메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 126, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 1448-1464

NOE and PGSE NMR Spectroscopic Studies of Solution Structure and Aggregation in Metallocenium Ion-Pairs

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGGREGATES; BENZENE; CATALYSTS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; ORGANIC SOLVENTS; PERMITTIVITY; ZIRCONIUM;

EID: 1042299850     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja0387296     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (173)

References (156)
  • 1
    • 0037240069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For recent reviews of single-site olefin polymerization, see: (a) Gibson V. C.; Spitzmesser, S. K. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 283
    • (2003) Chem. Rev. , vol.103 , pp. 283
    • Gibson, V.C.1    Spitzmesser, S.K.2
  • 3
    • 24444475192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (c) Gladysz, J. A., Ed. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100 (special issue on "rontiers in Metal-Catalyzed Polymerization")
    • (2000) Chem. Rev. , vol.100
    • Gladysz, J.A.1
  • 8
    • 0000754234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and references therein
    • For recent examples of catalyst-activator interplay see: (a) Metz, M. V. ; Sun, Y.; Stern, C. L.; Marks, T. J. Organometallics 2002, 21, 3691 and references therein.
    • (2002) Organometallics , vol.21 , pp. 3691
    • Metz, M.V.1    Sun, Y.2    Stern, C.L.3    Marks, T.J.4
  • 12
    • 1042282243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chen, Y.-X.; Marks, T. J. in ref 1b, p 1391
    • (e) Chen, Y.-X.; Marks, T. J. in ref 1b, p 1391.
  • 56
    • 1042293857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Dow Chemical Co.). Constrained Geometry Addition Polymerization Catalysts, Processes for Their Preparation, Precursors Therefore, Methods of Use, and Novel Polymers Formed Therewith. EP0416815, Mar 13, 1991
    • (a) Stevens, J. C.; Timmers, F. J.; Wilson, D. R.; Schmidt, G. F.; Nickias, P. N.; Rosen, R. K.; Knight, G. W.; Lai, S. Y. (Dow Chemical Co.). Constrained Geometry Addition Polymerization Catalysts, Processes for Their Preparation, Precursors Therefore, Methods of Use, and Novel Polymers Formed Therewith. EP0416815, Mar 13, 1991.
    • Stevens, J.C.1    Timmers, F.J.2    Wilson, D.R.3    Schmidt, G.F.4    Nickias, P.N.5    Rosen, R.K.6    Knight, G.W.7    Lai, S.Y.8
  • 57
    • 1042282246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc.). Aluminum-Free Monocyclopentadienyl Metallocene Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization. WO-9200333 A2, Jan 9, 1992
    • (b) Canich, J. M.; Hlatky, G. G.; Turner, H. W. (Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc.). Aluminum-Free Monocyclopentadienyl Metallocene Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization. WO-9200333 A2, Jan 9, 1992.
    • Canich, J.M.1    Hlatky, G.G.2    Turner, H.W.3
  • 58
    • 1042305486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc.). Olefin Polymerization Catalysts. EP-420436A1. April 3, 1991
    • (c) Canich, J. A. M. (Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc.). Olefin Polymerization Catalysts. EP-420436A1. April 3, 1991.
    • Canich, J.A.M.1
  • 71
    • 1042270746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 4 signals). On the other hand, this represents only a "cosmetic" effect on the final spectrum and does not introduce any difficulties in data interpretation.
  • 93
    • 1042270747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 1H spectrum of the major isomer, the proton resonances were assigned using the more resolved resonances of the minor isomer, taking advantage of the selective EXSY peaks due to the rapid anion racemization (see ref 10c).
  • 98
    • 1042293863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 1 can prevent enhancement to an extent indistinguishable from background noise.
  • 99
    • 1042282248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For a discussion of the effects of internal motion on NOE-derived average distances, see ref 36, Chapter 5.
  • 105
    • 0030663728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A more in-depth analysis could, in principle, be achieved using the two-dimensional conformer population analysis algorithm proposed by Landis and co-workers (see, for example: (f) Casey, C. P.; Hallenbeck, S. L.; Wright, J. M.; Landis, C. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9680.
    • (1997) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.119 , pp. 9680
    • Casey, C.P.1    Hallenbeck, S.L.2    Wright, J.M.3    Landis, C.R.4
  • 111
    • 1042305488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Computational studies (see refs 11a and 30) show that multiple geometries are energetically accessible, and the cation-anion interactions in these kinds of ion-pairs are poorly localized. On the other hand, it has been proposed that NOE is sensitive in distinguishing between conformations differing by only a few kJ/mol (see ref 52d).
  • 133
    • 1042293859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Note that these NOESY spectra were recorded with a 6 s relaxation delay, 150 ms mixing time, and 32 scans per increment. If the parameters routinely used for small molecule NOESY experiments (namely 1s relaxation delay, 800 ms mixing time, and 16 scans per increment) are employed, the B-Me/ H1 cross-peak is hardly visible. This is likely a consequence of the rapid B-Me relaxation time in combination with the expectation of very little NOE enhancement.
  • 134
    • 1042282247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The cross-peak corresponding to the F2 α resonance and to the F1 B-Me resonance visible in Figure 5 is most probably an artifact in that the corresponding mirror image peak across the diagonal is not observed.
  • 135
    • 1042305487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The 2D-NOESY experiment (Figure 5. a and b) and the ID-GOESY experiment (Figure 5c) were acquired in the initial rate approximation.
  • 137
    • 1042282249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • - indicate a benzene: metallocenium ion-pair mole ratio of ca. 20:1 within the oily phase that separates completely from benzene solution.
  • 141
    • 1042293862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 1H NOESY spectra of complex 8 recorded with the same mixing time do not exhibit evidence for additional NOE enhancement (H1 with H3 and H2 with H4) due to H1/H4 and H2/H3 exchanges.
  • 143
    • 0037958755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The higher stability of compound 10 in toluene could be due in principle to either (1) a higher intrinsic stability due to coordination of toluene instead of benzene (see, for example: Hayes, P. G.; Piers, W. E.; Paervez, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 5622) or (2) a lower level of aggregation that impedes possible bimolecular decomposition pathways (see, for example: Li, L.; Hung, M.; Xue, Z. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12746) or, more likely, (3) a combination of 1 and 2.
    • (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 5622
    • Hayes, P.G.1    Piers, W.E.2    Paervez, M.3
  • 144
    • 0000601195 scopus 로고
    • The higher stability of compound 10 in toluene could be due in principle to either (1) a higher intrinsic stability due to coordination of toluene instead of benzene (see, for example: Hayes, P. G.; Piers, W. E.; Paervez, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 5622) or (2) a lower level of aggregation that impedes possible bimolecular decomposition pathways (see, for example: Li, L.; Hung, M.; Xue, Z. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12746) or, more likely, (3) a combination of 1 and 2.
    • (1995) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.117 , pp. 12746
    • Li, L.1    Hung, M.2    Xue, Z.3
  • 145
    • 1042293864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Another possibility for 6 is to assume it forms an OSIP in which there is a lower degree of specificity in the anion-cation interaction, While this hypothesis is difficult to substantiate due to the NMR equivalence of the Cp-methyl resonances, it seems very unlikely in the context of the behavior of all the other ion-pairs investigated in this work.
  • 146
    • 1042270748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • - (FPBB = tris(2,2′,2″ -nonafluorobiphenyl)fluoroborate, (unpublished results from this laboratory), suggesting that the central atom (B versus Al) plays a fundamental role.
  • 147
    • 1042293860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 19F NOESY experiments.
  • 153
    • 1042293861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Further investigations of aggregation as a function of temperature are required to better discriminate between predominantly enthalpically or entropically driven processes. For example, it has been reported that the enthalpy of aggregation of tetrabutylammonium chloride in chloroform is very small and that aggregation is a response to crowding in solution rather than to a favorable change in enthalpy (see ref 45b).


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.