Molecules of the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor and Ligand Superfamilies: Endless Stories

Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Volumn 32, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 419-428

  Kwon, Byungsuk ^a   Kwon, Byoung Se ^a  

^a University of Ulsan   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Costimulation; Decoy receptor; Signaling; Tumor necrosis factor ligand; Tumor necrosis factor receptor

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346312269     PISSN: 12258687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Aizawa, S. H., Nakano, H., Ishida, T., Horie, R., Nagai, M., Ito, K., Yagita, H., Okumura, K., Inoue, J. and Watanabe, T. (1997) Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 5 and TRAF2 are involved in CD30-mediated NF-κB activation. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2042-2045.
2. Akiba, H., Nakano, H., Nishinaka, S., Shino, M., Kobata, T., Atsuta, M., Morimoto, C., Ware, C. F., Malinin, N. L., Wallach, D., Yagita, H. and Okumura, K. (1998) CD27, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, activates NF-κB and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase via TRAF2, TRAF5, and NF-κB-inducing kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 13353-13358.
3. Anderson, D. M., Maraskivsky, E., Billingsley, W. L., Dougall, W. C., Tometski, M. E., Roux, E. R., Teepe, M. C., DuBose, R. F., Cosman, D. and Galibert L. (1997) A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature 390, 175-179.
4. Ankel, H., Westra, D. F., Welling-Wester, S. and Lebon, P. (1998) Induction of interferon-α by glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus: a possible role of chemokine receptors. Virology 251, 317-326.
5. Arch, R. H. and Thompson, C. B. (1998) 4-1BB and OX40 are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-nerve growth factor receptor subfamily that bind TNF receptor-associated factors and activate nuclear factor κB. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 558-565.
6. Arch, R. H., Gedrich, R. W. and Thompson, C. B. (1998) Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) - a family of adaptor proteins that regulates life and death. Genes & Dev. 12, 2821-2830.
7. Ashkenazi, A. and Dixit, V. M. (1998) Death receptors: signaling and modulation. Science 281, 1305-1308.
8. Bachmann, M. F., Zinkernagel, R. F. and Oxenius, A. (1998) Immune responses in the absence of costimulation: viruses know the trick. J. Immunol. 161, 1025-1031.
9. Bachman, M. F., Wong, B., Josien, R., Steinman, R. M., Oxenius, A. and Choi, Y. (1999) TRANCE, a tumor necrosis factor family member critical for CD40 ligand-independent T helper cell activation. J. Exp. Med. 189, 1025-1031.
10. Banchereau, J., Bazan, F., Blanchard, D., Briere, F., Galizzi, J. P., van Kooten, C., Liu, Y. J., Rousset, F. and Saeland, S. (1994) The CD40 antigen and its ligand. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 12, 881-922.
11. Banner, D. W., D'Acry, A., Janes, W., Gentz, R., Schoenfeld, H.-J., Broger, C., Loetscher, H. and Lessiauer, W. (1993) Crystal structure of the soluble human 55 Kd TNF receptor-human TNFβ complex: implications for TNF receptor activation. Cell 73, 431-445.
12. Baud, V., Liu, Z.-G., Bennett, B., Suzuki, N., Xia, Y. and Karin, M. (1999) Signaling by proinflammatory cytokines: oligomerization of TRAF2 and TRAF6 is sufficient for JNK and IKK activation and target gene induction via an amino-terminal effector domain. Genes & Dev. 13, 1297-1308.
13. Boucher, L.-M., Marengere, L. E. M., Lu, Y., Thukral, S. and Mak, T. W. (1997) Binding sites of cytoplasmic effectors TRAF1, 2, and 3 on CD30 and other members of the TNF receptor superfamily. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 233, 592-600.
14. Bucay, N., Sarosi, I., Dunstan, C. R., Mornoy, S., Tarpley, J., Capparelli, C., Scully, S., Tan, H. L., Xu, W., Lacey, D. L., Boyle, W. J. and Simonet, W. S. (1998) Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes & Dev. 12, 1260-1268.
15. Chen, J. J., Sun, Y. and Nabel, G. J. (1998) Regulation of the proinflammatory effects of Fas ligand (CD95L). Science 282, 1714-1717.
16. Cheng, G., Cleary, A. M., Ye, Y.-S., Hong, D. I., Lederman, S. and Baltimore, D. (1995) Involvement of CRAF1, a relative of TRAF, in CD40 signaling. Science 267, 1494-1498.
17. Cheng, G. and Baltimore, D. (1996) TANK, a co-inducer with TRAF2 of TNF-and CD40L-mediated NF-κB activation. Genes & Dev. 10, 963-973.
18. Darney, B. G., Ni, J., Moore, P. A. and Aggarwal, B. B. (1999) Activation of NF-κB by RANK requires tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 and NF-κB-inducing kinase: identification of a novel TRAF6 interaction motif. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 7724-7731.
19. Darney, B. G., Haridas, V., Ni, J., Moore, P. A. and Aggarwal, B. B. (1998) Characterization of the intracellular domain of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK): interaction with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors and activation of NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 20551-20555.
20. Delhase, M., Hayakawa, M., Chen, Y. and Karin, M. (1999) Positive and negative regulation of IkB kinase activity through IKKβ subunit phosphorylation. Science 284, 309-313.
21. Eck, M. J. and Sprang, S. R. (1989) The structure of tumor necrosis factor alpha at 2.6 Å resolution: implications for receptor binding J. Biol. Chem. 264, 17595-17605.
22. Eck, M. J., Ultsch, M., Rinderknecht, E., de Vos, A. M. and Sprang, S. R. (1992) The structure of human lymphotoxin (tumor necrosis factor beta) at 1.9 Å resolution. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 2119-2122.
23. Emery, J. G., McDonnell, P., Bringham-Burke, M., Deen, K. C., Lyn, S., Silverman, C., Dul, E., Appelbaum, E. R., Eichman, C., DiPrinzio, R., Dodds, R., James, I. E., Rosenberg, M., Lee, J. C. and Young, P. (1998) Osteoprotegerin is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. J. Biol. Chem. 273. 14363-14367.
24. Filvaroff, E. and Derynck, R. (1998) Bone remodelling: a signalling system for osteoclast regulation. Curr. Biol. 8, R679-R682.
25. Galibert, L., Tometsko, M. E., Anderson, D. M., Cosman, D. and Dougall, W. C. (1998) The involvement of multiple tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors in the signaling mechanisms of receptor activator of NF-κB, a member of the TNFR superfamily. J. Biol. Chem. 18, 34120-34127.
26. Gedrich, R. W., Gilfillan, M, C., Duckett, C. S., Van Dongen, J. L. and Thompson, C. B. (1996) CD30 contains two binding sites with different specificities for members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor family of signal transducing proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12852-12858.
27. Geraghty, R. J., Krummenacher, C., Cohen, G. H., Eisenberg, R. J. and Spear, P. G. (1998) Entry of alphaherpesviruses mediated by poliovirus receptor-related protein 1 and poliovirus receptor. Science 280, 1618-1620.
28. Gurney, A. N., Marsters, S. A., Huang, A., Pitti, R. M., Mark, M., Baldwin, D. T., Gray, A. M., Dowd, P., Brush, J., Heldens, S., Schow, P., Goddard, A. D., Wood, W. I., Baker, K. P., Godowski, P. J. and Ashkenazi, A. (1999) Identification of a new member of the tumor necrosis factor family and its receptor, a human ortholog of mouse GITR. Curr. Biol. 9, 215-218.
29. Hahne, M., Kataoka, T., Schroter, M., Hofmann, K., Irmler, M., Bodmer, J.-K., Schneider, P., Bornand, T., Holler, N., French, L., Sordat, B., Rimoldi, D. and Tschopp, J. (1998) APRIL, a new ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates tumor cell growth. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1185-1190.
30. Harrop, J. A., Reddy, M., Dede, K., Brigham-Burke, M., Lyn, S., Tan, K. B., Silverman, C., Eichman, C., DiPrinzio, R., Spampanato, J., Porter, T., Holmes, S., Young, P. R. and Truneh, A. (1998a) Antibodies to TR2 (herpesvirus entry mediator), a new member of the TNF receptor superfamily, block T cell proliferation, expression of activation markers, and production of cytokine. J. Immunol. 161, 1786-1794.
31. Harrop, J. A., McDonnell, P. C., Brigham-Burke, M., Lyn, S. D., Minton, J., Tan, K. B., Dede, K., Spampanato, J., Silverman, C., Hensley, P., DiPrinzio, R., Spampanato, J., Porter, T., Emery, J. G., Deen, K., Eichman, C., Chabot-Fletcher, M., Truneh, A. and Young, P. R. (1998b) Herpesvirus entry mediator ligand (HVEM-L), a novel ligand for HVEM/TR2, stimulates proliferation of T cells and inhibits HT29 cell growth. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27548-27556.
32. Hsu, H., Xiong, J. and Goeddel, D. V. (1995) The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-κB activation. Cell 81, 495-504.
33. Hsu, H., Shu, H.-B., Pan, M.-G. and Goeddel, D. V. (1996) TRADD-TRAF2 and TRADD-FADD interactions define two distinct TNF receptor 1 signal transduction pathways. Cell 84, 299-388.
34. Hsu, H., Solovyev, I., Colombero, A., Elliot, R., Kelley, M. and Boyle W. J. (1997) ATAR, a novel tumor necrosis factor receptor family member, signals through TRAF2 and TRAF5. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13471-13474.
35. Hsu, H., Lacey, D. L., Dunstan, C. R., Solovyev, I., Colombero, A., Timms, E., Tan, H.-L., Elliot, K., Kelley, M. J., Sarosi, I., Wang, L., Xia, X.-Z., Elliot, R., Chiu, L., Black, T., Scully, S., Capparelli, C., Morony, S., Shimamoto, G., Bass, M. B. and Boyle, W. J. (1999) Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3540-3545.
36. Iotsovo, V., Caamano, J., Loy, J., Yang, Y., Lewin, A. and Bravo, R. (1997) Osteopetrosis in mice lacking NF-κB1 and NF-κB2. Nat. Med. 3, 1285-1289.
37. Ishida, T., Mizushima, S.-I., Azuma, S., Kobayashi, N., Tojo, S., Kobayashi, N., Tojo, T., Suzuki, K., Aizawa, S., Watanabe, T., Mosialos, G., Kieff, E., Yamamoto, T. and Inoue, J.-I. (1996) Identification of TRAF6, a novel tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor protein that mediates signaling from an amino-terminal domain of the CD40 cytoplasmic region. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 28745-28748.
38. Kong, Y.-Y., Yoshida, H., Sarosi, I., Tan, H.-L., Timms, E., Capparelli, C., Morony, S., Oliveira-dos-Santos, A. J., Van, G., Itie, A., Khoo W., Wakeham, A., Dunstan., C. R., Lacey, D. L., Mak, T. W., Boyle, W. J. and Penninger, J. M. (1999) OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature 397, 315-323.
39. Kwon, B., Youn, B.-S. and Kwon, B. S. (1999a) Functions of newly identified members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor/ligand superfamilies in lymphocytes. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 11, 340-345.
40. Kwon, B., Yu, K.-Y., Ni, J., Yu, G.-L., Jang, I.-K., Kim, Y.-J., Xing, L., Liu, D., Wang, S.-X. and Kwon, B. S. (1999b) Identification of a novel activation-inducible protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and its ligand J. Biol. Chem. 274, 6056-6061.
41. Kwon, B. S., Tan K. B., Ni, J., Oh, K.-O., Lee, Z. H., Kim, K. K., Kim, Y.-J., Wang, S., Gentz, R., Yu, G.-L., Harrop, J., Lyn, S. D., Silverman, C., Porter, T. G., Truneh, A. and Young P. R. (1997) A newly identified member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with a wide tissue distribution and involvement in lymphocyte activation. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 14272-14276.
42. Kwon, B. S., Wang, S., Udagawa, N., Haridas, V., Lee, Z. H., Kim, K. K., Oh, K.-O., Greene, J., Li, Y., Su, J., Gentz, R., Aggarwal, B. B. and Ni, J. (1998) TR1, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, induces fibroblast proliferation and inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. FASEB J. 12, 845-854.
43. Lacey, D. L., Timms, E., Tan, H.-L., Kelley, M. J., Dunstan, C. R., Burgress, T., Elliot, R., Colombero, A., Elliot, G., Scully, S., Hsu, H., Sullivan, J., Hawkins, N., Davy, E., Capparelli, C., Eli, A., Qian, Y.-X., Kaufman S., Sarosi, I., Shalhoub, V., Senaldi, G., Guo, J., Delaney, J. and Boyle, W. J. (1998) Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 93, 165-176.
44. Lee, S. Y., Lee, S. Y. and Choi, Y. (1997) TRAF-interacting protein (TRIP): a novel component of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-and CD30-TRAF signaling complex that inhibits TRAF2-mediated NF-κB activation. J. Exp. Med. 185, 1275-1285.
45. Malinin, N. L., Boldin, M. P., Kovalenko, A. V. and Wallach, D. (1997) MAP3K-related kinase involved in NF-κB induction by TNF, CD95 and IL-1. Nature 385, 540-544.
46. Marsters, S. A., Ayres, T. M., Skubatch, M., Gray, C. L., Rothe, M. and Ashkenazi, A. (1997) Herpesvirus entry mediator, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, interacts with members of the TNFR-associated factor family and activates the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. J. Biol Chem. 272, 14029-14032.
47. Mauri, D. N., Ebner, R., Montgomery, R. I., Kochel, K. D., Cheung, T. C., Yu, G.-L., Ruben, S., Murphy, M., Eisenberg R. J., Cohen, G. H., Spear, P. G. and Ware, C. G. (1998) LIGHT, a new member of the TNF superfamily, and lymphotoxin α are ligands for herpesvirus entry mediator. Immunity 8, 21-30.
48. Montgomery, R. I., Warner, M. S., Lum, B. J. and Spear, P. G. (1997) Herpes simplex virus-1 entry into cells mediated by a novel member of the TNF/NGF receptor family. Cell 87, 427-436.
49. 2-terminal kinase J. Biol. Chem. 274, 15978-15981.
50. Naismith, J. H. and Sprang, S. R. (1998) Modularity in the TNF-receptor family. TIBS 23, 74-79.
51. Nicola, A. V., Ponce DE Leon, M., Xu, R., Hou, W., Whitbeck, J. C., Krummenacher, C., Montgomery, R. I., Spear, P. G., Eisenberg, R. J. and Cohen, G. H. (1998) Monoclonal antibodies to distinct sites on herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D block HSV binding to HVEM. J. Virol. 72, 3595-3601.
52. Nocentini, G., Guinchi, L., Ronchetti, S., Krausz, L. T., Bartoli, A., Mosalba, R., Migliorati, G. and Riccardi, C. (1997) A new member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor family inhibits T cell receptor-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6216-6221.
53. Park, Y. C., Burkitt, V., Villa, A. R., Tong, L. and Wu, H. (1999) Structural basis for self-association and receptor recognition of human TRAF2. Nature 398, 533-538.
54. Pitti, R. M., Marsters, S. A., Lawrence, D. A., Roy, M., Kischkel, F. C., Dowd, P., Huang, A., Donahue, C. J., Sherwood, S. W., Baldwin, D. T., Godowski, P. J., Wood, W. I., Gurney, A. L., Hillan, K. J., Cohen, R. L., Goddard, A. D., Botstein D. and Ashkenazi A. (1999) Genomic amplification of a decoy receptor for Fas ligand in lung and colon cancer. Nature 396, 699-703.
55. Qie, L., Marcellino, D. and Herold, B. C. (1999) Herpes simplex virus entry is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. Virology 10, 220-227.
56. -) cell clones. J. Virol. 72, 1411-1417.
57. Rothe, M., Pan, M.-G., Henzel, W. J., Ayres, T. M. and Goeddel, D. V. (1995) The TNFR2-TRAF signaling complex contains two novel proteins related to baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Cell 83, 1243-1252.
58. Rothe, M., Xiong, J., Shu, H.-B., Williamson, K., Goddard, A. and Goeddel, D. V. (1996) I-TRAF is a novel TRAF-interacting protein that regulates TRAF-mediated signal transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8241-8246.
59. Roy, N., Deverauz, Q. L., Takahashi, T., Salvesen, G. S. and Reed, J. C. (1997) The c-IAP-1 and c-IAP-2 proteins are direct inhibitors of specific caspases. EMBO J. 17, 6914-6925.
60. Sarrias, M. R., Whitbeck, J. C., Rooney, I., Spruce, L., Kay, B. K., Montgomery, R. I., Spear, P. G., Ware, C. F., Eisenberg, R. J., Cohen, G. H. and Lambris, J. D. (1999) Inhibition of herpes simplex virus gD and lymphotoxin-α binding to HveA by peptide antagonists. J. Virol. 73, 5681-5687.
61. Schneider, P., MacKay, F., Steiner, V., Hofmann, K., Bodmer, J.-L., Holler, N., Ambrose, C., Lawton, P., Bixler, S., Acha-Orbea, H., Valmori, D., Romero, P., Werner-Favre, C., Zubler, R. H., Browning, J. L. and Tschopp, J. (1999) BAFF, a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates B cell growth. J. Exp. Med. 189, 1747-1756.
62. Simonet, W. S., Lacey, D. L., Dunstan, D. R., Kelley, M., Chang, M.-S., Luthy, R., Nguyen, H. Q., Wooden, S., Bennet, L., Boone, T., Shimamoto, G., DeRose, M., Elliot, R., Colombero, A., Tan, H.-L., Trail, G., Sullivan, J., Davy, E., Bucey, N., Renshaw-Gegg, L., Hughes, T. M., Hill, D., Pattison, W., Campbell, P., Dander, S., Van, G., Tarpey, J., Derby, P., Lee, R., Amgen EST Program and Boyle, W. J. (1997) Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 89, 309-319.
63. Song, H. Y., Rothe, M. and Goeddel, D. V. (1996) The tumor necrosis factor-inducible zinc finger protein A20 interacts with TRAF1/TRAF2 and inhibits NF-κB activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 6721-6725.
64. Takeuchi, M., Rothe, M. and Goeddel. D. V. (1996) Anatomy of TRAF2: distinct domains for nuclear factor-κB activation and association with tumor necrosis factor signaling proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 19935-19942.
65. Tan, K. B., Harrop, J., Reddy, M., Young, P., Terrett, J., Emery, J., Moore, G. and Truneh, A. (1997) Characterization of a novel TNF-like ligand and recently described TNF ligand and TNF receptor superfamily genes and their constitutive and inducible expression in hematopoetic and non-hematopoetic cells. Gene 204, 35-46.
66. Terry-Allison, T., Montgomery, R. I., Whitbeck, J. C., Xu, R., Cohen, G. H., Eisenberg, R. J. and Spear, P. G. (1998) HveA (herpesvirus entry mediator A), a coreceptor for herpes simplex virus entry, also participates in virus-induced cell fusion. J. Virol. 72, 5802-5810.
67. Uren, A. G., Pakusch, M., Hawkins, C. J., Puls, K. L. and Vaux, D. L. (1996) Cloning and expression of apoptosis inhibitory protein homologs that function to inhibit apoptosis and/or bind tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4974-4978.
68. Watts, A. D., Hunt, N. H., Wanigasekara, Y., Bloomfield, G., Wallach, D., Roufogalis, B. D. and Chaudhri, G. (1999) A casein kinase I motif present in the cytoplasmic domain of members of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family is implicated in 'reverse signalling'. EMBO J. 18, 2119-2126.
69. Wong, B. R., Rho, J., Arron, J., Robinson, E., Orlinick, J., Chao, M., Kalachikiv, S., Cayani, E., Barlett III, F. S., Frankel, W. N., Lee, S. Y. and Choi, Y. (1997a) TRANCE is a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase in T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 25190-25194.
70. Wong, B. R., Josien, R., Lee, S. Y., Sauter, B., Li, H.-L., Steinman, R. M. and Choi, Y. (1997b) TRANCE (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-related activation-induced cytokine), a new TNF-family member predominantly expressed in T cells, is a dendritic cell-specific survival factor. J. Exp. Med. 186, 2075-2080.
71. Wong, B. R., Josien, R., Lee, S. Y., Vologodskaia, M., Steinman, R. M. and Choi, Y. (1998) The TRAF family of signal transducers mediates NF-κB activation by the TRANCE receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 28355-28359.
72. Yasuda, H., Shima, N., Nakagawa, N., Yamaguchi, K., Kinosaki, K., Mochizuki, S.-I., Tomoyasu, A., Yano, K., Goto, M., Murakami, A., Tsuda, E., Morinaga, T., Higashio, K., Udagawa, N., Takahashi, T. and Suda, T. (1998) Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/ osteoclastolgenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3597-3602.
73. Yu, K.-Y., Kwon, B., Ni, J., Zhai, Y., Ebner, R. and Kwon B. S. (1999) A newly identified member of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TR6) suppresses LIGHT-mediated apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 13733-13736.
74. Yue, T.-L., Ni, J., Romanic, A. M., Gu, J.-L., Keller, P., Wang, C., Kumar, S., Yu, G.-L., Hart, T. K., Wang, X., Xia, Z., DeWolf, W. E. and Feuerstein, G. Z. (1999) TL1, a novel tumor necrosis factor-like cytokine, induces apoptosis in endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 1479-1489.
75. Yun, T. J., Chaudhary, P. M., Shu, G. L., Frazer, J. K., Ewings, M. K., Schwartz, S. M., Pascual, V., Hood, L. E. and Clark, E. A. (1998) OPG/FDCR-1, a TNF receptor family member, is expressed in lymphoid cells and is up-regulated by ligating CD40. J. Immunol. 161, 6113-6121.
76. Zhai, Y., Guo, R., Shu, T.-L., Yu, G.-L., Ni, J., Kwon, B. S., Jian, G.-W., Lu, J., Tan, J., Ugustus, M., Carter, K., Rojas, L., Zhu, F., Lincoln, C., Endress, G., Xing, L., Wang, S., Oh, K.-O., Gentz, R., Ruben, S., Lippman, M. C., Hsieh, S.-L. and Yang, D. (1998) LIGHT, a novel ligand for lymphotoxin β receptor and TR2/HVEM induces apoptosis and suppresses in vivo tumor formation via gene transfer. J. Clin. Invest. 102, 1142-1151.
77. Zhai, Y., Ni, J., Jiang, G.-W., Lu, J., Xing, L., Lincoln, C., Carter, K. C., Janat, F., Kozak, D., Xu, S., Rojas, L., Aggarwal, B. B., Ruben, S., Li, L.-Y., Gentz, R. and Yu, G.-L. (1999) VEGI, a novel cytokine of the tumor necrosis factor family, is an angiogenesis inhibitor that suppresses the growth of colon carcinomas in vivo. FASEB J. 13, 181-189.