Excitotoxicity: A possible central mechanism in fluoride neurotoxicity

Fluoride

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 301-314

  Blaylock, Russell L ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

4 Hydroxynonenal; Aspartate; Excitotoxicity; Fluoride neurotoxicity; Fluoroaluminum complexes; Glutamate; Melatonin; Neurodegeneration; Peroxynitrite; Reactive nitrogen species; Reactive oxygen species

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM; FLUORIDE; FREE RADICAL; IRON; LEAD; MERCURY;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; ENERGY YIELD; EXCITOTOXICITY; FLUOROSIS; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NEUROTOXICITY; REVIEW;

EID: 12144269148     PISSN: 00154725     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Lipton SA, Rosenberg PA. Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurological disorders. N Eng J Med 1994;330:613-22.
2. Blaylock RL. The central role of excitotoxicity in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association (JANA) 2003;6:7-19.
3. Blaylock RL. Interaction of cytokines, excitotoxins and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association (JANA) 2003;6:21-35.
4. Blaylock RL. Chronic microglial activation and excitotoxicity secondary to excessive immune stimulation: Possible factors in Gulf War Syndrome and autism. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons 2004;9:46-51.
5. Szatkowski M, Attwell D. Triggering and execution of neuronal death in brain ischemia: two phases of glutamate release by different mechanisms. Trends Neurosci 1994;17:359-65.
6. Jensen AA, Brauner-Osborne H. Pharmacological characterization of human excitatory amino acid transporters EAAT1, EAAT2 and EAAT3 in a fluorescence-based membrane potential assay. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;67:2115-27.
7. Lucas DR, Newhouse JP. The toxic effect of sodium L-glutamate on the inner layers of the retina. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1957;58:193-201.
8. Olney JW. Brain lesions, obesity and other disturbances in mice treated with monosodium glutamate. Sci 1969;164:719-21.
9. Hinoi E, Takarada T, Ueshima T, Tsuchihashi Y, Yoneda Y. Glutamate signaling in peripheral tissues. Eur J Biochem. 2004;271:1-13.
10. Trudeau LE. Glutamate co-transmission as an emerging concept in monoamine neuron function. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2004;29:296-310.
11. Simeone TA, Sanchez RM, Rho JM. Molecular biology and ontogeny of glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. J. Child Neurol 2004;19:343-60.
12. Lan JY, Skeberdis VA, Jover T, Grooms SY, Lin Y, Araneda RC, et al. Protein kinase C modulates NMDA receptor trafficking and gating. Nat Neurosci 2001;4:382-90.
13. Babu GN, Bawari M, Ali MM. Lipid peroxidation potential and antioxidant status of circumventricular organs of rat brain following neonatal monosodium glutamate. Neurotoxicology 1994;15:773-7.
14. Minoshima T, Nakanishi S. Structural organization of the mouse metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 gene and its regulation by growth factors in cultured cortical astrocytes. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1999;126:889-96.
15. Baskys A. Metabotropic receptors and 'slow' excitatory actions of glutamate agonists in the hippocampus. Trends Neurosci 1992;15:92-6.
16. Isokawa M, Levesque MF. Increased NMDA responses and dendritic degeneration in human epileptic hippocampal neurons in slices. Neurosci Lett 1991;132:212-6.
17. Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Cherici G, Alesiani M, Carla V, Moroni F. Excitatory amino acid release from rat hippocampal slices as a consequence of free-radical formation. J Neurochem. 1988;51:1960-3.
18. Blanc EM, Keller JN, Fernandez S, Mattson MP. 4-Hydroxynonenal, a lipid peroxidation product, impairs, glutamate transport in cortical astrocytes. Glia 1998;22:149-60.
19. Xu S, Shu B, Chen Z. Effect of fluoride on activities of nitric oxide synthase in rat brain [abstract]. Fluoride 2001;34:84.
20. Cassina R, Radi R. Differential inhibitory action of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on mitochondrial electron transport. Arch Biochem Biophys 1996;328:309-16.
21. Bolanos JP, Almeida A, Stewart V, Peuchen S, Land JM, Clark JB. Nitric oxide-mediated mitochondrial damage in the brain: mechanisms and implications for neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 1997:68:2227-40.
22. Vani LM, Reddy KP. Effects of fluoride accumulation on some enzymes of brain and gastrocnemius muscle of mice. Fluoride 2000;33:17-26.
23. Mundy WR, Freudenrich TM, Kodavanti PR. Aluminum potentiates glutamate-induced calcium accumulation and iron-induced oxygen free radical formation in primary neuronal cultures. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1997;32:41-57.
24. Meglio L, Oteiza PI. Aluminum enhances melanin-induced lipid peroxidation. Neurochem Res 1999;24:1001-8.
25. Good PF, Olanow CW, Perl DP. Neuromelanin-containing neurons of the substantia nigra accumulate iron and aluminum in Parkinson's disease: A LAMMA study. Brain Res 1992;593:343-6.
26. Naarala JT, Loikkanen JJ, Ruotsalainen MH, Savilainen KM. Lead amplifies glutamate-induced oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;19:689-93.
27. Coplan MJ, Masters RD. Silicofluorides and fluoridation. Fluoride 2001;34:161-4.
28. Shivarajashankara YM, Shivashankara AR, Bhat GP, Rao SH, Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of young rats in chronic fluoride intoxication. Fluoride 2002;35:197-203.
29. Iakielewicz I, Krechniak J Fluoride effects on glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation in rats. Fluoride 2004;37:7-12.
30. Singh K, Ahluwalia P. Studies on the effect of monosodium glutamate [MSG] administration on some antioxidant enzymes in the arterial tissue of adult male mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2003;49:145-8.
31. Li J, Cao S. Recent studies on endemic fluorosis in China [editorial]. Fluoride 1994;27:125-8.
32. Siesjo BK, Bengtsson F. Calcium fluxes, calcium antagonists, and calcium-related pathology in brain ischemia, hypoglycemia, and spreading depression: a unifying hypothesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989;9:127-40.
33. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Osuna C, Gitto E. Actions of melatonin in the reduction of oxidative stress: a review. J Biomed Sci 2000;7:444-58.
34. Luke J. Fluoride deposition in the aged human pineal gland. Caries Res 2001;35:125-8.
35. Yamada H, Yatsushiro S, Ishio S, Hayashi M, Nishi T, Yamamoto A. Metabotropic glutamate receptors negatively regulate melatonin synthesis in rat pinealocytes. J Neurosci 1998;18:2056-62.
36. Tauman R, Zisapel N, Laudon M, Nehama H, Sivan Y. Melatonin production in infants. Pediatr Neurol 2002;26:379-82.
37. Lima AC, Louzada PR, De Mello FG, Ferreira ST. Neuroprotection against Abeta and glutamate toxicity by melatonin: are GABA receptors involved? Neurotox Res 2003;5:323-7.
38. Gao HX, Zhang LX. Anatagonistic effects of melatonin on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal neurons. Sheng Li Xue Bao 1999;51:430-4.
39. Nicholls DG, Budd SL. Mitochondria and neuronal glutamate excitotoxicity. Biochim. Biophys Acta 1998;1366:97-112.
40. Beal MF, Hyman BT, Koroshetz W. Do defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism underlie the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases? Trends Neurosci 1993;16:125-31.
41. Henneberry RC. The role of neuronal energy in neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids. Neurobiol Aging 1989;10:611-3.
42. Dousset JC, Rioufol C, Philibert C, Bourbon P. Effects of inhaled HF on cholesterol, carbohydrate and trioxycarboxylic acid metabolism in guinea pigs. Fluoride 1987;20:137-41.
43. Ebadi M, Sharma SK. Peroxynitrite and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2003;5:319-35.
44. Meltzer CC, Zubieta JK, Brandt J, Tune LE, Mayberg HS, Frost JJ. Regional hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease as measured by positron emission tomography after correction for effects of partial volume averaging. Neurology 1996;47:454-61.
45. Schapira AH, Gu M, Taanman JW, Tabrizi SJ, Seaton T, Cleeter M, et al. Mitochondria in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1998;44 Suppl 1:S89-S98.
46. Gibson GE, Park LC, Zhang H, Sorbi S, Calingasan NY. Oxidative stress and a key metabolic enzyme in Alzheimer brains, cultured cells, and an animal model of chronic oxidative deficits. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999;893:79-94.
47. Mullenix PJ, Denbesten PK, Schunior A, Kernan WJ. Neurotoxicology of sodium fluoride in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1995;17:169-77.
48. Seal RP, Amara SG. Excitatory amino acid transporters: a family in flux. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1999;39:431-56.
49. Maragakis NJ, Rothstein JD. Glutamate transporters: animal models to neurologic disease. Neurobiol Dis 2004;15:461-73.
50. 2 of glutamate transport in astrocyte cultures. J Neurochem. 1988;50:1117-22.
51. Sass JB, Ang LC, Juurlink BH. Aluminum pretreatment impairs the ability of astrocytes to protect neurons from glutamate mediated toxicity. Brain Res 1993;621:207-14.
52. 3+-induced epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Res 2000;39:201-9.
53. Hu S, Sheng WS, Ehrlich LC, Peterson PK, Chao CC. Cytokine effects on glutamate uptake by human astrocytes. Neuroimmunomodulation 2000;7:153-9.
54. Lundy DF, McBean GJ. Pre-incubation of synaptosomes with arachidonic acid potentiates inhibition of [3H] D-aspartate transport. Eur J Pharmacol 1995;291:273-9.
55. Keller JN, Mark RJ, Bruce AJ, Blanc E, Rothstein JD, Uchida K et al. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation, impairs glutamate transport and mitochondrial function in synaptosomes. Neuroscience 1997;80:685-96.
56. Aschner M, Du YL, Gannon M, Kimelberg HK. Methylmercury-induced alterations in excitatory amino acid transport in rat primary astrocyte cultures. Brain Res 1993;602:181-6.
57. Allain P, Gauchard F, Krari N. Enhancement of aluminum digestive absorption by fluoride in rats. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1996;91:225-31.
58. Varner JA, Horvath WJ, Huie CW, Naslund HR, Isaacson RL. Chronic aluminum fluoride administration. I. Behavioral observations. Behav Neural Biol 1994;61:233-41.
59. Varner JA, Jenson KF, Horvath W, Isaacson RL. Chronic administration of aluminum-fluoride or sodium-fluoride to rats in drinking water: alterations in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity. Brain Res 1998;784:284-98.
60. Deloncle R, Guillard O, Huguet F, Clanet F. Modification of the blood-brain barrier through chronic intoxication by aluminum glutamate. Possible role in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 1995;47:227-33.
61. Strunecka A, Strunecky O, Patocka J. Fluoride plus aluminum: useful tools in laboratory investigations, but messengers of false information. Physiol Res 2002;51:557-64.
62. Lan JY, Skeberdis VA, Jover T, Zheng X, Bennett MV, Zukin RS. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 accelerates NMDA receptor trafficking. J Neurosci 2001;21:6058-68.
63. Thoulmond S, Parnet P, Linthorst AC. When cytokines get on your nerves: cytokine networks and CNS pathologies. Trends Neurosci 1996;19:409-10.
64. Tavares RG, Tasca CL, Santos CE, Alves LB, Porciuncula LO, Emanuelli T, et al. Quinolinic acid stimulates synaptosomal glutamate release and inhibits glutamate uptake into astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2002;40:621-7.
65. Tsunoda M, Sharma RP. Modulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in mouse brain after exposure to aluminum in drinking water. Arch Toxicol 1999;73:419-26.
66. Shivarajashankara YM, Shivashankara AR, Bhat PG, Roa SM, Roa SH. Histological changes in the brain of young fluoride-intoxicated rats. Fluoride 2002;35:12-21.
67. Komuro H, Rakic P. Modulation of neuronal migration by NMDA receptors. Science 1993;260:95-7.
68. Marret S, Gressens P, Evarard P. Arrest of neuronal migration by excitatory amino acids in hamster developing brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:15463-8.
69. Bar-Peled O, Ben-Hur H, Biegon A, Groner Y, Dewhurst S, Furuta A. Distribution of glutamate transporter subtypes during brain development. J Neurochem 1997;69:2571-80.
70. Shibata T, Watanabe M, Tanaka K, Wada K, Inoue Y. Dynamic changes in expression of glutamate transporter mRNAs in developing brain. Neuroreport 1996;7:705-9.
71. Trabelsi M, Guermazi F, Zeghal N. Effect of fluoride on thyroid function and cerebellar development in mice. Fluoride 2001;34:165-73.
72. Perl DP, Good PF. Uptake of aluminum into central nervous system along nasal-olfactory pathways. Lancet 1987;1:1028.
73. Susheela AK, Bhatnagar M. Reversal of fluoride induced cell injury through elimination of fluoride and consumption of diet rich in essential nutrients and antioxidants. Mol Cell Biochem 2002;234-235:335-40.
74. Guna Sherlin DM, Verma RJ. Vitamin D ameliorates fluoride-induced embryotoxicity in pregnant rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2001;23:197-201.
75. Verma RJ, Sherlin DM. Vitamin C ameliorates fluoride-induced embryotoxicity in pregnant rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2001:619-23. [abstract in Fluoride 2002;35:131]
76. Verma RJ, Sherlin DM. Vitamin C ameliorates fluoride-induced embryotoxicity in pregnant rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2001:619-23. [abstract in Fluoride 2002;35:131]
77. Chinoy NJ, Sequeira E, Narayana MV. Effects of vitamin C and calcium on the reversibility of fluoride-induced alterations in spermatozoa of rabbits. Fluoride 1991;24:29-39.
78. Gupta SK, Gupta RC, Seth AK, Gupta A. Reversal of fluorosis in children. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1996;38:513-9.
79. Chinoy NJ, Sharma A. Amelioration of fluoride toxicity by vitamins E and D in reproductive functions of male mice. Fluoride 1998;31:203-16.
80. Chinoy NJ, Shah SD. Biochemical effects of sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide toxicity and their reversal in the brain of mice. Fluoride 2004;37(2):80-7.
81. Blaylock RL. Neurodegeneration and aging of the central nervous system: prevention and treatment by phytochemicals and metabolic nutrients. Integrative Med 1998;1:117-33.
82. Blaylock RL. New developments in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases using nutraceuticals and metabolic stimulants. Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association (JANA) 2002;5:15-32.
83. Juzyszyn Z, Czerny B, Myśliwiec Z, Put A, Enhancement of kidney and liver respiratory activity by quercetin sulfonates in rats chronically exposed to ammonium fluoride. Fluoride 2002;35:161-7.
84. Marasco JA Jr, Feczko WA. Basal ganglia calcification in Down's syndrome. Comput Tomogr 1979;3:111-3.
85. Takashima S, Becker LE. Basal ganglia calcification in Down's syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:61-4.
86. Chiu HF, Lam LC, Shum PP, Li KW. Idiopathic calcification of the basal ganglia. Postgrad Med J 1993;69:68-70.
87. May N, Prats A, Riveros A, Andres N, Bernal F. Basal ganglia calcification induced by excitotoxicity: an experimental model characterized by electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1999;98:217-25.