Carnitine replacement in end-stage renal disease and hemodialysis

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1033, Issue , 2004, Pages 52-66

  Calvani, Menotti ^a   Benatti, Paola ^a   Mancinelli, Angelo ^a   D'Iddio, Stefania ^a   Giordano, Vincenzo ^a   Koverech, Aleardo ^a   Amato, Antonino ^b   Brass, Eric P ^c  

^a Sigma Tau SpA   (Italy)

^b Sigma Tau Research Inc   (United States)

^c HARBOR UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Acylcarnitines; Carnitine; End stage renal disease; Hemodialysis; Uremia

Indexed keywords

ACYLCARNITINE; CARNITINE;

ANEMIA; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARNITINE DEFICIENCY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HEMODIALYSIS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY METABOLISM; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; PREVALENCE; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN INTAKE; PROTEIN MALNUTRITION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; UREMIA;

EID: 10644293209     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1320.005     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (83)

1. REBOUCHE, C.J. & H. SEIM. 1998. Carnitine metabolism and its regulation in microorganisms and mammals. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 18: 39-61.
2. ENGEL, A.G. & C.J. REBOUCHE. 1984. Carnitine metabolism and inborn errors. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 1: 38-43.
3. LÖSTER, H. 2003. Carnitine and Cardiovascular Diseases. Ponte Press. Bochum.
4. TAMAI, I. et al. 1998. Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 20378-20382.
5. TAMAI, I. et al. 2001. Na(+)-coupled transport of L-carnitine via high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 and its subcellular localization in kidney. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1512: 273-284.
6. KOIZUMI, A. et al. 1999. Genetic epidemiology of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 gene in a Japanese population and phenotypic characterization in Japanese pedigrees with primary systemic carnitine deficiency. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8: 2247-2254.
7. PANDE, S.V. & M.S.R. MURTHY. 1994. Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency: implications in human pathology. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1226: 269-276.
8. MCGARRY, J.D. & N.F. BROWN. 1997. The mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase system: from concept to molecular analysis. Eur. J. Biochem. 244: 1-14.
9. BIEBER, L.L. 1988. Carnitine. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57: 261-283.
10. BREMER, J. 1997. Carnitine Today. Springer-Verlag. Heidelberg/Berlin/New York.
11. SHIMABUKURO, M. et al. 1998. Fatty acid-induced beta cell apoptosis: a link between obesity and diabetes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 2498-2502.
12. WINTER, S.C., E.M. ZORN & W.H. VANCE. 1990. Carnitine deficiency. Lancet 335: 981-982.
13. SUZUKI, Y., K. TOKUYAMA & M. KINOSHITA. 1983. Urinary profile of L-carnitine and its derivatives in starved normal persons and ACTH injected patients with myopathy. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 29: 303-312.
14. MARZO, A. et al. 1989. Metabolism and disposition of intravenously administered acetyl-L-carnitine in healthy volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 37: 59-63.
15. PACE, S. et al. 2000. Pharmacokinetics of propionyl-L-carnitine in humans: evidence for saturable tubular reabsorption. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 50: 441-448.
16. MANCINELLI, A. et al. 1995. Disposition of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine in the isolated perfused rat kidney. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 274: 1122-1128.
17. FOUQUE, D. 2003. Nutritional requirements in maintenance hemodialysis. Adv. Renal Replace. Ther. 10: 183-193.
18. BULLA, M. et al. 1996. Dysregulation of carnitine metabolism in renal insufficiency: a summary of findings in adults and children. In Carnitine: Pathobiochemical Basics and Clinical Applications, pp. 177-193. Ponte Press. Bochum.
19. KERNER, J. & C. HOPPEL. 1998. Genetic disorders of carnitine metabolism and their nutritional management. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 18: 179-206.
20. SAKURAUCHI, Y. et al. 1998. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on muscular symptoms in hemodialyzed patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 32: 258-264.
21. SAVICA, V. et al. 1983. Plasma and muscle carnitine levels in hemodialysis patients with morphological-ultrastructural examination of muscle samples. Nephron 35: 232-236.
22. BELLINGHIERI, G. et al. 1983. Correlation between increased serum and tissue L-carnitine and improved muscle symptoms in hemodialyzed patients. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 38: 523-531.
23. FAGHER, B. et al. 1985. Carnitine and left ventricular function in hemodialysis patients. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 45: 193-198.
24. EVANS, A.M. & G. FORNASINI. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 42: 941-967.
25. BRASS, E.P. 1995. Pharmacokinetic considerations for the therapeutic use of carnitine in hemodialysis patients. Clin. Ther. 17: 176-185.
26. EVANS, A.M. et al. 2000. Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 68: 238-249.
27. 6-trimethyl-lysine. Biochem. J. 188: 529-534.
28. WANNER, C. et al. 1987. Carnitine metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure: effect of L-carnitine supplementation. Kidney Int. Suppl. 22: S132-S135.
29. OHASHI, R. et al. 1999. Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 291: 778-784.
30. LENNON, D.L. et al. 1986. Carnitine status, plasma lipid profiles, and exercise capacity of dialysis patients: effects of submaximal exercise program. Metabolism 35: 728-735.
31. DE LOS REYES, B. et al. 1996. Reduced carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity and altered acyl-trafficking in red blood cells from hemodialysis patients. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1315: 37-39.
32. EATON, S. et al. 2003. Myocardial carnitine palmitoyltransferase I as a target for oxidative modification in inflammation and sepsis. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31: 1133-1136.
33. NORTON, P.A. 2002. Affect of serum leptin on nutritional status in renal disease. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 102: 1119-1125.
34. GUARNIERI, G., R. ANTONIONE & G. BIOLO. 2003. Mechanisms of malnutrition in uremia. J. Renal Nutr. 13: 153-157.
35. STAMATIADIS, D.N. et al. 2004. Elevated leptin fragments in renal failure correlate with BMI and haematopoiesis and are normalized by haemodialysis. Clin. Endocrinol. 60: 434-441.
36. WOLKOWICZ, P. et al. 2004. Activation of leptin expression by an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 28: 649-651.
37. YAMAGISHI, S.I. et al. 2001. Leptin induces mitochondrial superoxide production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells by increasing fatty acid oxidation via protein kinase A. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 25096-25100.
38. WANG, Z.W. et al. 2001. The role of leptin resistance in the lipid abnormalities of aging. FASEB J. 15: 108-114.
39. UNGER, R.H., Y.T. ZHOU & L. ORCI. 1999. Regulation of fatty acid homeostasis in cells: novel role of leptin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 2327-2332.
40. UNGER, R.H. 2003. The physiology of cellular liporegulation. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 65: 333-347.
41. BODEN, G. 1997. Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes 46: 3-10.
42. PELUSO, G. et al. 2002. Decreased mitochondrial carnitine translocase in skeletal muscles impairs utilization of fatty acids in insulin-resistant patients. Front. Biosci. 7: a109-a116.
43. GUNAL, A.I. et al. 1999. The effect of L-carnitine on insulin resistance in hemodialysed patients with chronic renal failure. J. Nephrol. 12: 38-40.
44. BRASS, E.P. et al. 2001. Intravenous L-carnitine increases plasma carnitine, reduces fatigue, and may preserve exercise capacity in hemodialysed patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 37: 1018-1028.
45. EKNOYAN, G. et al. 2003. Practice recommendations for the use of L-carnitine in dialysis-related carnitine disorder: National Kidney Foundation Carnitine Consensus Conference. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 41: 868-876.
46. DE SIMONE, C. et al. 1993. High dose L-carnitine improves immunologic and metabolic parameters in AIDS patients. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 15: 1-12.
47. KOOISTRA, M.P., A. STRUYVENBERG & A. VAN ES. 1991. The response to recombinant human erythropoietin in patients with the anemia of end-stage renal disease is correlated with serum carnitine levels. Nephron 57: 127-128.
48. MATSUMURA, M. et al. 1996. Correlation between serum carnitine levels and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 72: 574-578.
49. STEIBER, A.L. et al. 2004. Serum carnitine concentrations correlated to clinical outcome parameters in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clin. Nutr. 23: 27-34.
50. KLETZMAYR, J. et al. 1999. Anemia and carnitine supplementation in hemodialyzed patients. Kidney Int. 55: S93-S106.
51. CARUSO, U. et al. 1998. Effects of L-carnitine on anemia in aged hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin: a pilot study. Dial. Transplant. 27: 498-506.
52. HUROT, J.M. et al. 2002. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a systematic review. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13: 708-714.
53. AMATO, A. et al. 2000. L-Carnitine therapy in hemodialysis patients: a meta-analysis based review. Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals, Internal Report.
54. ARDUINI, A. et al. 1990. Effect of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on the human erythrocyte membrane stability and deformability. Life Sci. 47: 2395-2400.
55. GOLPER, T.A. & S. AHMAD. 1992. L-Carnitine administration to hemodialysis patients: has its time come? Semin. Dial. 5: 94-98.
56. HORL, W.H. 1999. Is there a role for adjuvant therapy in patients being treated with epoetin? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 14: 50-60.
57. LABONIA, D.W. et al. 1987. Effects of L-carnitine on sodium transport in erythrocytes from dialyzed uremic patients. Kidney Int. 32: 754-759.
58. SOTIRAKOPOULOS, N. et al. 2000. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on red blood cells deformability in hemodialysis patients. Renal Failure 22: 73-80.
59. AGROYANNIS, B. et al. 2002. Effect of L-carnitine on the calcium content of erythrocytes of uremic patients on hemodialysis. Dial. Transplant. 31: 106-109.
60. SEN, S., M. YUKSEL & S. USTUNDAG. 2000. Effect of erythropoietin and L-carnitine on red blood cell survival and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in dialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 15: 158.
61. CLUTTERBUCK, E. 2002. Levocarnitine (LC) supplementation improves red blood cell survival and clinical symptoms in haemodialysis (HD) patients [abstract]. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13: 951-969.
62. ARDUINI, A. et al. 1997. Addition of L-carnitine to additive solution suspended red cells stored at 4°C reduces in vitro hemolysis and improves in vivo viability. Transfusion 37: 166-174.
63. TROVATO, G.M. et al. 1982. Long-term L-carnitine treatment of chronic anemia of patients with end-stage renal failure. Curr. Ther. Res. 31: 1042-1049.
64. RILEY, S.J. & P.A. RUTHERFORD. 1997. Low serum carnitine levels in haemodialysis patients: relationship with functional activity status and to intra-dialytic hypotension [letter]. Clin. Nephrol. 48: 392-393.
65. AHMAD, S. et al. 1989. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients: II. Clinical and biochemical effects. Kidney Int. 38: 912-918.
66. FUJITA, Y. et al. 1989. The effectiveness of L-carnitine to long-term dialysis patients with frequent dialysis-induced hypertension. Jpn. J. Artif. Organs 18: 1200-1202.
67. VAN ES, A. et al. 1992. Amelioration of cardiac function by L-carnitine administration in patients on hemodialysis. Contrib. Nephrol. 98: 28-35.
68. KUDOH, Y. et al. 1983. The role of L-carnitine in the pathogenesis of cardiomegaly in patients with chronic hemodialysis. Jpn. Circ. J. 47: 1391-1397.
69. SAKURABAYASHI, T. et al. 1999. Improvement of myocardial fatty acid metabolism through L-carnitine administration to chronic hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Nephrol. 19: 480-484.
70. ROMAGNOLI, G.F. et al. 2002. Beneficial effects of L-carnitine in dialysis patients with impaired left ventricular function: an observation study. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 18: 172-175.
71. KHOSS, A.E. et al. 1989. L-Carnitine therapy and myocardial function in children treated with chronic hemodialysis. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 101: 17-20.
72. SUZUKI, Y., M. NARITA & N. YAMAZAKI. 1982. Effects of L-carnitine on arrhythmias during hemodialysis. Jpn. Heart J. 23: 349-359.
73. FRANCO, V. et al. 1985. Value of carnitine administration to patients on periodic hemodialysis. Clin. Eur. 24: 278-289.
74. FRICKE, L. et al. 1998. Effects of a replacement therapy with L-carnitine on arrhythmia, echocardiographic parameters, and the clinical state of health in hemodialysed patients with cardiomyopathy. Nieren. Hochdruckkr. 17: 114-119.
75. PAULY, D.F. & C.J. PEPINE. 2003. The role of carnitine in myocardial dysfunction. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 41: S35-S43.
76. DEBSKA-SLIZIEN, A. et al. 2000. Correlation between plasma carnitine, muscle carnitine, and glycogen levels in maintenance hemodialysis. Int. J. Artif. Organs 23: 90-96.
77. CALVANI, M. et al. 2003. The role of carnitine system in maintaining muscle homeostasis. Basic Appl. Myol. 13: 105-120.
78. HIATT, W.R. et al. 1992. Carnitine metabolism during exercise in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 41: 1613-1619.
79. GOLDBERG, A.P. et al. 1980. Metabolic effects of exercise training in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 18: 754-761.
80. AHMAD, S. et al. 1990. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients: II. Clinical and biochemical effects. Kidney Int. 38: 912-918.
81. GIORCELLI, G. et al. 1982 (1-4 September). Nutritional patterns of response to L-carnitine in patients on chronic haemodialysis [abstract]. Third International Congress on Nutrition and Metabolism in Renal Disease, Marseille, France.
82. SPAGNOLI, L.G. et al. 1990. Morphometric evidence of the trophic effect of L-carnitine on human skeletal muscle. Nephron 55: 16-23.
83. GIOVENALI, P. et al. 1994. Selective trophic effect of L-carnitine in type I and IIa skeletal muscle fibers. Kidney Int. 46: 1616-1619.