메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 104, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 255-275

Position of the american dietetic association: Use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners
[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACESULFAME; ASPARTAME; FRUCTOSE; NEOTAME; SACCHARIN; SUCRALOSE; SUCROSE; SWEETENING AGENT;

EID: 0842332076     PISSN: 00028223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2003.12.001     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (202)

References (177)
  • 1
    • 0002416425 scopus 로고
    • Facial expressions of the neonate infant indicating the hedonics of food-related chemical stimuli
    • J.M. Weiffenbach. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
    • Steiner J.E. Facial expressions of the neonate infant indicating the hedonics of food-related chemical stimuli. Weiffenbach J.M. Taste and Development The Genesis of Sweet Preference . 1977;173-189 US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Bethesda, MD.
    • (1977) Taste and Development: The Genesis of Sweet Preference , pp. 173-189
    • Steiner, J.E.1
  • 2
    • 0037016771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet transduction
    • Margolskee R. Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet transduction. J Biol Chem. 277:2001;1-4.
    • (2001) J Biol Chem. , vol.277 , pp. 1-4
    • Margolskee, R.1
  • 3
    • 0028126482 scopus 로고
    • PTC/PROP tasting: Anatomy, psychophysics, and sex effects
    • Bartoshuk L.M., Duffy V.B., Miller I.J. PTC/PROP tasting Anatomy, psychophysics, and sex effects . Physiol Behav. 56:1994;1165-1171.
    • (1994) Physiol Behav. , vol.56 , pp. 1165-1171
    • Bartoshuk, L.M.1    Duffy, V.B.2    Miller, I.J.3
  • 5
    • 0842285088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical disorders affected taste: Evaluation and management
    • R. Doty. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker
    • Bromly S., Doty R. Clinical disorders affected taste evaluation and management . Doty R. Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation. 2nd ed. 2003;935-966 Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.
    • (2003) Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation 2nd Ed. , pp. 935-966
    • Bromly, S.1    Doty, R.2
  • 6
    • 0005154921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smell, taste, and somatosensation in aging
    • R. Chernoff. New York, NY: Aspen Publishers, Inc
    • Duffy V. Smell, taste, and somatosensation in aging. Chernoff R. Geriatric Nutrition The Health Professional's Handbook . 1999;170-211 Aspen Publishers, Inc, New York, NY.
    • (1999) Geriatric Nutrition: The Health Professional's Handbook , pp. 170-211
    • Duffy, V.1
  • 7
    • 0842263437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and environmental variation in taste: Associations with sweet intensity, preference, and intake
    • Duffy V., Peterson J., Dinehart M., Bartoshuk L. Genetic and environmental variation in taste Associations with sweet intensity, preference, and intake . Top Clin Nutr. 18:2003;209-220.
    • (2003) Top Clin Nutr. , vol.18 , pp. 209-220
    • Duffy, V.1    Peterson, J.2    Dinehart, M.3    Bartoshuk, L.4
  • 8
    • 0036443522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sweet and sour preferences during childhood: Role of early experiences
    • Liem D.G., Mennella J.A. Sweet and sour preferences during childhood Role of early experiences . Dev Psychobiol. 41:2002;388-395.
    • (2002) Dev Psychobiol. , vol.41 , pp. 388-395
    • Liem, D.G.1    Mennella, J.A.2
  • 9
    • 0032811654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sweet taste and intake of sweet foods in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus
    • Tepper B.J., Seldner A.C. Sweet taste and intake of sweet foods in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 70:1999;277-284.
    • (1999) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.70 , pp. 277-284
    • Tepper, B.J.1    Seldner, A.C.2
  • 10
    • 0002715179 scopus 로고
    • Influence of internal factors on the pleasantness of a gustative sweet sensation
    • Cabanac M., Minaire Y., Adair E.R. Influence of internal factors on the pleasantness of a gustative sweet sensation. Commun Behav Biol. 1:1968;77-82.
    • (1968) Commun Behav Biol. , vol.1 , pp. 77-82
    • Cabanac, M.1    Minaire, Y.2    Adair, E.R.3
  • 11
    • 0037212070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preference for higher sucrose concentrations in cocaine abusing-dependent patients
    • Janowsky D.S., Pucilowski O., Buyinza M. Preference for higher sucrose concentrations in cocaine abusing-dependent patients. J Psychiatr Res. 37:2003;35-41.
    • (2003) J Psychiatr Res. , vol.37 , pp. 35-41
    • Janowsky, D.S.1    Pucilowski, O.2    Buyinza, M.3
  • 12
    • 0037055715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood obesity: Public-health crisis, common sense cure
    • Ebbeling C.B., Pawlak D.B., Ludwig D.S. Childhood obesity Public-health crisis, common sense cure . Lancet. 360:2002;473-482.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 473-482
    • Ebbeling, C.B.1    Pawlak, D.B.2    Ludwig, D.S.3
  • 13
    • 0142120168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scientific basis of recent US guidance on sugars intake. ILSI Conference: Sugars and Health, 2002; Washington, DC
    • Murphy S., Johnson R. The scientific basis of recent US guidance on sugars intake. ILSI Conference Sugars and Health, 2002; Washington, DC . Am J Clin Nutr. 78:(suppl):2003;827S-833S.
    • (2003) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.78 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Murphy, S.1    Johnson, R.2
  • 14
    • 85030912468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sugars and Health Workshop, 2002; Washington, DC. Am J Clin Nutr. 78:(suppl):2003;814S-897S.
    • (2003) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.78 , Issue.SUPPL
  • 15
    • 85030893995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food and Drug Administration. Substances Generally Recognized as Safe, Proposed Rule: Department of Health and Humans Services; 21 CFR Parts 170. Available at:
    • Food and Drug Administration. Substances Generally Recognized as Safe, Proposed Rule: Department of Health and Humans Services; 21 CFR Parts 170. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr970417.html .Accessed March 18 2003.
  • 16
    • 85030890606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, USDA. GRAS Notification Program. Available at:
    • Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, USDA. GRAS Notification Program. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/opa-noti.html . Accessed March 18 2003.
  • 17
    • 85030913446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, USDA. Summary of All GRAS Notices. Available at:
    • Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, USDA. Summary of All GRAS Notices. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-gras.html . Accessed March 18 2003.
  • 18
    • 85030898591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Department of Agriculture. 21 CFR Part 170 - Food Additives. Available at:
    • United States Department of Agriculture. 21 CFR Part 170 - Food Additives. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/ cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=170 . Accessed March 18 2003.
  • 19
    • 0033254141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intake of intense sweeteners
    • Corti A. Basel, Switzerland: World Rev Nutr Diet. S. Karger AG
    • Renwick A.G. Intake of intense sweeteners. Corti A. Low-calorie sweeteners Present and future . 85:1999;178-200 World Rev Nutr Diet, Basel, Switzerland. S. Karger AG.
    • (1999) Low-calorie Sweeteners: Present and Future , vol.85 , pp. 178-200
    • Renwick, A.G.1
  • 20
    • 85030903697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, USDA. EAFUS: A Food Additive Database. Available at:
    • Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, USDA. EAFUS: A Food Additive Database. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/eafus.html . Accessed March 18 2003.
  • 21
    • 85030904050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization. Summary of Evaluations Performed (JECFA 1956-2001: First through fifty-seventh meetings). Available at:
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization. Summary of Evaluations Performed (JECFA 1956-2001: First through fifty-seventh meetings). Available at: jecfa.ilsi.org . Accessed March 18 2003.
  • 22
    • 85030902141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific Committee on Food, European Commission. Available at:
    • Scientific Committee on Food, European Commission. Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/index_en.html . Accessed March 18 2003.
  • 23
    • 0029069853 scopus 로고
    • Functionality of sugars: Physicochemical interactions in foods
    • Davis E., et al. Functionality of sugars Physicochemical interactions in foods . Am J Clin Nutr. 62:(suppl):1995;170S-177S.
    • (1995) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Davis, E.1
  • 24
    • 0027451819 scopus 로고
    • Manufacturing, composition, and applications of fructose
    • Hanover L., White J. Manufacturing, composition, and applications of fructose. Am J Clin Nutr. 5:(suppl):1993;724S-732S.
    • (1993) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.5 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Hanover, L.1    White, J.2
  • 25
    • 0026687619 scopus 로고
    • Fructose and related food carbohydrates: Sources, intake, absorption, and colinical implications
    • Rumessen J. Fructose and related food carbohydrates Sources, intake, absorption, and colinical implications . Scand J Gastroenterol. 27:1992;819-828.
    • (1992) Scand J Gastroenterol , vol.27 , pp. 819-828
    • Rumessen, J.1
  • 30
    • 0021145013 scopus 로고
    • Incomplete intestinal fructose absorption
    • Kneepkens C., Vonk R., Fernandes J. Incomplete intestinal fructose absorption. Arch Dis Child. 59:1984;735-738.
    • (1984) Arch Dis Child , vol.59 , pp. 735-738
    • Kneepkens, C.1    Vonk, R.2    Fernandes, J.3
  • 32
    • 0142024828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining and interpreting intakes of sugars. ILSI Conference: Sugars and Health, 2002; Washington, DC
    • Sigman-Grant M., Morita J. Defining and interpreting intakes of sugars. ILSI Conference Sugars and Health, 2002; Washington, DC . Am J Clin Nutr. 78:(suppl):2003;815S-826S.
    • (2003) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.78 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Sigman-Grant, M.1    Morita, J.2
  • 33
    • 85030904444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA. Products from the CSFII/DHKS 1994-96, 1998: Food Survey Research Group; 2002
    • USDA. Products from the CSFII/DHKS 1994-96, 1998: Food Survey Research Group; 2002.
  • 35
    • 0009927967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. per capita food supply trends: More calories, refined carbohydrates, and fats
    • Putnam J., Allshouse J., Kantor L. U.S. per capita food supply trends More calories, refined carbohydrates, and fats . Food Rev. 25:2002;2-15.
    • (2002) Food Rev. , vol.25 , pp. 2-15
    • Putnam, J.1    Allshouse, J.2    Kantor, L.3
  • 36
    • 0027265203 scopus 로고
    • Sources of error associated with self-reports of food intake
    • Beerman K., Dittus K. Sources of error associated with self-reports of food intake. Nutr Res. 13:1993;765-770.
    • (1993) Nutr Res. , vol.13 , pp. 765-770
    • Beerman, K.1    Dittus, K.2
  • 37
    • 0029117445 scopus 로고
    • Dietary underreporting by obese individuals - Is it specific or non-specific?
    • Heitmann B.L., Lissner L. Dietary underreporting by obese individuals - is it specific or non-specific? BMJ. 311:1995;986-989.
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.311 , pp. 986-989
    • Heitmann, B.L.1    Lissner, L.2
  • 38
  • 39
    • 0842306767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of dietary intake
    • R. Russell. Washington, DC: ILSI Press
    • van Staveren W., Ocke M. Estimation of dietary intake. Russell R. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 2001;605-616 ILSI Press, Washington, DC.
    • (2001) Present Knowledge in Nutrition , pp. 605-616
    • Van Staveren, W.1    Ocke, M.2
  • 40
    • 0031712187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Literacy and body fatness are associated with underreporting of energy intake in US low-income women using the multiple-pass 24-hour recall: A doubly labeled water study
    • Johnson R.K., Soultankis P., Matthews D. Literacy and body fatness are associated with underreporting of energy intake in US low-income women using the multiple-pass 24-hour recall A doubly labeled water study . J Am Diet Assoc. 98:1998;1136-1140.
    • (1998) J Am Diet Assoc. , vol.98 , pp. 1136-1140
    • Johnson, R.K.1    Soultankis, P.2    Matthews, D.3
  • 41
    • 85030900962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Putman J. Haley S. Estimating consumption of caloric sweeteners. Amber Waves. Available at:
    • Putman J. Haley S. Estimating consumption of caloric sweeteners. Amber Waves. Available at: http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/April03/Indicators? behinddata.htm . Accessed May 30 2003.
  • 42
    • 0033897191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food sources of added sweeteners in the diets of Americans
    • 51
    • Guthrie J., Morton J. Food sources of added sweeteners in the diets of Americans. J Am Diet Assoc. 100:2000;43-48. 51.
    • (2000) J Am Diet Assoc. , vol.100 , pp. 43-48
    • Guthrie, J.1    Morton, J.2
  • 43
    • 0035154222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars: Measurement requires quantification
    • Krebs-Smith S. Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars Measurement requires quantification . J Nutr. 131:2001;527S-535S.
    • (2001) J Nutr. , vol.131
    • Krebs-Smith, S.1
  • 44
    • 0033796739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods by adult Americans: Nutritional and health implications. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994
    • Oct
    • Kant A.K. Consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods by adult Americans Nutritional and health implications. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 . Am J Clin Nutr. 72:2000;929-936. Oct.
    • (2000) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.72 , pp. 929-936
    • Kant, A.K.1
  • 45
    • 0034790386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars: The 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans - What's all the fuss about?
    • Johnson R.K., Frary C. Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars the 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans - What's all the fuss about? J Nutr. 131:2001;2766S-2771S.
    • (2001) J Nutr. , vol.131
    • Johnson, R.K.1    Frary, C.2
  • 46
    • 0036514903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sugar and sugars: Myths and realities
    • Coulston A.M., Johnson R.K. Sugar and sugars Myths and realities . J Am Diet Assoc. 102:2002;351-353.
    • (2002) J Am Diet Assoc. , vol.102 , pp. 351-353
    • Coulston, A.M.1    Johnson, R.K.2
  • 47
    • 0842285100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in food and nutrient intakes by children in the United States
    • Enns C., Mickle S., Goldman J. Trends in food and nutrient intakes by children in the United States. Family Econ Nutr Rev. 14:2002;56-68.
    • (2002) Family Econ Nutr Rev. , vol.14 , pp. 56-68
    • Enns, C.1    Mickle, S.2    Goldman, J.3
  • 48
    • 0037263747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National survey beverage consumption data for children and adolescents indicate the need to encourage a shift toward more nutritive beverages
    • Rampersaud G.C., Bailey L.B., Kauwell G.P. National survey beverage consumption data for children and adolescents indicate the need to encourage a shift toward more nutritive beverages. J Am Diet Assoc. 103:2003;97-100.
    • (2003) J Am Diet Assoc. , vol.103 , pp. 97-100
    • Rampersaud, G.C.1    Bailey, L.B.2    Kauwell, G.P.3
  • 49
    • 0035345759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use and misuse of fruit juice in pediatrics
    • The use and misuse of fruit juice in pediatrics. Pediatrics. 107:2001;1210-1213.
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.107 , pp. 1210-1213
  • 50
    • 85030911987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Center for Disease Control. 2000 CDC Growth Charts: United States. Available at:
    • Center for Disease Control. 2000 CDC Growth Charts: United States. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/growthcharts/ clinical_charts.htm . Accessed September 24 2003.
  • 51
    • 0036082370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sociodemographic determinants of added sugar intake in preschoolers 2 to 5 years old
    • Kranz S., Siega-Riz A.M. Sociodemographic determinants of added sugar intake in preschoolers 2 to 5 years old. J Pediatr. 140:2002;667-672.
    • (2002) J Pediatr. , vol.140 , pp. 667-672
    • Kranz, S.1    Siega-Riz, A.M.2
  • 52
    • 0003543522 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office: US Department of Agriculture. Home and Garden Bulleting No. 252
    • Food Guide Pyramid. 1992;US Government Printing Office: US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Home and Garden Bulleting No. 252.
    • (1992) Food Guide Pyramid
  • 53
    • 85030909650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Available at:
    • USDA. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Available at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/Dietary/9dietgui.htm . Accessed March 17 2003.
  • 54
    • 0004154966 scopus 로고
    • Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Information Service. Publication No. 1514
    • Welsh S., Davis C., Shaw A. USDA's Food Guide Background and Development . 1993;US Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Information Service, Hyattsville, MD. Publication No. 1514.
    • (1993) USDA's Food Guide: Background and Development
    • Welsh, S.1    Davis, C.2    Shaw, A.3
  • 55
    • 85030909963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization and the Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2003. Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Report of a joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation, 28 January-1 February, 2002. WHO Technical Report Series No. 916. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at:
    • World Health Organization and the Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2003. Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Report of a joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation, 28 January-1 February, 2002. WHO Technical Report Series No. 916. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/who_fao_expert_report.pdf . Accessed April 25 2003.
  • 56
    • 0036369477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Position of the American Dietetic Association: Total diet approach to communicating food and nutrition information
    • Freeland-Graves J., Nitzke S. Position of the American Dietetic Association Total diet approach to communicating food and nutrition information . J Am Diet Assoc. 102:2002;100-108.
    • (2002) J Am Diet Assoc. , vol.102 , pp. 100-108
    • Freeland-Graves, J.1    Nitzke, S.2
  • 58
    • 85030912394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • December 2 No. 21 CFR Part Located at: Rules and Regulations
    • Federal Register. Food Labeling: Health claims: D-tagatose and dental caries. 101:2002;71461-71470. December 2 No. 21 CFR Part Located at: Rules and Regulations.
    • (2002) Food Labeling: Health Claims: D-tagatose and Dental Caries , vol.101 , pp. 71461-71470
  • 59
    • 0033250151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D-tagatose - A novel low-calorie bulk sweetener with prebiotic properties
    • Bertelsen H., Jensen B.B., Buemann B. D-tagatose - A novel low-calorie bulk sweetener with prebiotic properties. World Rev Nutr Diet. 85:1999;98-109.
    • (1999) World Rev Nutr Diet. , vol.85 , pp. 98-109
    • Bertelsen, H.1    Jensen, B.B.2    Buemann, B.3
  • 61
    • 85030912050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • von Apeldoorn M, Speijers G, Verger P. Trehalose: WHO Food Additives Series. 2001. 46. Available at:
    • von Apeldoorn M, Speijers G, Verger P. Trehalose: WHO Food Additives Series. 2001. 46. Available at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/ v46je05.htm . Accessed February 23, 2003.
  • 62
    • 85030902700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • von Apeldoorn M, Speijers G, Verger P. D-Tagatose: WHO Food Additives Series. 2001. 46. Available at:
    • von Apeldoorn M, Speijers G, Verger P. D-Tagatose: WHO Food Additives Series. 2001. 46. Available at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/ v46je04.htm . Accessed February 23, 2003.
  • 63
    • 0038546623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of trehalose, galactose and glucose on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance
    • Jentjens R.L., Jeukendrup A.E. Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of trehalose, galactose and glucose on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 88:2003;459-465.
    • (2003) Eur J Appl Physiol. , vol.88 , pp. 459-465
    • Jentjens, R.L.1    Jeukendrup, A.E.2
  • 64
    • 0029013322 scopus 로고
    • Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics
    • Gibson G.R., Roberfroid M.B. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota Introducing the concept of prebiotics . J Nutr. 125:1995;1401-1412.
    • (1995) J Nutr. , vol.125 , pp. 1401-1412
    • Gibson, G.R.1    Roberfroid, M.B.2
  • 67
    • 0033253158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-calorie sweeteners - From molecules to mass markets
    • Corti A. Basel, Switzerland: World Rev Nutr Diet. S. Karger AG;
    • Bright G. Low-calorie sweeteners - From molecules to mass markets. Corti A. Low-calorie Sweeteners Present and Future . 85:1999;3-8 World Rev Nutr Diet, Basel, Switzerland. S. Karger AG;
    • (1999) Low-calorie Sweeteners: Present and Future , vol.85 , pp. 3-8
    • Bright, G.1
  • 68
    • 85030906137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walker R. Acesulfame Potassium: WHO Food Additives, Series 28. Available at:
    • Walker R. Acesulfame Potassium: WHO Food Additives, Series 28. Available at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v28je13.htm . Accessed March 18 2003.
  • 69
    • 85030891675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrinova. Available at:
    • Nutrinova. Available at: http://www.nutrinova.com/easy2web/internet.nsf/ directframe/sunett . Accessed September 27 2003.
  • 70
    • 85030338328 scopus 로고
    • Toxicological Evaluations of Certain Food Additives
    • Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. No. 16
    • Toxicological Evaluations of Certain Food Additives. Acesulfame Potassium. 1981;10-27 World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. No. 16.
    • (1981) Acesulfame Potassium , pp. 10-27
  • 71
    • 0003391974 scopus 로고
    • Toxicological Evaluations of Certain Food Additives and Food Contaminants
    • Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 1983. No. 18
    • Toxicological Evaluations of Certain Food Additives and Food Contaminants. Acesulfame Potassium. 1981;12-27 World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 1983. No. 18.
    • (1981) Acesulfame Potassium , pp. 12-27
  • 72
    • 85030912255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal Register. Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption; Acesulfame Potassium. Final Rule. 68 Federal Register 75411, December 31, 2003. 21 CFR section 172.800
    • Federal Register. Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption; Acesulfame Potassium. Final Rule. 68 Federal Register 75411, December 31, 2003. 21 CFR section 172.800.
  • 73
    • 85030899607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific Committee on Food, European Commission. Re-evaluation of acesulfame K with reference to the previous SCF opinion of 1991. Available at:
    • Scientific Committee on Food, European Commission. Re-evaluation of acesulfame K with reference to the previous SCF opinion of 1991. Available at: europa.eu.int/comm/food/FS/SC/SCF/out52_eu.pdf . Accessed February 18 2003.
  • 74
  • 76
    • 0021842711 scopus 로고
    • Aspartame: Review of safety issues
    • Aspartame Review of safety issues . JAMA. 254:1985;400-402.
    • (1985) JAMA , vol.254 , pp. 400-402
  • 77
    • 85030896547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equal Sweetener. Available at:
    • Equal Sweetener. Available at: http://www.equal.com . Accessed February 26 2003.
  • 78
    • 0842328283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of aspartame ingestion on plasma asparate, phenylalanine, and methanol concentrations in normal adults
    • C. Tschanz, H. Butchko, W. Stargel, & F. Kotsonis. New York, NY: CRC Press
    • Stegink L., Filer L.J. Effects of aspartame ingestion on plasma asparate, phenylalanine, and methanol concentrations in normal adults. Tschanz C., Butchko H., Stargel W., Kotsonis F. The Clinical Evaluation of a Food Additive. 1996;CRC Press, New York, NY.
    • (1996) The Clinical Evaluation of a Food Additive
    • Stegink, L.1    Filer, L.J.2
  • 79
    • 0025215805 scopus 로고
    • Aspartame ingestion with and without carbohydrate in phenylketonuric and normal subjects: Effect on plasma concentrations of amino acids, glucose, and insulin
    • Wolf-Novak L.C., Stegink L.D., Brummel M.C., Persoon T.J., Filer L.J. Jr, Bell E.F., Ziegler E.E., Krause W.L. Aspartame ingestion with and without carbohydrate in phenylketonuric and normal subjects Effect on plasma concentrations of amino acids, glucose, and insulin . Metabolism. 39:1990;391-396.
    • (1990) Metabolism , vol.39 , pp. 391-396
    • Wolf-Novak, L.C.1    Stegink, L.D.2    Brummel, M.C.3    Persoon, T.J.4    Filer Jr., L.J.5    Bell, E.F.6    Ziegler, E.E.7    Krause, W.L.8
  • 81
    • 0026705246 scopus 로고
    • Effect of dietary aspartame on plasma concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in normal and homozygous phenylketonuric patients
    • Mackey S., Berlin C.J. Effect of dietary aspartame on plasma concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in normal and homozygous phenylketonuric patients. Clin Pediatr. 31:1992;394-399.
    • (1992) Clin Pediatr. , vol.31 , pp. 394-399
    • MacKey, S.1    Berlin, C.J.2
  • 82
    • 0028299617 scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological and biochemical investigations in heterozygotes for phenylketonuria during ingestion of high dose aspartame (a sweetener containing phenylalanine)
    • Trefz F., De Sonneville L., Matthis P., Benninger C., Lanz-Englert B., Bickel H. Neuropsychological and biochemical investigations in heterozygotes for phenylketonuria during ingestion of high dose aspartame (a sweetener containing phenylalanine). Hum Genet. 93:1994;369-374.
    • (1994) Hum Genet. , vol.93 , pp. 369-374
    • Trefz, F.1    De Sonneville, L.2    Matthis, P.3    Benninger, C.4    Lanz-Englert, B.5    Bickel, H.6
  • 83
    • 0842263443 scopus 로고
    • Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption: Aspartame
    • Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption aspartame . Federal Register. 48:1983;31376-31382.
    • (1983) Federal Register , vol.48 , pp. 31376-31382
  • 85
    • 0025821964 scopus 로고
    • A combined single-blind, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to determine the reproducibility of hypersensitivity reactions to aspartame
    • Garriga M., Berkebile C., Metcalfe D. A combined single-blind, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to determine the reproducibility of hypersensitivity reactions to aspartame. J Allergy Immunol. 87:1991;821-827.
    • (1991) J Allergy Immunol. , vol.87 , pp. 821-827
    • Garriga, M.1    Berkebile, C.2    Metcalfe, D.3
  • 86
    • 0027372922 scopus 로고
    • Aspartame is no more likely than placebo to cause uticaria/angioedema: Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study
    • Geha R., Buckley C., Greenberger P., Patterson R., Polmar S., Saxon A., Rohr A., Yang W., Drouin M. Aspartame is no more likely than placebo to cause uticaria/angioedema Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study . J Allergy Clin Immunol. 92:1993;513-520.
    • (1993) J Allergy Clin Immunol. , vol.92 , pp. 513-520
    • Geha, R.1    Buckley, C.2    Greenberger, P.3    Patterson, R.4    Polmar, S.5    Saxon, A.6    Rohr, A.7    Yang, W.8    Drouin, M.9
  • 87
    • 0008058142 scopus 로고
    • Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption: Aspartame
    • Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption Aspartame . Federal Register. 49:1984;6672-6677.
    • (1984) Federal Register , vol.49 , pp. 6672-6677
  • 88
    • 0842328274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption: Aspartame
    • (21 CFR Part 172)
    • Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption Aspartame . Federal Register. 61:(126):1996;33654-33656. (21 CFR Part 172).
    • (1996) Federal Register , vol.61 , Issue.126 , pp. 33654-33656
  • 89
    • 85030910971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food: Update on the Safety of Aspartame
    • December 2 SCF/CS/ADD/EDUL/222 Final
    • Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food Update on the Safety of Aspartame . Brussels European Commission . 2002;. December 2 SCF/CS/ADD/EDUL/ 222 Final.
    • (2002) Brussels: European Commission
  • 90
    • 85030908045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food and Drug Administration. Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption: Neotame. Washington, DC: Federal Register; April 3, 1998 2002. 21 CFR 172.829
    • Food and Drug Administration. Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption: Neotame. Washington, DC: Federal Register; April 3, 1998 2002. 21 CFR 172.829.
  • 92
    • 85030913584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neotame. Available at:
    • Neotame. Available at: http://www.neotame.com . Accessed February 26 2003.
  • 93
    • 85030895766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Sixty-first meeting: Summary and conclusions. Available at:
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Sixty-first meeting: Summary and conclusions. Available at: http://www.who.int/pcs/jecfa/Summary61. pdf .Accessed September 26 2003.
  • 94
    • 0033250607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery and development of neotame
    • Corti A. Basel, Switzerland: World Rev Nutr Diet. S. Karger AG;
    • Witt J. Discovery and development of neotame. Corti A. Low-calorie Sweeteners Present and Future . 85:1999;52-57 World Rev Nutr Diet, Basel, Switzerland. S. Karger AG;
    • (1999) Low-calorie Sweeteners: Present and Future , vol.85 , pp. 52-57
    • Witt, J.1
  • 95
    • 0842263445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saccharin
    • L. Nabors. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc
    • Pearson R. Saccharin. Nabors L. Alternative Sweeteners. 3rd ed. 2001;147-165 Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, NY.
    • (2001) Alternative Sweeteners 3rd Ed. , pp. 147-165
    • Pearson, R.1
  • 98
    • 85030896552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic and Social Department, Commodities and Trade Division. China. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at:
    • Economic and Social Department, Commodities and Trade Division. China. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at: http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/economic/ESC/esce/escr/sugar/fiji/Pages/ china.htm . Accessed February 23 2003.
  • 99
    • 85030913510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Toxicology Program. Availability of the Report on Carcinogens, 9th ed. Federal Register, May 30: Department of Health and Human Services: Public Health Service; 2001
    • National Toxicology Program. Availability of the Report on Carcinogens, 9th ed. Federal Register, May 30: Department of Health and Human Services: Public Health Service; 2001.
  • 100
    • 85030890686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Evidence on the carcinogenicity of sodium saccharin. California Environmental Protection Agency. Available at:
    • Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Evidence on the carcinogenicity of sodium saccharin. California Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/hazard_ident/pdf_zip/HIDNaSacc.pdf . Accessed February 18 2003.
  • 102
    • 85030898687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption
    • 21CFR172.64.
    • Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption. Sucralose. 1998;. 21CFR172.64.
    • (1998) Sucralose
  • 103
    • 85030900800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption
    • 21 CFR 172.63.
    • Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption. Sucralose. 1999;. 21 CFR 172.63.
    • (1999) Sucralose
  • 106
    • 85030896006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Additive Safety. Petitions currently held in abeyance. Available at:
    • Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Additive Safety. Petitions currently held in abeyance. Available at: http://www.cfsan. fda.gov/~dms/opa-abey.html . Accessed February 26 2003.
  • 107
    • 85030896786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Sweetening Agent: Alitame. WHO Technical Report Series. 44th report; 1995;23-27.
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Sweetening Agent: Alitame. WHO Technical Report Series. 44th report; 1995;23-27.
  • 108
    • 85030906726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abbott P. Alitame: WHO Food Additive Series; 1995. 35. Availableat:
    • Abbott P. Alitame: WHO Food Additive Series; 1995. 35. Availableat: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v35je11.htm . Accessed February 26 2003.
  • 109
    • 85030892934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abbott P. Alitame: WHO Food Additive Series; 1996. 37. Availableat:
    • Abbott P. Alitame: WHO Food Additive Series; 1996. 37. Availableat: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v37je03.htm . Accessed February 26 2003.
  • 110
    • 0014955741 scopus 로고
    • Bladder tumors in rats fed cyclohexylamine or high doses of a mixture of cyclamate and saccharin
    • Price J., Blava B., Oser B., Steinfield J., Ley H. Bladder tumors in rats fed cyclohexylamine or high doses of a mixture of cyclamate and saccharin. Science. 1967:1970;1131.
    • (1970) Science , vol.1967 , pp. 1131
    • Price, J.1    Blava, B.2    Oser, B.3    Steinfield, J.4    Ley, H.5
  • 111
    • 0013947133 scopus 로고
    • Cyclohexylamine, a metabolite of sodium cyclamate
    • Kojima S., Ichibagase H. Cyclohexylamine, a metabolite of sodium cyclamate. Chem Pharm Bull. 14:1966;971.
    • (1966) Chem Pharm Bull , vol.14 , pp. 971
    • Kojima, S.1    Ichibagase, H.2
  • 112
    • 0343362146 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Resource Council
    • Evaluation of Cyclamate for Carcinogenicity. 1985;National Academy of Sciences, National Resource Council, Washington, DC.
    • (1985) Evaluation of Cyclamate for Carcinogenicity
  • 113
    • 85030902765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Cyclamic Acid/Sodium cyclamate. IPCS INCHEM. Available at:
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Cyclamic Acid/Sodium cyclamate. IPCS INCHEM. Available at: www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jeceval/ jec_244.htm . Accessed February 26 2003.
  • 115
    • 85030890830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Steveoside. ILSI Press International Life Sciences Institute. Available at:
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Steveoside. ILSI Press International Life Sciences Institute. Available at: jecfa.ilsi.org/evaluation. cfm?chemical=STEVEOSIDE&keyword=STEVEOSIDE . Accessed March 12 2003.
  • 116
    • 85030900029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Thaumatin: WHO Food Additive Series 20. Available at:
    • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Thaumatin: WHO Food Additive Series 20. Available at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/ v20je15.htm . Accessed February 18 2003.
  • 117
    • 0041921068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sugars and health: Is there an issue?
    • Jones J., Elam K. Sugars and health Is there an issue? J Am Diet Assoc. 103:2003;1058-1060.
    • (2003) J Am Diet Assoc. , vol.103 , pp. 1058-1060
    • Jones, J.1    Elam, K.2
  • 118
    • 0036783119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome
    • Kaiser L.L., Allen L. Position of the American Dietetic Association nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome . J Am Diet Assoc. 102:2002;1479-1490.
    • (2002) J Am Diet Assoc. , vol.102 , pp. 1479-1490
    • Kaiser, L.L.1    Allen, L.2
  • 119
    • 0142120165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sugars, hypertriacylglycerolemia and cardiovascular disease. ILSI Conference: Sugars and Health, 2002; Washington, DC
    • Fried S., Rao S. Sugars, hypertriacylglycerolemia and cardiovascular disease. ILSI Conference Sugars and Health, 2002; Washington, DC . Am J Clin Nutr. 78:(suppl):2003;873S-880S.
    • (2003) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.78 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Fried, S.1    Rao, S.2
  • 121
    • 0022348245 scopus 로고
    • Saccharin: Review of safety issues
    • Saccharin Review of safety issues . JAMA. 254:1985;2622.
    • (1985) JAMA , vol.254 , pp. 2622
  • 123
    • 0020038327 scopus 로고
    • Intra-uterine exposure to saccharin and risk of bladder cancer in man
    • Jensen O.M., Kamby C. Intra-uterine exposure to saccharin and risk of bladder cancer in man. Int J Cancer. 29:1982;507-509.
    • (1982) Int J Cancer , vol.29 , pp. 507-509
    • Jensen, O.M.1    Kamby, C.2
  • 124
    • 0842285091 scopus 로고
    • Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additives. WHO Food Additives Series. 16:1980;11.
    • (1980) WHO Food Additives Series , vol.16 , pp. 11
  • 125
  • 126
    • 0020047461 scopus 로고
    • A study of placental transfer mechanisms in nonhuman primates using [14C]phenylalanine
    • Pueschel S., Boylan J., Jackson B., Piasecki G. A study of placental transfer mechanisms in nonhuman primates using [14C]phenylalanine. Obstet Gynecol. 59:1982;182.
    • (1982) Obstet Gynecol. , vol.59 , pp. 182
    • Pueschel, S.1    Boylan, J.2    Jackson, B.3    Piasecki, G.4
  • 127
    • 0021040495 scopus 로고
    • Effects of untreated maternal phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia on the fetus
    • Levy H., Waisbren S. Effects of untreated maternal phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia on the fetus. N Engl J Med. 309:1983;1269.
    • (1983) N Engl J Med. , vol.309 , pp. 1269
    • Levy, H.1    Waisbren, S.2
  • 128
    • 0023871853 scopus 로고
    • Saccharin and aspartame. Are they safe to consume during pregnancy?
    • London R. Saccharin and aspartame. Are they safe to consume during pregnancy? J Reprod Med. 33:1988;17-21.
    • (1988) J Reprod Med. , vol.33 , pp. 17-21
    • London, R.1
  • 129
    • 0002590965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diets of individuals based on energy intakes from added sugars
    • Bowman S. Diets of individuals based on energy intakes from added sugars. Fam Econ Nutr Rev. 12:1999;31-38.
    • (1999) Fam Econ Nutr Rev. , vol.12 , pp. 31-38
    • Bowman, S.1
  • 130
    • 0035085158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of added sugars in the diet quality of children and adolescents
    • Forshee R.A., Storey M.L. The role of added sugars in the diet quality of children and adolescents. J Am Coll Nutr. 20:2001;32-43.
    • (2001) J Am Coll Nutr. , vol.20 , pp. 32-43
    • Forshee, R.A.1    Storey, M.L.2
  • 131
    • 0034183179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Position of the American Dietetic Associationnutrition, aging, and the continuum of care. J Am Diet Assoc. 100:2000;580-595.
    • (2000) J Am Diet Assoc. , vol.100 , pp. 580-595
  • 132
    • 85030908332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Overweight and obesity - Defining overweight and obesity. Available at:
    • Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Overweight and obesity - Defining overweight and obesity. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/defining.htm . Accessed January 6, 2004.
  • 134
    • 0035901051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: A prospective, observational analysis
    • Ludwig D.S., Peterson K.E., Gortmaker S.L. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity a prospective, observational analysis . Lancet. 357:2001;505-508.
    • (2001) Lancet. , vol.357 , pp. 505-508
    • Ludwig, D.S.1    Peterson, K.E.2    Gortmaker, S.L.3
  • 135
    • 0033769136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy and fat intakes of children and adolescents in the United States: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
    • Troiano R.P., Briefel R.R., Carroll M.D., Bialostosky K. Energy and fat intakes of children and adolescents in the United States data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys . Am J Clin Nutr. 72:(suppl 5):2000;1343S-1353S.
    • (2000) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.72 , Issue.SUPPL. 5
    • Troiano, R.P.1    Briefel, R.R.2    Carroll, M.D.3    Bialostosky, K.4
  • 136
    • 0032915894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft drink consumption among US children and adolescents: Nutritional consequences
    • Harnack L., Stang J., Story M. Soft drink consumption among US children and adolescents nutritional consequences . J Am Diet Assoc. 99:1999;436-441.
    • (1999) J Am Diet Assoc. , vol.99 , pp. 436-441
    • Harnack, L.1    Stang, J.2    Story, M.3
  • 138
    • 0036784411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: Different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects
    • Raben A., Vasilaras T.H., Moller A.C., Astrup A. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners Different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects . Am J Clin Nutr. 76:2002;721-729.
    • (2002) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.76 , pp. 721-729
    • Raben, A.1    Vasilaras, T.H.2    Moller, A.C.3    Astrup, A.4
  • 139
    • 0034043549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: Effects on food intake and body weight
    • DiMeglio D.P., Mattes R.D. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate Effects on food intake and body weight . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 24:2000;794-800.
    • (2000) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. , vol.24 , pp. 794-800
    • Dimeglio, D.P.1    Mattes, R.D.2
  • 142
    • 0030966388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of aspartame as part of a multidisciplinary weight-control program on short- and long-term control of body weight
    • Blackburn G., Kanders B., Lavin P., Keller S., Whatley J. The effect of aspartame as part of a multidisciplinary weight-control program on short- and long-term control of body weight. Am J Clin Nutr. 65:1997;409-418.
    • (1997) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.65 , pp. 409-418
    • Blackburn, G.1    Kanders, B.2    Lavin, P.3    Keller, S.4    Whatley, J.5
  • 143
    • 0033251560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sweetness, appetite, and energy intake: Physiological aspects
    • Corti A. Basel, Switzerland: World Rev Nutr Diet. S. Karger AG;
    • Drewnowski A. Sweetness, appetite, and energy intake physiological aspects . Corti A. Low-Calorie Sweeteners Present and Future . 85:1999;64-76 World Rev Nutr Diet, Basel, Switzerland. S. Karger AG;
    • (1999) Low-Calorie Sweeteners: Present and Future , vol.85 , pp. 64-76
    • Drewnowski, A.1
  • 145
    • 0142088598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sugars: Hedonic aspects, neuroregulation and energy balance. ILSI Conference: Sugars and Health, 2002; Washington, DC
    • Levine A., Kotz C., Gosnell B. Sugars hedonic aspects, neuroregulation and energy balance. ILSI Conference: Sugars and Health, 2002; Washington, DC . Am J Clin Nutr. 78:(suppl):2003;834S-839S.
    • (2003) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.78 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Levine, A.1    Kotz, C.2    Gosnell, B.3
  • 146
    • 0028951497 scopus 로고
    • Intense sweeteners and the control of appetite
    • Drewnowski A. Intense sweeteners and the control of appetite. Nutr Rev. 53:1995;1-7.
    • (1995) Nutr Rev. , vol.53 , pp. 1-7
    • Drewnowski, A.1
  • 149
    • 0041667764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of sugar intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
    • Janket S.J., Manson J.E., Sesso H., Buring J.E., Liu S. A prospective study of sugar intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 26:2003;1008-1015.
    • (2003) Diabetes Care , vol.26 , pp. 1008-1015
    • Janket, S.J.1    Manson, J.E.2    Sesso, H.3    Buring, J.E.4    Liu, S.5
  • 150
    • 0029037065 scopus 로고
    • Sugars and blood glucose control
    • Wolever T., Brand J. Sugars and blood glucose control. Am J Clin Nutr. 62:(suppl):1995;212S-227S.
    • (1995) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.62 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Wolever, T.1    Brand, J.2
  • 151
    • 0038077584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications
    • Association A.D. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care. 26:2003;51S-61S.
    • (2003) Diabetes Care. , vol.26
    • Association, A.D.1
  • 152
    • 0029906707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic effects of dietary sucrose and fructose in type II diabetic subjects
    • Malerbi D., Paiva E., Duarte A., Wajchenberg B. Metabolic effects of dietary sucrose and fructose in type II diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 19:1996;1249-1256.
    • (1996) Diabetes Care. , vol.19 , pp. 1249-1256
    • Malerbi, D.1    Paiva, E.2    Duarte, A.3    Wajchenberg, B.4
  • 153
    • 0033983283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: Historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms
    • Parks E.J., Hellerstein M.K. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms . Am J Clin Nutr. 71:2000;412-433.
    • (2000) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.71 , pp. 412-433
    • Parks, E.J.1    Hellerstein, M.K.2
  • 154
    • 0028279868 scopus 로고
    • Dietary carbohydrates and dental health
    • Navia J. Dietary carbohydrates and dental health. Am J Clin Nutr. 59:(suppl):1994;719S-727S.
    • (1994) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.59 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Navia, J.1
  • 155
    • 0142024827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sugars and oral health. ILSI Conference: Sugars and Health, 2002; Washington, DC
    • Touger-Decker R., van Loveren C. Sugars and oral health. ILSI Conference Sugars and Health, 2002; Washington, DC . Am J Clin Nutr. 78:(suppl):2003;881S- 892S.
    • (2003) Am J Clin Nutr. , vol.78 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Touger-Decker, R.1    Van Loveren, C.2
  • 156
    • 0032186223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral hygiene as a risk indicator of enamel and dentin cares
    • Mascarenhas A. Oral hygiene as a risk indicator of enamel and dentin cares. Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol. 26:1998;331-339.
    • (1998) Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol. , vol.26 , pp. 331-339
    • Mascarenhas, A.1
  • 161
    • 0031614802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
    • Wolraich M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prof Care Mother Child. 8:1998;35-37.
    • (1998) Prof Care Mother Child , vol.8 , pp. 35-37
    • Wolraich, M.1
  • 162
    • 0028096164 scopus 로고
    • Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behavior and cognitive performance of children
    • Wolraich M., Lindgren S., Stumbo P., Stegink L., Appelbaum M., Kiritsy M. Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behavior and cognitive performance of children. N Engl J Med. 330:1994;301-307.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med. , vol.330 , pp. 301-307
    • Wolraich, M.1    Lindgren, S.2    Stumbo, P.3    Stegink, L.4    Appelbaum, M.5    Kiritsy, M.6
  • 163
    • 0028824643 scopus 로고
    • The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children. A meta-analysis
    • Wolraich M.L., Wilson D.B., White J.W. The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 274:1995;1617-1621.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.274 , pp. 1617-1621
    • Wolraich, M.L.1    Wilson, D.B.2    White, J.W.3
  • 164
    • 0024528524 scopus 로고
    • Carbohydrates and depression
    • Wurtman R.J., Wurtman J.J. Carbohydrates and depression. Sci Am. 260:1989;68-75.
    • (1989) Sci Am. , vol.260 , pp. 68-75
    • Wurtman, R.J.1    Wurtman, J.J.2
  • 165
    • 0036431349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cross-national relationship between sugar consumption and major depression
    • Westover A., Marangell L. A cross-national relationship between sugar consumption and major depression. Depress Anxiety. 16:2002;118-120.
    • (2002) Depress Anxiety , vol.16 , pp. 118-120
    • Westover, A.1    Marangell, L.2
  • 166
  • 168
    • 0036481255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voluminous sucrose consumption in female rats: Increased "nippiness" during periods of sucrose removal and possible oestrus periodicity
    • Galic M.A., Persinger M.A. Voluminous sucrose consumption in female rats Increased "nippiness" during periods of sucrose removal and possible oestrus periodicity . Psychol Rep. 90:2002;58-60.
    • (2002) Psychol Rep. , vol.90 , pp. 58-60
    • Galic, M.A.1    Persinger, M.A.2
  • 170
    • 0024205178 scopus 로고
    • Monitoring adverse reactions to food additives in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
    • Tollefson L. Monitoring adverse reactions to food additives in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 8:1988;438-446.
    • (1988) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. , vol.8 , pp. 438-446
    • Tollefson, L.1
  • 175
    • 2042534632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration. November 18
    • FDA Statement on Aspartame. 1996;Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD. November 18.
    • (1996) FDA Statement on Aspartame
  • 176
    • 0038330374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The power of "box a"
    • Offit P. The power of "box a" Expert Rev Vaccines. 2:2003;1-3.
    • (2003) Expert Rev Vaccines , vol.2 , pp. 1-3
    • Offit, P.1
  • 177
    • 0033253455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural versus "artificial" Sweeteners: Regulatory Aspects
    • Corti A. Basel, Switzerland: World Rev Nutr Diet. S. Karger AG;
    • Walker R. Natural versus "Artificial" Sweeteners Regulatory Aspects . Corti A. Low-calorie Sweeteners Present and Future . 85:1999;117-124 World Rev Nutr Diet, Basel, Switzerland. S. Karger AG;
    • (1999) Low-calorie Sweeteners: Present and Future , vol.85 , pp. 117-124
    • Walker, R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.