Treatment of colorectal cancer metastasis: The role of chemotherapy

Cancer and Metastasis Reviews

Volumn 23, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 145-163

  Xiong, Henry Q ^a   Ajani, Jaffer A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Colorectal cancer; Metastasis

Indexed keywords

5 CHLORO 2,4 DIHYDROXYPYRIDINE PLUS OXONATE POTASSIUM PLUS TEGAFUR; 5 ETHYNYLURACIL; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CAPECITABINE; CISPLATIN; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DACARBAZINE; DOXORUBICIN; FLUOROPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; IRINOTECAN; METHOTREXATE; MITOMYCIN C; OXALIPLATIN; PEMETREXED; RALTITREXED; SEMUSTINE; TUMODEX; UFT; VINCRISTINE;

ANOREXIA; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE COURSE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RESPONSE; DYSESTHESIA; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; OTOTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; VOMITING;

ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; CAMPTOTHECIN; CLINICAL TRIALS; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; DEOXYCYTIDINE; FLUOROURACIL; HUMANS; LEUCOVORIN; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; ORGANOPLATINUM COMPOUNDS; QUINAZOLINES; TEGAFUR; THIOPHENES; URACIL;

EID: 1242292406     PISSN: 01677659     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1025823315416     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 49: 33-64, 1999
2. Heidelberger C, Chaudhuri NK, Dannenberg P, Mooren D, Gries-Bach L, Duschinsky R, Schnitzer RJ, Pleven E, Scheiner J: Fluorinated pyrimidines, a new class of tumor-inhibitory compounds. Nature 179: 663-666, 1957
3. The Advanced Colorectal Cancer Meta-Analysis Project: Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: Evidence in terms of response rate. J Clin Oncol 10: 896-903, 1992
4. The Advanced Colorectal Cancer Meta-Analysis project: Meta-Analysis of randomized trials testing the biochemical modulation of fluorouracil by methotrexate in metastatic colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 12: 960-969, 1994
5. The Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer. Efficacy of intravenous continuous infusion of fluorouracil compared with bolus administration in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 16: 301-308, 1998
6. The Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer. Toxicity of fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: Effect of administration schedule and prognostic factors
7. Leichman CG, Fleming TR, Muggia FM: Phase II study of fluorouracil and its modulation in advanced colorectal cancer: A Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 13(6): 1303-1311, 1995
8. De Gramont A, Louvet C, Andre T, Tournigand C, Krulik M: A review of GERCOD trials of bimonthly leucovorin plus 5-fluorouracil 48-h continuous infusion in advanced colorectal cancer: Evolution of a regimen. Eur J Cancer 34: 619-626, 1998
9. De Gramont A, Bosset JF, Milan C, Rougier P, Bouche O, Etienne PL, Morvan F, Louvet C, Guillot T, Francois E, Bedenne L: A randomized trial comparing monthly low dose leucovorin-5-fluorouracil bolus with bimonthly high-dose leucovorin-5-fluorouracil bolus plus continuous infusion for advanced colorectal cancer: A French Intergroup Study (FFCD, GERCOD, SNFMI). J Clin Oncol 15: 808-815, 1997
10. Reigner B, Blesch K, Weidekamm E: Clinical pharmacokinetics of capecitabine. Clin Pharmacokinet 40(2): 85-104, 2001
11. Schuller J, Cassidy, Dumont E, Roos B, Durston S, Banken L, Utoh M, Mori K, Weidekamm E, Reigner B: Preferential activation of capecitabine in tumor following oral administration to colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 45: 291-297, 2000
12. Taguchi T, Ishitani K, Saitoh K, Kurihara M, Tominaga T, Fukuyama Y, Saigenji K, Toge T, Takashima S, Sugimachi K, Hara Y: A Japanese phase I study of continuous twice daily treatment with capecitabine in patients with advanced and/or metastatic solid tumors. Ann Oncol 7: 299a, 1996
13. Hughes M, Planting A, Twelves C, Schellens J, Allman D, Osterwalder B, Kaye S, Verweij J: A phase I study of intermittent twice daily oral therapy with capecitabine in patients with advanced and/or metastatic solid cancer. Ann Oncol 7: 297a, 1996
14. Budman DR, Meropol NJ, Reigner B, Creaven PJ, Lichtman SM, Berghorn E, Behr J, Gordon RJ, Osterwalder B, Griffin T: Preliminary studies of a novel oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate: Capecitabine. J Clin Oncol 16: 1795-1802, 1998
15. Mackean M, Planting A, Twelves C, Schellens J, Allman D, Osterwalder B, Reigner B, Griffin T, Kaye S, Verweij J: Phase I and pharmacologic study of intermittent twice-daily oral therapy with capecitabine in patients with advanced and/or metastatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 16: 2977-2985, 1998
16. Cassidy J, Dirix L, Bissett D, Reigner B, Griffin T, Allman D, Osterwalder B, Van Oosterom AT: A phase I study of capecitabine in combination with oral leucovorin in patients with intractable solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 4: 2755-2761, 1998
17. Van Cutsem E, Findlay M, Osterwalder B, Kocha W, Dalley D, Pazdur R, Cassidy J, Dirix L, Twelves C, Allman D, Seitz JF, Scholmerich J, Burger HU, Verweij J: Capecitabine, an oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate with substantial activity in advanced colorectal cancer: Results of a randomized phase II study. J Clin Oncol 18(6): 1337-1345, March 2000
18. Hoff PM, Ansari R, Batist G, Cox J, Kocha W, Kuperminc M, Maroun J, Walde D, Weaver C, Harrison E, Burger HU, Osterwalder B, Wong AO, Wong R: Comparison of oral capecitabine vs. intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: Results of a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol 19(8): 2282-2292, April 15, 2001
19. Van Cutsem E, Twelves C, Cassidy J, Allman D, Bajetta E, Boyer M, Bugat R, Findlay M, Frings S, Jahn M, McKendrick J, Osterwalder B, Perez-Manga G, Rosso R, Rougier P, Schmiegel WH, Seitz JF, Thompson P, Vieitez JM, Weitzel C, Harper P: Xeloda Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: Results of a large phase III study. J Clin Oncol 19(21): 4097-4106, November 1, 2001
20. Twelves C: Capecitabine as first-line treatment in colorectal cancer: Pooled data from two large, phase III trials. Eur J Cancer 38(suppl 2): 15-20, 2002
21. Hoff P, Abbruzzese J, Medgysey D, et al.: A phase II study of Xeloda (Capecitabine) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer demonstrating progression on 5-FU therapy. Pro Am Sci Clin Oncol Abstract 993, 2000
22. Hoff PM, Pazdur R, Benner SE, Canetta R: UFT and leucovorin: A review of its clinical development and therapeutic potential in the oral treatment of cancer. Anticancer Drugs 9(6): 479-490, July 1998
23. Ho DH, Pazdur R, Covington W, Brown N, Huo YY, Lassere Y, Kuritani J: Comparison of 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics in patients receiving continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion and oral uracil plus N1-(2′-tetrahydrofuryl)-5- fluorouracil. Clin Cancer Res 4(9): 2085-2088, 1998
24. Malik ST, Talbot D, Clarke PI, Osborne R, Reznek R, Wrigley PF, Slevin ML: Phase II trial of UFT in advanced colorectal and gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 62(6): 1023-1025, December 1990
25. Pazdur R, Lassere Y, Rhodes V, Ajani JA, Sugarman SM, Patt YZ, Jones DV Jr., Markowitz AB, Abbruzzese JL, Bready B, et al.: Phase II trial of uracil and tegafur plus oral leucovorin: An effective oral regimen in the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 12(11): 2296-2300, November 1994
26. Gonzalez-Baron M, Feliu J, de la Gandara I, Espinosa E, Colmenarejo A, Martinez-Martinez B, Blanco E, Garcia-Giron C, Juarez F, Garrido P, Ordóñez A, Zamora P: Efficacy of oral tegafur modulation by uracil and leucovorin in advanced colorectal cancer. A phase II study. Eur J Cancer 31A(13-14): 2215-2219, December 1995
27. Feliu J, Gonzalez Baron M, Espinosa E, Garcia Giron C, de la Gandara I, Espinosa J, Colmenarejo A, Jalon JI, Fernandez Y, de Castro J: Uracil and tegafur modulated with leucovorin: An effective regimen with low toxicity for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma in the elderly. Oncopaz Cooperative Group. Cancer 79(10): 1884-1889, May 15 1997
28. Douillard JY, Hoff PM, Skillings JR, Eisenberg P, Davidson N, Harper P, Vincent MD, Lembersky BC, Thompson S, Maniero A, Benner SE: Multicenter phase III study of uracil/tegafur and oral leucovorin versus fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 20(17): 3605-3616, September 1, 2002
29. Carmichael J, Popiela T, Radstone D, Falk S, Borner M, Oza A, Skovsgaard T, Munier S, Martin C: Randomized comparative study of tegafur/uracil and oral leucovorin vs. parenteral fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 20(17): 3617-3627, September 1, 2002
30. Shirasaka T, Shimamato Y, Ohshimo H, Yamaguchi M, Kato T, Yonekura K, Fukushima M: Development of a novel form of an oral 5-fluorouracil derivative (S-1) directed to the potentiation of the tumor selective cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil by two biochemical modulators. Anticancer Drugs 7: 548-557, 1996
31. Taguchi T, Inuyama Y, Kanamaru R, Hasegawa K, Akazawa S, Niitani H, Furue H, Kurihara M, Ota K, Suga S, Ariyoshi Y, Takai S, Shimoyama T, Toge T, Takashima S, Sugimachi K, Hara Y, Fujita H, Kimura K, Saito T, Tsukagoshi S, Nakao I: [Phase I study of S-1. S-1 Study Group.] Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 24: 2253-2264, 1997, Japanese
32. Hoff PM, Wenske CA, Medgyesy DC, Royce ME, Brito R, Zukowski T, Ravandi F, Kuritani J, Pazduret R: Phase I and pharmacokinetic (PK) study of a novel oral fluoropyrimidine S-1. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 18: 665a, 1999
33. van Groeningen CJ, Peters GJ, Schornagel JH, Gall H, Noordhuis P, de Vries MJ, Turner SL, Swart MS, Pinedo HM, Hanauske AR, Giaccone G: Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of oral S-1 in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 18: 2772-2779, 2000
34. Meropol NJ, Leishman CG, Yeslow G, Beard M, Proefrock A, Roedig B, Damle B, Letrent SP, DeCillis AP: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of single daily oral administration of S-1. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 20: 361a, 2001
35. Hirata K, Horikoshi N, Aiba K, Okazaki M, Denno R, Sasaki K, Nakano Y, Ishizuka H, Yamada Y, Uno S, Taguchi T, Shirasaka T: Pharmacokinetic study of S-1, a novel oral fluorouracil antitumor drug. Clin Cancer Res 5(8): 2000-2005, August 1999
36. Ohtsu A, Baba H, Sakata Y: Phase II study of S-1, a novel oral fluorophyrimidine derivative, in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. S-1 Cooperative Colorectal Carcinoma Study Group. Br J Cancer 83(2): 141-145, July 2000
37. Hahn RG, Moertel CG, Schutt AJ, Bruckner HW: A double-blind comparison of intensive course 5-fluorouracil by oral vs. intravenous route in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 35: 1031-1035, 1975
38. Baccanari DP, Davis ST, Knick VC, Spector T: 5-Ethynyluracil (776C85): A potent modulator of the pharmacokinetics and antitumor efficacy of 5-fluorouracil. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(23): 11064-11068, December 1, 1993
39. Cao S, Baccanari DP, Joyner SS, Davis ST, Rustum YM, Spector T: 5-Ethynyluracil (776C85): Effects on the antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics of tegafur, a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil. Cancer Res 55(24): 6227-6230, December 15, 1995
40. Ahmed FY, Johnston SJ, Cassidy J, O'Kelly T, Binnie N, Murray GI, van Gennip AH, Abeling NG, Knight S, McLeod: Eniluracil treatment completely inactivates dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in colorectal tumors. J Clin Oncol 17(8): 2439-2445, August 1999
41. Baker SD, Khor SP, Adjei AA, Doucette M, Spector T, Donehower RC, Grochow LB, Sartorius SE, Noe DA, Hohneker: Pharmacokinetic, oral bioavailability, and safety study of fluorouracil in patients treated with 776C85, an inactivator of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. J Clin Oncol 14: 3085-3096, 1996
42. Schilsky RL, Hohneker J, Ratain MJ, Janisch L, Smetzer L, Lucas VS, Khor SP, Diasio R, Von Hoff DD, Burris HA III, et al.: Phase I clinical and pharmacologic study of eniluracil plus fluorouracil in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 16: 1450-1457, 1998
43. Mani S, Hochster H, Beck T, Chevlen EM, O'Rourke MA, Weaver CH, Bell WN, White R, McGuirt C, Levin J, Hohneker J, Schilsky RL, Lokich J: Multicenter phase II study to evaluate a 28-day regimen of oral fluorouracil plus eniluracil in the treatment of patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 18(15): 2894-2901, August 2000
44. Schilsky RL, Bukowski R, Burris H III, Hochster H, O'Rourke M, Wall JG, Mani S, Bonny T, Levin J, Hohneker J: A multicenter phase II study of a five-day regimen of oral 5-fluorouracil plus eniluracil with or without leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 11(4): 415-420, April 2000
45. Meropol NJ, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, Schilsky RL, Mayer RJ: Phase II study of oral eniluracil, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 91(7): 1256-1263, April 1, 2001
46. Schilsky RL, Levin J, West WH, Wong A, Colwell B, Thirlwell MP, Ansari RH, Bell WN, White RL, Yates BB, McGuirt PV, Pazdur R: Randomized, open-label, phase III study of a 28-day oral regimen of eniluracil plus fluorouracil vs. intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic/advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 20(6): 1519-1526, March 15, 2002
47. Touroutoglou N, Pazdur R: Thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2(2): 227-243, February 1996
48. Jackman AL, Farrugia DC, Gibson W, Kimbell R, Harrap KR, Stephens TC, Azab M, Boyle FT: ZD1694 (Tomudex): A new thymidylate synthase inhibitor with activity in colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 31A(7-8): 1277-1282, July-August 1995
49. Cunningham D, Zalcberg JR, Rath U, Olver I, Van Cutsem E, Svensson C, Seitz JF, Harper P, Kerr D, Perez-Manga G, Azab M, Seymour L, Lowery K: 'Tomudex' (ZD1694): Results of a randomised trial in advanced colorectal cancer demonstrate efficacy and reduced mucositis and leucopenia. The 'Tomudex' Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer 31A(12): 1945-1954, November 1995
50. Pazdur R, Vincent M: Raltitrexed (Tomudex) vs. 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (5-FU + LV) in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: Results of a randomized, multicenter, North American Trial (abstract). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 16: 228a, 1997
51. Parper P: Advanced colorectal cancer (ACC): Results from the latest raltitrexed Tomudex (raltitrexed) comparative study (abstract). Pro Am Soc Clin 16: 228a, 1997
52. Taylor EC, Kuhnt D, Shih C, Rinzel SM, Grindey GB, Barredo J, Jannatipour M, Moran RG: A dideazatetrahydrofolate analog lacking a chiral center at C-6, N-[4-[2-(2-Amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5- yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid, is an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase. J Med Chem 35: 4450-4454, 1992
53. Shih C, Chen VJ, Gossett LS, Gates SB, MacKellar WC, Habeck LL, Shackelford KA, Mendelsohn LG, Soose DJ, Patel VF, Andis SL, Bewley JR, Rayl EA, Moroson BA, Beardsley GP, Kohler W, Ratnam M, Schultz RM: LY231514, a pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine based antifolate that inhibits multiple folate requiring enzymes. Cancer Res 57: 1116-1123, 1997
54. John W, Picus J, Blanke CD, Clark JW, Schulman LN, Rowinsky EK, Thornton DE, Loehrer PJ: Activity of multitargeted antifolate (pemetrexed disodium, LY231514) in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma: Results from a phase II study. Cancer 88(8): 1807-1813, 2000
55. Kawato Y, Aonuma M, Hirota Y, Kuga H, Sato K: Intracellular roles of SN-38, a metabolite of the camptothecin derivative CPT-11, in the antitumor effect of CPT-11. Cancer Res 51(16): 4187-4191, 1991
56. Slichenmyer WJ, Rowinsky EK, Donehower RC, Kaufmann SH: The current status of camptothecin analogs as antitumor agents. J Natl Cancer Inst 85(4): 271-291, February 17, 1993
57. Staley BE, Samowitz WS, Bronstein IB, Holden JA: Expression of DNA topoisomerase I and DNA topoisomerase II-alpha in carcinoma of the colon. Mod Pathol 12(4): 356-361, April 1999
58. Ohe Y, Sasaki Y, Shinkai T, Eguchi K, Tamura T, Kojima A, Kunikane H, Okamoto H, Karato A, Ohmatsu H, et al.: Phase I study and pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 with 5-day continuous infusion. J Natl Cancer Inst 84(12): 972-974, 1992
59. Rothenberg ML, Kuhn JG, Burris HA III, Nelson J, Eckardt JR, Tristan-Morales M, Hilsenbeck SG, Weiss GR, Smith LS, Rodriguez GI, Rock MK, Teroda K, Von Hoff DD: Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of weekly CPT-11. J Clin Oncol 11(11): 2194-2204, 1993
60. Rowinsky EK, Grochow LB, Ettinger DS, Sartorius SE, Lubejko BG, Chen TL, Rock MK, Donehower RC: Phase I and pharmacological study of the novel topoisomerase I inhibitor 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-iperidino] carbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT-11) administered as a ninety-minute infusion every 3 weeks. Cancer Res 54(2): 427-436, 1994
61. de Forni M, Bugat R, Chabot GG, Culine S, Extra JM, Gouyette A, Madelaine I, Marty ME, Mathieu-Boue A: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the camptothecin derivative irinotecan, administered on a weekly schedule in cancer patients. Cancer Res 54(16): 4347-4354, 1994
62. Abigerges D, Chabot GG, Armand JP, Herait P, Gouyette A, Gandia D: Phase I and pharmacologic studies of the camptothecin analog irinotecan administered every 3 weeks in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 13(1): 210-221, 1995
63. Catimel G, Chabot GG, Guastalla JP, Dumortier A, Cote C, Engel C, Gouyette A, Mathieu-Boue A, Mahjoubi M, Clavel M: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan (CPT-11) administered daily for three consecutive days every three weeks in patients with advanced solid tumors. Ann Oncol 6(2): 133-140, 1995
64. Van Cutsem E, Pozzo C, Starkhammar H, Dirix L, Terzoli E, Cognetti F, Humblet Y, Garufi C, Filez L, Gruia G, Cote C, Barone C: A phase II study of irinotecan alternated with five days bolus of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in first-line chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 9(11): 1199-1204, 1998
65. Firvida JL, Irigoyen A, Vazquez-Estevez S, Diz P, Constenla M, Casal-Rubio J, Valladares-Ayerbes M, Castellanos J, Rodriguez R, Balcells M: Phase II study of irinotecan as first-line chemotherapy for patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 91(4): 704-711, 2001
66. Rougier P, Bugat R, Douillard JY, Culine S, Sue E, Brunet P, Becouarn Y, Ychou M, Marty M, Extra JM, Bonneterre J, Adenis A, Seitz JF, Ganem G, Namer M, Conroy T, Negrier S, Merrouche Y, Burki F, Mousseau M, Herait P, Mahjoubi M: Phase II study of irinotecan in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer in chemotherapy-naive patients and patients pretreated with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 15(1): 251-260, 1997
67. Pilot HC, Wender DB, O'Connell MJ, Schroeder G, Goldberg RM, Rubin J, Mailliard JA, Knost JA, Ghosh C, Kirschling RJ, Levitt R, Windschitl HE: Phase II trial of irinotecan in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 15(8): 2910-2919, 1997
68. Rothenberg ML, Eckardt JR, Kuhn JG, Burris HA III, Nelson J, Hilsenbeck SG, Rodriguez GI, Thurman AM, Smith LS, Eckhardt SG, Weiss GR, Elfring GL, Rinaldi DA, Schaaf LJ, Von Hoff DD: Phase II trial of irinotecan in patients with progressive or rapidly recurrent colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 14(4): 1128-1135, 1996
69. Van Cutsem E, Cunningham D, Ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Puni CJ, Alexopoulos CG, Dirix L, Symann M, Blijham GH, Cholet P, Fillet G, Van Groeningen C, Vannetzel JM, Levi F, Panagos G, Unger C, Wils J, Cote C, Blanc C, Herait P, Bleiberg H: Clinical activity and benefit of irinotecan (CPT-11) in patients with colorectal cancer truly resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Eur J Cancer 35(1): 54-59, 1999
70. Rothenberg ML, Cox JV, DeVore RF, Hainsworth JD, Pazdur R, Rivkin SE, Macdonald JS, Geyer CE Jr., Sandbach J, Wolf DL, Mohrland JS, Elfring GL, Miller LL, Von Hoff DD: A multicenter, phase II trial of weekly irinotecan (CPT-11) in patients with previously treated colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 85(4): 786-795, 1999
71. Cunningham D, Pyrhonen S, James RD, Puni CJ, Hickish TF, Heikkila R, Johannesen TB, Starkhammar H, Topham CA, Awad L, Jacques C, Herait P: Randomised trial of irinotecan plus supportive care versus supportive care alone after fluorouracil failure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet 352(9138): 1413-1418, 1998
72. Rougier P, Van Cutsem E, Bajetta E, Niederle N, Possinger K, Labianca R, Navarro M, Morant R, Bleiberg H, Wils J, Awad L, Herait P, Jacques C: Randomized trial of irinotecan versus fluorouracil by continuous infusion after fluorouracil failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet 352(9138): 1407-1412, 1998
73. Mathe G, Kidani Y, Segiguchi M, Eriguchi M, Fredj G, Peytavin G, Misset JL, Brienza S, de Vassals F, Chenu E, Bourut C: Oxalato-platinum or 1-OHP, a third-generation platinum complex: An experimental and clinical appraisal and preliminary comparison with cis-platinum and carboplatinum. Biomed Pharmacother 43(4): 237-250, 1989
74. Tashiro T, Kawada Y, Sakurai Y, Kidani Y: Antitumor activity of a new platinum complex, oxalato (trans-1-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum (II): New experimental data. Biomed Pharmacother 43(4): 251-260, 1989
75. Extra JM, Espie M, Calvo F, Ferme C, Mignot L, Marty M: Phase I study of oxaliplatin in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 25(4): 299-303, 1990
76. Caussanel JP, Levi F, Brienza S, Misset JL, Itzhaki M, Adam R, Milano G, Hecquet B, Mathe G: Phase I trial of 5-day continuous venous infusion of oxaliplatin at circadian rhythm-modulated rate compared with constant rate. J Natl Cancer Inst 82(12): 1046-1050, 1990
77. Machover D, Diaz-Rubio E, de Gramont A, Schilf A, Gastiaburu JJ, Brienza S, Itzhaki M, Metzger G, N'Daw D, Vignoud J, Abad A, Francois E, Gamelin E, Marty M, Sastre J, Seitz JF, Ychou M: Two consecutive phase II studies of oxaliplatin (L-OHP) for treatment of patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma who were resistant to previous treatment with fluoropyrimidines. Ann Oncol 7(1): 95-98, 1996
78. Levi F, Perpoint B, Garufi C, Focan C, Chollet P, Depres-Brummer P, Zidani R, Brienza S, Itzhaki M, Iacobelli S, et al.: Oxaliplatin activity against metastatic colorectal cancer. A phase II study of 5-day continuous venous infusion at circadian rhythm modulated rate. Eur J Cancer 29A(9): 1280-1284, 1993
79. Becouarn Y, Ychou M, Ducreux M, Borel C, Bertheault-Cvitkovic F, Seitz JF, Nasca S, Nguyen TD, Paillot B, Raoul JL, Duffour J, Fandi A, Dupont-Andre G, Rougier P: Phase II trial of oxaliplatin as first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Digestive Group of French Federation of Cancer Centers. J Clin Oncol 16(8): 2739-2744, 1998
80. Diaz-Rubio E, Sastre J, Zaniboni A, Labianca R, Cortes-Funes H, de Braud F, Boni C, Benavides M, Dallavalle G, Homerin M: Oxaliplatin as single agent in previously untreated colorectal carcinoma patients: A phase II multicentric study. Ann Oncol 9(1): 105-108, January 1998
81. Hansen RM, Ryan L, Anderson T, Krzywda B, Quebbeman E, Benson A III, Haller DG, Tormey DC: Phase III study of bolus versus infusion fluorouracil with or without cisplatin in advanced colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(10): 668-674, 1996
82. Bleiberg H, Vanderlinden B, Buyse M, Haegele P, Paillot B, Tagnon A, Wils J, Cartei G, Fornasiero A, Duez N: Randomized phase II study of a combination of cisplatin (DDP), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and allopurinol (HPP) vs. 5-FU in advanced colorectal carcinoma. An EORTC Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Cooperative Group study. Cancer Invest 8(5): 471-475, 1990
83. Wadler S, Lembersky B, Atkins M, Kirkwood J, Petrelli N: Phase II trial of fluorouracil and recombinant interferon alfa-2a in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 9(10): 1806-1810, 1991
84. Weh HJ, Platz D, Braumann D, Buggisch P, Eckardt N, Schmiegel WH, Drescher S, Kleeberg UR, Mullerleile U, Crone-Munzebrock W, et al.: Phase 11 trial of 5-fluorouracil and recombinant interferon alfa-2B in metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 28A(11): 1820-1823, 1992
85. Pazdur R, Ajani JA, Patt YZ, Winn R, Jackson D, Shepard B, DuBrow R, Campos L, Quaraishi M, Faintuch J: Phase II study of fluorouracil and recombinant interferon alfa-2a in previously untreated advanced colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 8(12): 2027-2031, 1990
86. Greco FA, Figlin R, York M, Einhorn L, Schilsky R, Marshall EM, Buys SS, Froimtchuk MJ, Schuller J, Schuchter L, Buyse M, Ritter L, Man A, Yap AK: Phase III randomized study to compare interferon alfa-2a in combination with fluorouracil vs. fluorouracil alone in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 14(10): 2674-2681, 1996
87. Colucci G, Maiello E, Gebbia V, Giuliani F, Serravezza G, Lelli G, Leo S, Filippelli G, Nicolella G, Brandi M: 5-fluorouracil and levofolinic acid with or without recombinant interferon-2b in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma: A randomized multicenter study with stratification for tumor burden and liver involvement by the Southern Italy Oncology Group. Cancer 85(3): 535-545, 1999
88. Bulusu VR: Irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer: Time for a pause? Eur J Cancer 34(3): 286-289, 1998
89. Mullany S, Svingen PA, Kaufmann SH, Erlichman C: Effect of adding the topoisomerase I poison 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) to 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid in HCT-8 cells: Elevated dTTP pools and enhanced cytotoxicity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 42: 391-399, 1998
90. Tsao YP, D'Arpa P, Liu LF: The involvement of active DNA synthesis in camptothecin-induced G2 arrest: Altered regulation of p34cdc2/cyclin B. Cancer Res 52: 1823-1829, 1992
91. Mans DR, Grivicich I, Peters GJ, Schwartsmann G: Sequence-dependent growth inhibition and DNA damage formation by the irinotecan-5-fluorouracil combination in human colon carcinoma cell lines. Eur J Cancer 35: 1851-1861, 1999
92. Pavillard V, Formento P, Rostagno P, Formento JL, Fischel JL, Francoual M, Etienne MC, Milano G: Combination of irinotecan (CPT11) and 5-fluorouracil with an analysis of cellular determinants of drug activity. Biochem Pharmacol 56: 1315-1322, 1998
93. Cao S, Rustum YM: Synergistic antitumor activity of irinotecan in combination with 5-fluorouracil in rats bearing advanced colorectal cancer: Role of drug sequence and dose. Cancer Res 60: 3717-3721, 2000
94. Saltz LB, Kanowitz J, Kemeny NE, Schaaf L, Spriggs D, Staton BA, Berkery R, Steger C, Eng M, Dietz A, Locker P, Kelsen DP: Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 14(11): 2959-2967, 1996
95. Vanhoefer U, Harstrick A, Kohne CH, Achterrath W, Rustum YM, Seeber S, Wilke H: Phase I study of a weekly schedule of irinotecan, high-dose leucovorin, and infusional fluorouracil as first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 17(3): 907-913, 1999
96. Ducreux M, Ychou M, Seitz JF, Bonnay M, Bexon A, Armand JP, Mahjoubi M, Mery-Mignard D, Rougier P: Irinotecan combined with bolus fluorouracil, continuous infusion fluorouracil, and high-dose leucovorin every two weeks (LV5FU2 regimen): A clinical dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study in patients with pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 17(9): 2901-2908, 1999
97. Andre T, Louvet C, Maindrault-Goebel F, Couteau C, Mabro M, Lotz JP, Gilles-Amar V, Krulik M, Carola E, Izrael V, de Gramont A: CPT-11 (irinotecan) addition to bimonthly, high-dose leucovorin and bolus and continuous-infusion 5-fluorouracil (FOLFIRI) for pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer. GERCOR. Eur J Cancer 35(9): 1343-1347, 1999
98. Goldberg RM, Kaufmann SH, Atherton P, Sloan JA, Adjei AA, Pitot HC, Alberts SR, Rubin J, Miller LL, Erlichman C: A phase I study of sequential irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin. Ann Oncol 13(10): 1674-1680, 2002
99. Falcone A, Di Paolo A, Masi G, Allegrini G, Danesi R, Lencioni M, Pfanner E, Comis S, Del Tacca M, Conte P: Sequence effect of irinotecan and fluorouracil treatment on pharmacokinetics and toxicity in chemotherapy-naive metastatic colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 19(15): 3456-3462, 2001
100. Saltz LB, Cox JV, Blanke C, Rosen LS, Fehrenbacher L, Moore MJ, Maroun JA, Ackland SP, Locker PK, Pirotta N, Elfring GL, Miller LL: Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. Irinotecan Study Group. N Engl J Med 343(13): 905-914, September 28, 2000
101. Douillard JY, Cunningham D, Roth AD, Navarro M, James RD, Karasek P, Jandik P, Iveson T, Carmichael J, Alakl M, Gruia G, Awad L, Rougier P: Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: A multicenter randomised trial. Lancet 355(9209): 1041-1047, 2000
102. Saltz LB, Douillard JY, Pirotta N, Alakl M, Gruia G, Awad L, Elfring GL, Locker PK, Miller LL: Irinotecan plus fluorouracil/leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer: A new survival standard. Oncologist 6(1): 81-91, 2001
103. Raymond E, Faivre S, Woynarowski JM, Chaney, SG: Oxaliplatin: Mechanism of action and antineoplastic activity. Semin Oncol 25(Suppl 5): 4-12, 1998
104. Levi F, Perpoint B, Garufi C, Focan C, Chollet P, Depres-Brummer P, Zidani R, Brienza S, Itzhaki M, Iacobelli S: Oxaliplatin activity against metastatic colorectal cancer. A phase II study of 5-day continuous venous infusion at circadian rhythm modulated rate. Eur J Cancer 29A(9): 1280-1284, 1993
105. Levi F, Misset JL, Brienza S, Adam R, Metzger G, Itzakhi M, Caussanel JP, Kunstlinger F, Lecouturier S, Descorps-Declere A: A chronopharmacologic phase II clinical trial with 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid, and oxaliplatin using an ambulatory multichannel programmable pump. High antitumor effectiveness against metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer 69(4): 893-900, 1992
106. Levi FA, Zidani R, Vannetzel JM, Perpoint B, Focan C, Faggiuolo R, Chollet P, Garufi C, Itzhaki M, Dogliotti L: Chronomodulated vs. fixed-infusion-rate delivery of ambulatory chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinic acid (leucovorin) in patients with colorectal cancer metastases: A randomized multi-institutional trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 86(21): 1608-1617, 1994
107. Bertheault-Cvitkovic F, Jami A, Ithzaki M, Brummer PD, Brienza S, Adam R, Kunstlinger F, Bismuth H, Misset JL, Levi F: Biweekly intensified ambulatory chronomodulated chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 14(11): 2950-2958, 1996
108. de Gramont A, Vignoud J, Tournigand C, Louvet C, Andre T, Varette C, Raymond E, Moreau S, Le Bail N, Krulik M: Oxaliplatin with high-dose leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil 48-hour continuous infusion in pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 33(2): 214-219, 1997
109. Levi F, Zidani R, Misset JL: Randomised multicenter trial of chronotherapy with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinic acid in metastatic colorectal cancer. International Organization for Cancer Chronotherapy. Lancet 350(9079): 681-686, 1997
110. Andre T, Louvet C, Raymond E, Tournigand C, de Gramont A: Bimonthly high-dose leucovorin, 5-fluorouracil infusion and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX3) for metastatic colorectal cancer resistant to the same leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil regimen. Ann Oncol 9(11): 1251-1253, 1998
111. Levi F, Zidani R, Brienza S, Dogliotti L, Perpoint B, Rotarski M, Letourneau Y, Llory JF, Chollet P, Le Rol A, Focan C: A multicenter evaluation of intensified, ambulatory, chronomodulated chemotherapy with oxaliplatin. 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin as initial treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. International Organization for Cancer Chronotherapy. Cancer 85(12): 2532-2540, 1999
112. Andre T, Bensmaine MA, Louvet C, Francois E, Lucas V, Desseigne F, Beerblock K, Bouche O, Carola E, Merrouche Y, Morvan F, Dupont-Andre G, de Gramont A: Multicenter phase II study of bimonthly high-dose leucovorin, fluorouracil infusion, and oxaliplatin for metastatic colorectal cancer resistant to the same leucovorin and fluorouracil regimen. J Clin Oncol 17(11): 3560-3568, November 1999
113. Maindrault-Goebel F, Louvet C, Andre T, Carola E, Lotz JP, Molitor JL, Garcia ML, Gilles-Amar V, Izrael V, Krulik M, de Gramont A: Oxaliplatin added to the simplified bimonthly leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil regimen as second-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (FOLFOX6). GERCOR. Eur J Cancer 35(9): 1338-1342, 1999
114. Janinis J, Papakostas P, Samelis G, Skarlos D, Papagianopoulos P, Fountzilas G: Second-line chemotherapy with weekly oxaliplatin and high-dose 5-fluorouracil with folinic acid in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: A Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG) phase II feasibility study. Ann Oncol 11(2): 163-167, 2000
115. Maindrault-Goebel F, de Gramont A, Louvet C, Andre T, Carola E, Gilles V, Lotz JP, Tournigand C, Mabro M, Molitor JL. Artru P, Izrael V, Krulik M: Evaluation of oxaliplatin dose intensity in bimonthly leucovorin and 48-h 5-fluorouracil continuous infusion regimens (FOLFOX) in pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncology Multidisciplinary Research Group (GERCOR). Ann Oncol 11(11): 1477-1483, 2000
116. Kouroussis C, Souglakos J, Kakolyris S, Mavroudis D, Malamos N, Kalbakis K, Androulakis N, Agelaki A, Vardakis N, Samonis G, Georgoulias V: Oxaliplatin in combination with infusional 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin every 2 weeks as first-line treatment in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: A phase II study. Oncology 61(1): 36-41, 2001
117. Maindrault-Goebel F, de Gramont A, Louvet C, Andre T, Carola E, Mabro M, Artru P, Gilles V, Lotz JP, Izrael V, Krulik M: Oncology Multidisciplinary Research Group (GERCOR). High-dose intensity oxaliplatin added to the simplified bimonthly leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil regimen as second-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (FOLFOX 7). Eur J Cancer 37(8): 1000-1005, 2001
118. Giacchetti S, Perpoint B, Zidani R, Le Bail N, Faggiuolo R, Focan C, Chollet P, Llory JF, Letourneau Y, Coudert B, Bertheaut-Cvitkovic F, Larregain-Fournier D, Le Rol A, Walter S, Adam R, Misset JL, Levi F: Phase III multicenter randomized trial of oxaliplatin added to chronomodulated fluorouracil-leucovorin as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 18(1): 136-147, 2000
119. de Gramont A, Figer A, Seymour M, Homerin M, Hmissi A, Cassidy J, Boni C, Cortes-Funes H, Cervantes A, Freyer G, Papamichael D, Le Bail N, Louvet C, Hendler D, de Braud F, Wilson C, Morvan F, Bonetti A: Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 18(16): 2938-2947, 2000
120. Zeghari-Squalli N, Raymond E, Cvitkovic E, Goldwasser F: Cellular pharmacology of the combination of the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor SN-38 and the diaminocyclohexane platinum derivative oxaliplatin. Clin Cancer Res 5(5): 1189-1196, 1999
121. Wasserman E, Cuvier C, Lokiec F, Goldwasser F, Kalla S, Mery-Mignard D, Ouldkaci M, Besmaine A, Dupont-Andre G, Mahjoubi M, Marty M, Misset JL, Cvitkovic E: Combination of oxaliplatin plus irinotecan in patients with gastrointestinal tumors: results of two independent phase I studies with pharmacokinetics. J Clin Oncol 17(6): 1751-1759, 1999
122. Goldwasser F, Gross-Goupil M, Tigaud JM, Di Palma M, Marceau-Suissa J, Wasserman E, Yovine A, Misset JL, Cvitkovic E: Dose escalation of CPT-11 in combination with oxaliplatin using an every two weeks schedule: A phase I study in advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients. Ann Oncol 11(11): 1463-1470, 2000
123. Kemeny N, Tong W, Gonen M, Stockman J, Di Lauro C, Teitcher J, White P, Price C, Saltz L, Sharma S, Graham MA: Phase I study of weekly oxaliplatin plus irinotecan in previously treated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 13(9): 1490-1496, 2002
124. Scheithauer W, Kornek GV, Raderer M, Valencak J, Weinlander G, Hejna M, Haider K, Kwasny W, Depisch D: Combined irinotecan and oxaliplatin plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced fluoropyrimidine/leucovorin-pretreated colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 17(3): 902-906, 1999
125. Scheithauer W, Kornek GV, Raderer M, Ulrich-Pur H, Fiebiger W, Gedlicka C, Schull B, Brugger S, Schneeweiss B, Lang F, Lenauer A, Depisch D: Randomized multicenter phase II trial of oxaliplatin plus irinotecan vs. raltitrexed as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 20(1): 165-172, 2002
126. Gornet JM, Azoulay D, Levi F, Yovine A, Misset JL, Goldwasser F: Dramatic tumor response of bulky liver metastases following treatment with CPT-11 and a chronomodulated 4-day infusion of 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid and oxaliplatin every 2 weeks in a colorectal cancer patient. Anticancer Drugs 11(4): 263-268, 2000
127. Falcone A, Masi G, Allegrini G, Danesi R, Pfanner E, Brunetti IM, Di Paolo A, Cupini S, Del Tacca M, Conte P: Biweekly chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, irinotecan, infusional Fluorouracil, and leucovorin: A pilot study in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 20(19): 4006-4014, 2002
128. Calvo E, Cortes J, Gonzalez-Cao M, Rodriguez J, Aramendia JM, Fernandez-Hidalgo O, Martin-Algarra S, Salgado JE, Martinez-Monge R, de Irala J, Brugarolas A: Combined irinotecan, oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. A feasibility pilot study. Oncology 63(3): 254-265, 2002
129. Souglakos J, Mavroudis D, Kakolyris S, Kourousis Ch, Vardakis N, Androulakis N, Agelaki S, Kalbakis K, Tsetis D, Athanasiadis N, Samonis G, Georgoulias V: Triplet combination with irinotecan plus oxaliplatin plus continuous-infusion fluorouracil and leucovorin as first-line treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer: A multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 20(11): 2651-2657, 2002
130. Zeuli M, Costanzo ED, Sdrobolini A, Gasperoni S, Paoloni FP, Carpi A, Moscetti L, Cherubini R, Cognetti F: Gruppo Oncologico Italiano per la Ricerca Clinica (GOIRC) and Gruppo Oncologico Laziale (GOL). Capecitabine and oxaliplatin in advanced colorectal cancer: A dose-finding study. Ann Oncol 12(12): 1737-1741, 2001
131. Scheithauer W, Kornek GV, Raderer M, Schull B, Schmid K, Langle F, Huber H: Intermittent weekly high-dose capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin: A phase I/II study in first-line treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 13(10): 1583-1589, 2002
132. Diaz-Rubio E, Evans TR, Tabemero J, Cassidy J, Sastre J, Eatock M, Bisset D, Regueiro P, Baselga J: Capecitabine (Xeloda) in combination with oxaliplatin: A phase I, dose-escalation study in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Ann Oncol 13(4): 558-565, 2002
133. Borner MM, Dietrich D, Stupp R, Morant R, Honegger H, Wernli M, Herrmann R, Pestalozzi BC, Saletti P, Hanselmann S, Muller S, Brauchli P, Castiglione-Gertsch M, Goldhirsch A, Roth AD: Phase II study of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in first-and second-line treatment of advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 20(7): 1759-1766, 2002
134. Goel S, Jhawer M, Rajdev L, Hopkins U, Fehn K, Baker C, Chun HG, Makower D, Landau L, Hoffman A, Wadler S, Mani S: Phase I clinical trial of irinotecan with oral capecitabine in patients with gastrointestinal and other solid malignancies. Am J Clin Oncol 25(5): 528-534, 2002
135. Vanhoefer U, Mayer S, Harstrick A, Achterrath W, Frings S, Deuss B, Wilke H, Seeber S: Phase I study of capecitabine in combination with a weekly schedule of irinotecan (CPT-11) as first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Abstract 1059 Pro Am Soc Clin Oncol 2000
136. Kerr JD, T en Bokkel Huinink WW, Ferry DR, Rea DW, Boussard BM, Oulid-Aissa D, Frings S, Nortier JW: A phase I/II study of CPT-11 in combination with capecitabine as first line chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) Abstract 643 Pro Am Soc Clin Oncol 2002
137. Cassata A, Chiara Stani S, Alù M, Procopio G, Cortinovis D, Beretta E, Ferrario E, Longarini R, Baldini A, Lambiase A, Di Bartolomeo M, Buzzoni R, Bidoli P, Bajetta E: Ongoing phase II trial with two schedules of irinotecan (CPT-11) in combination with capecitabine as first line chemotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC). Abstract 573 Pro Am Soc Clin Oncol 2001
138. Jordan K, Grothey A, Kellner O, Constantin C, Dietrich G, Schlichting C, Mantovani L, Kroening H, Hagen V, Gutberlet K, Forstbauer H, Schmoll H-J: Randomized phase II trial of capecitabine plus irinotecan vs. capecitabine plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy in advanced colorectal cancer (ACRC): Results of an interim analysis. Abstract 2225 Pro Am Soc Clin Oncol 2002
139. Morton RF, Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Fuchs CS, O'Connell MJ: Oxaliplatin or CPT-11 combined with 5FU/Leucovorin in advanced colorectal cancer: An NCCTG/CALGB study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 20: 125a, (abstr 495), 2001
140. Horak I, Miller LL: Letter to Physicians from Pharmacia Corporation. Peapack, NJ, Pharmicia Corp, May 10, 2001
141. Rothenberg ML, Meropol NJ, Poplin EA, Van Cutsem E, Wadler S: Mortality associated with irinotecan plus bolus fluorouracil/leucovorin: Summary findings of an independent panel. J Clin Oncol 19(18): 3801-3807, 2001
142. Goldberg RM, Morton RF, Sargent DJ, Fuchs CS, Ramanathan RK, Williamson, SK, Findlay BP: N9741: Oxaliplatin or CPT-11+5-FU/LV or oxaliplatin+CPT-11 in advanced colorectal cancer. Initial toxicity and response data from a GI intergroup study. Abstract 511, Pro Am Soc Clin Oncol, 2001
143. Tournigand C, Louvet C, Quinaux E, Quinaux E, Andre T, Lledo G, Flesch M, Ganem G, Landi B, Colin P, Denet C, Mery-Mignard D, Risse M-L, Buyse M, De gramont A: FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX vs. FOLFOX followed by FOLFIRI in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC): Final results of a phase III study. Abstract 494, ASCO 2001