;290:1331-1336. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 1331-1336
    • McTiernan, A.1    Kooperberg, C.2    White, E.3    Wilcox, S.4    Coates, R.5    Adams-Campbell, L.L.6    Woods, N.7    Ockene, J.8
  • 96
    • 0037125379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-333. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 321-333
  • 97
    • 0037125454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of ovarian cancer
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Lacey JV Jr, Mink PJ, Lubin JH, et al. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of ovarian cancer [erratum in: JAMA 2002;288: 2544]. JAMA 2002;288;334-341. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 334-341
    • Lacey Jr., J.V.1    Mink, P.J.2    Lubin, J.H.3
  • 98
    • 33750368473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erratum
    • Lacey JV Jr, Mink PJ, Lubin JH, et al. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of ovarian cancer [erratum in: JAMA 2002;288: 2544]. JAMA 2002;288;334-341. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 2544
  • 99
    • 0038167811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between long durations and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Li CI, Malone KE, Porter PL, et al. Relationship between long durations and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer. JAMA 2003;289:3254-3263. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 3254-3263
    • Li, C.I.1    Malone, K.E.2    Porter, P.L.3
  • 100
    • 0037443689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone replacement therapy containing progestins and given continuously increases breast carcinoma risk in Sweden
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Olsson HL, Ingvar C, Bladstrom A. Hormone replacement therapy containing progestins and given continuously increases breast carcinoma risk in Sweden. Cancer 2003;97:1387-1392. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2003) Cancer , vol.97 , pp. 1387-1392
    • Olsson, H.L.1    Ingvar, C.2    Bladstrom, A.3
  • 101
    • 0036899920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone replacement therapy regimens and breast cancer risk
    • Level of evidence: II-2
    • Weiss LK, Burkman RT, Cushing-Hauger KL, et al. Hormone replacement therapy regimens and breast cancer risk. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1148-1158. Level of evidence: II-2.
    • (2002) Obstet Gynecol , vol.100 , pp. 1148-1158
    • Weiss, L.K.1    Burkman, R.T.2    Cushing-Hauger, K.L.3
  • 102
    • 0030843969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: Collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiologic studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer
    • Level of evidence: III
    • Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiologic studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer [erratum in: Lancet 1997;350: 1484]. Lancet 1997;350:1047-1059. Level of evidence: III.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 1047-1059
  • 103
    • 0031583750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erratum
    • Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiologic studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer [erratum in: Lancet 1997;350: 1484]. Lancet 1997;350:1047-1059. Level of evidence: III.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 1484
  • 104
    • 0037123341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: Reanalysis of nine prospective studies
    • Level of evidence: III
    • Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:606-616. Level of evidence: III.
    • (2002) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.94 , pp. 606-616
  • 105
    • 1942509651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endometrial hyperplasia: A review
    • Level of evidence: Review
    • Montgomery BE, Daum GS, Dunton CJ. 2004. Endometrial hyperplasia: a review. Obstet Gynecol Survey 59:368-78. Level of evidence: Review.
    • (2004) Obstet Gynecol Survey , vol.59 , pp. 368-378
    • Montgomery, B.E.1    Daum, G.S.2    Dunton, C.J.3
  • 106
    • 10744220122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen plus progestin and colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women
    • Level of evidence: I
    • Chlebowski RT, Wactawski-Wende J, Ritenbaugh C, et al, for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2004;250: 991-1004. Level of evidence: I.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.250 , pp. 991-1004
    • Chlebowski, R.T.1    Wactawski-Wende, J.2    Ritenbaugh, C.3
  • 107
    • 0033134701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer: A review and meta-analysis
    • Level of evidence: III
    • Grodstein F, Newcomb PA, Stampfer MJ. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer: a review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 1999;106:574-582. Level of evidence: III.
    • (1999) Am J Med , vol.106 , pp. 574-582
    • Grodstein, F.1    Newcomb, P.A.2    Stampfer, M.J.3
  • 108
    • 0028961223 scopus 로고
    • Colorectal cancer and oestrogen replacement therapy: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
    • Level of evidence: III
    • MacLennan SC, MacLennan AH, Ryan P. Colorectal cancer and oestrogen replacement therapy: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Med J Aust 1995;162:491-493. Level of evidence: III.
    • (1995) Med J Aust , vol.162 , pp. 491-493
    • MacLennan, S.C.1    MacLennan, A.H.2    Ryan, P.3
  • 109
    • 0032918794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis
    • Level of evidence: III
    • Nanda K, Bastian LA, Hasselblad V, Simel DL. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:880-888. Level of evidence: III.
    • (1999) Obstet Gynecol , vol.93 , pp. 880-888
    • Nanda, K.1    Bastian, L.A.2    Hasselblad, V.3    Simel, D.L.4
  • 110
    • 0037434599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the divergent data on postmenopausal hormone therapy
    • Level of evidence: III
    • Grodstein F, Clarkson TB, Manson JE. Understanding the divergent data on postmenopausal hormone therapy. N Engl J Med 2003;348:645-650. Level of evidence: III.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 645-650
    • Grodstein, F.1    Clarkson, T.B.2    Manson, J.E.3
  • 111
    • 4043096473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioidentical hormone therapy: A review
    • Level of evidence: Review
    • Boothby LA, Doering PL, Kipersztok S. Bioidentical hormone therapy: A review. Menopause 2004;11:356-367. Level of evidence: Review.
    • (2004) Menopause , vol.11 , pp. 356-367
    • Boothby, L.A.1    Doering, P.L.2    Kipersztok, S.3
  • 112
    • 0032501350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspirin and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Level of evidence: III
    • He J, Whelton PK, Vu B, Klag MJ. Aspirin and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1998;280: 1930-1935. Level of evidence: III.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.280 , pp. 1930-1935
    • He, J.1    Whelton, P.K.2    Vu, B.3    Klag, M.J.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.