Structure of Kinetochore Fibres in Crane-Fly Spermatocytes After Irradiation With an Ultraviolet Microbeam: Neither Microtubules Nor Actin Filaments Remain in the Irradiated Region

Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton

Volumn 56, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 173-192

  Forer, Arthur ^a   Spurck, Tim ^b   Pickett Heaps, Jeremy D ^b   Wilson, Paula J ^b  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Actin; Chromosome movement; Microtubules; Spindle matrix; Spindles; Ultraviolet microbeam

Indexed keywords

ACTIN FILAMENT; ANAPHASE; ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; BIREFRINGENCE; CELL MOTILITY; CELL STRUCTURE; CENTROMERE; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; CYTOSKELETON; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; FLY; IMAGE ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPERMATOCYTE; SPINDLE CELL; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

ANIMALS; CHROMOSOMES; DIPTERA; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; KINETOCHORES; MALE; MICROFILAMENTS; MICROSCOPY, CONFOCAL; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; MICROTUBULES; MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS; SPERMATOCYTES; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS;

TIPULIDAE;

EID: 0242322685     PISSN: 08861544     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cm.10144     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Adames KA, Forer A. 1996. Evidence for poleward forces on chromosome arms during anaphase. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 34:13-25.
2. Ahmad FJ, Hughey J, Wittmann T, Hyman A, Greaser M, Bass PW. 2000. Motor proteins regulate force interactions between microtubules and microfilaments in the axon. Nature Cell Biol 2:276-280.
3. Bajer A. 1972. Influence of UV microbeam on spindle fine structure and anaphase chromosome movements. Chromosomes Today 3:63-69.
4. Bajer A, Molé-Bajer J. 1970. Effects of UV microbeam irradiations on the fine structure of the mitotic spindle. Proc Septiéme Congrès Int Microsc Électron, Grenoble, 267-268 (Soc Française de Microsc Electron, Paris).
5. Bednara J, Willemse MTM, van Lammeren AAM. 1990. Organization of the actin cytoskeleton during megasporogenesis in Gasteria verrucosa visualized with fluorescent-labelled phalloidin. Acta Bot Neerl 39:43-48.
6. Bizario JC da S, Nascimento AA da C, Casaletti L, Patussi EV, Chociay MF, Larson RE, Espreafico EM. 2002. Expression of constructs of the neuronal isoform of myosin-Va interferes with the distribution of melanosomes and other vesicles in melanoma cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 51:57-75.
7. Bloom K. 2002. Yeast weighs in on the elusive spindle matrix: new filaments in the nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:4757-4759.
8. Brown SS. 1999. Cooperation between microtubule- and actin-based motor proteins. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 15:63-80.
9. Brust-Mascher I, Scholey JM. 2002. Microtubule flux and sliding in mitotic spindles of Drosophila embryos. Mol Biol Cell 13: 3967-3975.
10. Cande WZ, Lazarides E, McIntosh JR. 1977. A comparison of the distribution of actin and tubulin in the mammalian mitotic spindle as seen by indirect immunofluorescence. J Cell Biol 72:552-567.
11. Cassimeris LU, Walker RA, Pryer NK, Salmon ED. 1987. Dynamic instability of microtubules. BioEssays 7:149-154.
12. Clayton L, Lloyd CW. 1985. Actin organization during the cell cycle in meristematic plant cells. Exp Cell Res 156:231-238.
13. Cleary AL. 1995. F-actin distributions at the division site in living Tradescantia stomatal complexes as revealed by microinjection of rhodamine-phalloidin. Protoplasma 185:152-165.
14. Cornman I. 1944. A summary in favour of the traction fibre in mitosis. Am Nat 78:410-422.
15. Czaban BB, Forer A. 1992. Rhodamine-labelled phalloidin stains components in the chromosomal spindle fibres of crane-fly spermatocytes and Haemanthus endosperm cells. Biochem Cell Biol 70:664-676.
16. Czaban BB, Forer A. 1994. Rhodamine-phalloidin and anti-tubulin antibody staining of spindle fibres that were irradiated with an ultraviolet microbeam. Protoplasma 178:18-27.
17. Desai A, Maddox PS, Mitchison TJ, Salmon ED. 1998. Anaphase A chromosome movement and poleward spindle microtubule flux occur at similar rates in Xenopus extract spindles. J Cell Biol 141:703-713.
18. Dietz R. 1972. Anaphase behaviour of inversions in living crane-fly spermatocytes. Chromosom Today 3:70-85.
19. Dinis AM, Mesquita JF. 1993. The F-actin distribution during microsporogenesis in Magnolia soulangeana Soul. (Magnoliaceae). Sex Plant Reprod 6:57-63.
20. Dionne MA, Howard L, Compton DA. 1999. NuMA is a component of an insoluble matrix at mitotic spindle poles. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 42:189-203.
21. Eisenberg BR, Mobley BA. 1975. Size changes in single muscle fibers during fixation and embedding. Tissue Cell 7:383-387.
22. Espreafico EN, Coling DE, Tsakraklides V, Krogh K, Wolenski JS, Kalinec G, Kachar B. 1998. Localization of myosin-V in the centrosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:8636-8641.
23. Fishkind DJ, Wang Y-L. 1993. Orientation and three-dimensional organization of actin filaments in dividing cultured cells. J Cell Biol 123:837-848.
24. Fishkind DJ, Cao L-G, Wang Y-L. 1991. Microinjection of the catalytic fragment of myosin light chain kinase into dividing cells: effects on mitosis and cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 114:967-975.
25. Forer A. 1965. Local reduction of spindle fiber birefringence in living Nephrotoma suturalis (Loew) spermatocytes induced by ultraviolet microbeam irradiation. J Cell Biol 25:95-117.
26. Forer A. 1966. Characterization of the mitotic system and evidence that birefringent spindle fibres neither produce nor tramsmit force for chromosome motion. Chromosoma 19:44-98.
27. Forer A. 1974. Possible roles of microtubules and actin-like filaments during cell division. In: Padilla GM, Cameron IL, Zimmerman AM, editors. Cell cycle controls. New York: Academic Press. p 319-336.
28. Forer A. 1988. Do anaphase chromosomes chew their way to the pole or are they pulled by actin? J Cell Sci 91:449-453.
29. Forer A, Behnke O. 1972. An actin-like component in spermatocytes of a crane fly (Nephrotoma suturalis Loew). I. The spindle. Chromosoma 39:145-173.
30. Forer A, Pickett-Heaps JD. 1998a. Cytochalasin D and latrunculin affect chromosome behaviour during meiosis in crane-fly spermatocytes. Chromosom Res 6:533-549.
31. Forer A, Pickett-Heaps JD. 1998b. Checkpoint control in crane-fly spermatocytes: unattached chromosomes induced by cytochalasin D or latrunculin do not prevent or delay the start of anaphase. Protoplasma 203:100-111.
32. Forer A, Wilson PJ. 2000. Evidence that kinetochore fibre microtubules shorten predominantly at the pole in anaphase flea-beetle spermatocytes. Chromosom Res 8:151-163.
33. Forer A, Jackson WT, Engberg A. 1979. Actin in spindles of Haemanthus katherinae endosperm. II. Distribution of actin in chromosomal spindle fibres, determined by analysis of serial sections. J Cell Sci 37:349-371.
34. Forer A, Spurck T, Pickett-Heaps JD. 1997. Ultraviolet microbeam irradiations of spindle fibres in crane-fly spermatocytes and newt epithelial cells: resolution of previously conflicting observations. Protoplasma 197:230-240.
35. Fuchs E, Karakesisoglou I. 2001. Bridging cytoskeletal intersections. Genes Dev 15:1-14.
36. Fuge H. 1980. Microtubule disorientation in anaphase half-spindles during autosomal segregation in crane fly spermatocytes. Chromosoma (Berl) 76:309-328.
37. Fuge H. 1984. The three-dimensional architecture of chromosome fibres in the cranefly. I. Syntelic autosomes in meiotic metaphase and anaphase I. Chromosoma (Berl) 90:323-331.
38. Fujiwara K, Pollard TD. 1976. Fluorescent antibody localization of myosin in the cytoplasm, cleavage furrow, and mitotic spindle of human cells. J Cell Biol 71:848-875.
39. Fujiwara K, Pollard TD. 1978. Simultaneous localization of myosin and tubulin in human tissue culture cells by double antibody staining. J Cell Biol 77:182-195.
40. Gabrion J, Harricane M-C, Travers F, Sentein P. 1980. Microfilaments d'actine parallèles á polarité inverse dans le fuseau mitotique de la cellule HeLa. Est-ce une preuve du rôle de l'actine dans le mitose? CR Acad Sci Paris D 290:983-986.
41. Gawadi N. 1971. Actin in the mitotic spindle. Nature 234:410.
42. Gawadi N. 1974. Characterization and distribution of microfilaments in dividing locust testis cells. Cytobios 10:17-35.
43. Goode D. 1981. Microtubule turnover as a mechanism of mitosis and its possible evolution. BioSystems 14:271-287.
44. Goode BL, Drubin DG, Barnes G. 2000. Functional cooperation between the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons. Curr Opin Cell Biol 12:63-71.
45. Gorbsky GJ, Sammak PJ, Borisy GG. 1987. Chromosomes move poleward in anaphase along stationary microtubules that coordinately disassemble from their kinetochore ends. J Cell Biol 104:9-18.
46. Guerriero V Jr, Rowley DR, Means AR. 1981. Production and characterization of an antibody to myosin light chain kinase and intracellular localization of the enzyme. Cell 27:449-458.
47. Hamaguchi Y, Mabuchi I. 1982. Effects of phalloidin microinjection and localization of fluorescein-labeled phalloidin in living sand dollar eggs. Cell Motil 2:103-113.
48. Herman IM, Pollard TD. 1978. Actin localization in fixed dividing cells stained with fluorescent heavy meromyosin. Exp Cell Res 114:15-25.
49. Herman IM, Pollard TD. 1979. Comparison of purified anti-actin and fluorescent-heavy meromyosin staining patterns in dividing cells. Exp Cell Res 80:509-520.
50. Hinkley R, Telser A. 1974. Heavy meromyosin-binding filaments in the mitotic apparatus of mammalian cells. Exp Cell Res 86: 161-164.
51. Huang JD, Brady ST, Richards BW, Stenoien D, Resau JH, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. 1999. Direct interaction of microtubule- and actin-based transport motors. Nature 397:267-270.
52. Huxley HE. 1957. The double array of filaments in cross-striated muscle. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 3:631-648.
53. Huxley HE. 1960. Muscle cells. In: Brachet J, Mirsky AE, editors. The cell, vol. IV. New York: Academic Press. p 365-481.
54. Huxley HE. 1972. Molecular basis of contraction in cross-striated muscles. In: Bourne GH, editor. The structure and function of muscle, 2nd ed., vol. 1. New York: Academic Press. p 301-387.
55. Ilagan A, Forer A. 1997. Effects of ultraviolet-microbeam irradiation of kinetochores in crane-fly spermatocytes. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 36:266-275
56. Ilagan A, Forer A, Spurck T. 1997. Backward chromosome movement in anaphase, after irradiation of kinetochores or kinetochore fibres. Protoplasma 198:20-26.
57. Inoué S, Ritter H. 1975. Dynamics of mitotic spindle organization and function. In: Inoué S, Stephens RE, editors. Molecules and cell movement. New York: Raven Press. p 3-29.
58. Izutsu K. 1988. Changes of the chromosomal spindle (kinetochore) fibers and the behaviour of bivalent chromosomes in grasshopper spermatocytes after irradiation of the kinetochores with an ultraviolet microbeam. Protoplasma (Suppl 1):122-132.
59. Izutsu K, Owaribe K, Hatano S, Ogawa K, Komada H, Mohri H. 1979. Immunofluorescent studies on actin and dynein distributions in mitotic cells. In: Hatano S, Ishikawa H, Sato H, editors. Cell motility: molecules and organization. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. p 621-638.
60. Janicke MA, LaFountain JR Jr. 1984. Malorientation in half-bivalents at anaphase: analysis of autosomal laggards in untreated, cold-treated, and cold-recovering crane fly spermatocytes. J Cell Biol 98:859-869.
61. Kapoor TN, Mitchison TJ. 2001. Eg5 is static in bipolar spindles relative to tubulin: evidence for a static spindle matrix. J Cell Biol 154:1125-1133.
62. Kelley CA, Sellers JR, Gard DA, Bui D, Adelstein RS, Baines IC. 1996. Xenopus nonmuscle myosin heavy chain isoforms have different subcellular localizations and enzymatic activities. J Cell Biol 134:675-687.
63. Kengen HMP, Eygensteyn J, van Amstel TNM. 1995, F-actin in mitotic spindles of synchronized suspension culture cells of tobacco visualiszed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cell Biol Intern Rep 19:585-592.
64. Klymkowsky MW. 1999. Weaving a tangled web: the interconnected cytoskeleton. Nature Cell Biol I:EI21-EI23.
65. Komatsu S, Yano T, Shibata M, Tuft RA, Ikebe M. 2000. Effects of the regulatory light chain phosphorylation of myosin 11 on mitosis and cytokinesis of mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 275:34512-34520.
66. LaFountain JR Jr, Janicke MA, Balczon R, Rickards GK. 1992. Cytochalasin induces abnormal anaphase in crane-fly spermatocytes and causes altered distribution of actin and centromeric antigens. Chromosoma 101:425-441.
67. LaFountain JR Jr, Oldenbourg R, Cole RW, Rieder CL. 2001. Microtubule flux mediates poleward motion of acentric chromosome fragments during meiosis in insect spermatocytes. Mol Biol Cell 12:4054-4065.
68. LaFountain JR Jr, Cole RW, Rieder CL. 2002. Partner telomeres during anaphase in crane-fly spermatocytes are connected by all elastic tether that exerts a backward force and resists poleward motion. J Cell Sci 115:1541-1549.
69. Langford GM. 1995. Actin- and microtubule-dependent organelle motors: interrelationships between the two motility systems. Curr Biol 7:82-88.
70. Langford GM. 2002. Myosin-V, a versatile motor for short-range vesicle transport. Traffic 3:859-865.
71. Legocki RP, Verma DPS. 1981. Multiple immunoreplicatechnique: screening for specific proteins with a series of different antibodies using one polyacrylamide gel. Anal Biochem 111:385-392.
72. Leung CL, Sun D, Zheng M, Knowles DR, Liem RKH. 1999. Microtubule actin cross-linking factor (MACF): a hybrid of dystonin and dystrophin that can interact with the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. J Cell Biol 147:1275-1285.
73. Mabuchi I, Takano-Ohmuro H. 1990. Effects of inhibitors of myosin light chain kinase and other protein kinases on the first cell division of sea urchin eggs. Dev Growth Differ 32:549-556.
74. Maddox P, Desai A, Oegema K, Mitchison T, Salmon ED. 2002. Poleward microtubule flux is a major component of spindle dynamics and anaphase A in mitotic Drosophila embryos. Curr Biol 12:1670-1674.
75. Margolis RL, Wilson L, Kiefer BI. 1978. Mitotic mechanism based on intrinsic microtubule behaviour. Nature 272:450-452.
76. Mitchison TJ. 1989. Polewards microtubule flux in the mitotic spindle: evidence from photoactivation of fluorescence. J Cell Biol 109:637-652.
77. Mitchison TJ, Salmon ED. 1992. Poleward kinetochore fibre movement occurs during both metaphase and anaphase-A in newt lung cell mitosis. J Cell Biol 119:569-582.
78. Mitchison TJ, Sawin KE. 1990. Tubulin flux in the spindle: where does it come from, where is it going? Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 16:93-98.
79. Nicklas RB. 1975. Chromosome movement: current models and experiments on living cells. In: Inoué S, Stephens RE, editors. Molecules and cell movements. New York: Raven Press. p 97-116.
80. Nicklas RB. 1983. Measurements of the force produced by the mitotic spindle in anaphase. J Cell Biol 97:542-548.
81. Östergren G, Mole-Bajer J, Bajer A. 1960. An interpretation of transport phenomena at mitosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 90:381-408.
82. Panteris E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B. 1992. The organization of F-actin in root tip cells of Adiantum capillus veneris throughout the cell cycle. Protoplasma 170:128-137.
83. Pickett-Heaps JD. 1991. Post-mitotic cellular reorganisation in the diatom Cymatapleura solea: the role of microtubules and the microtubule centre. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 18:279-292.
84. Pickett-Heaps JD, Tippit DH, Porter KR. 1982. Rethinking mitosis. Cell 29:729-744.
85. Pickett-Heaps JD, Forer A, Spurck T. 1996. Rethinking anaphase: where "Pac-Man" fails and why a role for the spindle matrix is likely. Protoplasma 192:1-10.
86. Pickett-Heaps JD, Forer A, Spurck T. 1997. Traction fibre: toward a "tensegral" model of the spindle. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 37: 1-6.
87. Royou A, Sullivan W, Karess R. 2002. Cortical recruitment of nonmuscle myosin II in early syncytial Drosophila embryos: its role in nuclear axial expansion and its regulation by Cdc2 activity. J Cell Biol 158:127-137.
88. Salmon WC, Adams MC, Waterman-Storer CM. 2002. Dual-wave-length fluorescent speckle microscopy reveals coupling of microtubule and actin movements in migrating cells. J Cell Biol 158:31-37.
89. Sampson K, Pickett-Heaps JD. 2001. Phallacidin stains the kinetochore region in the mitotic spindle of the green alga Oedogonium. Protoplasma 217:166-176.
90. Sampson K, Pickett-Heaps JD, Forer A. 1996. Cytochalasin D blocks chromosomal attachment to the spindle in the green alga Oedogonium. Protoplasma 192:130-144.
91. Sanger JW. 1975. Presence of actin during chromosomal movement. Proc Natl Acad Sci 72:2451-2455
92. Sanger JW. 1977. Nontubulin molecules in the spindle. In: Little M, Paweletz N, Petzelt C, Ponstingl H, Schroeter D, Zimmermann H-P, editors. Mitosis:facts and questions. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p 98-120
93. Sanger JW, Sanger JM. 1976. Actin localization during cell division. In: Goldman R, Pollard T, Rosenbaum J, editors. Cell Motility, Book C. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, p 1295-1316.
94. Sanger JW, Sanger JM. 1979. The cytoskeleton and cell division. Methods Achieve Exp Pathol 8:110-142.
95. Sanger JM, Mittal B, Dome JS, Sanger JW. 1989. Analysis of cell division using fluorescently labeled actin and myosin in living PtK2 cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 14:201-219.
96. Savoian MS, Goldberg ML, Rieder CL. 2000. The rate of poleward chromosome motion is attenuated in Drosophila zw10 and rod mutants. Nature Cell Biol 2:948-952.
97. Scarcello LA, Janicke MA, LaFountain JR Jr. 1986. Kinetochore microtubules in crane-fly spermatocytes: untreated, 2°C-treated, and 6°C-grown spindles. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 6:428-438.
98. Schloss JA, Milsted A, Goldman RD, 1977. Myosin subfragment binding for the localization of actin-like microfilaments in cultured cells. J Cell Biol 74:794-815.
99. Schmit A-C, Lambert A-M. 1990. Microinjected fluorescent phalloidin in vivo reveals the F-actin dynamics and assembly in higher plant mitotic cells. Plant Cell 2:129-138.
100. Scholey JM, Rogers GC, Sharp DJ. 2001. Mitosis, microtubules, and the matrix. J Cell Biol 154:261-266.
101. Seagull RW, Falconer MM, Weerdenburg CA. 1987. Microfilaments: dynamic arrays in higher plant cells. J Cell Biol 104:995-1004.
102. Sharp DJ, Rogers GC, Scholey JM. 2000. Cytoplasmic dynein is required for poleward chromosome movement during mitosis in Drosophila embryos. Nature Cell Biol 2:922-930.
103. Sillers PJ, Forer A. 1983. Action spectrum for changes in spindle fibre birefringence after ultraviolet microbeam irradiations of single chromosomal spindle fibres in crane fly spermatocytes. J Cell Sci 62:1-25.
104. Silverman-Gavrila R, Forer A. 2000. Evidence that actin and myosin are involved in the poleward flux of tubulin in anaphase kinetochore microtubules of crane-fly spermatocytes. J Cell Sci 113:597-609.
105. Silverman-Gavrila R, Forer A. 2001. Effects of anti-myosin drugs on anaphase chromosome movement and cytokinesis in crane-fly primary spermatocytes. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 50:180-197.
106. Silverman-Gavrila R, Forer A. 2003. Myosin localization during meiosis-I of crane-fly spermatocytes gives indications about its role in division. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 55:97-113.
107. Simerly C, Nowak G, de Lanerolle P, Schatten G. 1998. Differential expression and functions of cortical myosin IIA and IIB isotypes during meiotic maturation, fertilization, and mitosis in mouse oocytes and embryos. Mol Biol Cell 9:2509-2525.
108. 1 cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 32:245-257.
109. Snyder JA, Armstrong L, Stonington OG, Spurck TP, Pickett-Heaps JD. 1991. UV-microbeam irradiations of the mitotic spindle: spindle forces and structural analysis of lesions. Eur J Cell Biol 55:122-132.
110. Spurck TP, Stonington OG, Snyder JA, Pickett-Heaps JD, Bajer A, Mole-Bajer J. 1990. UV microbeam irradiations of the mitotic spindle. II. Spindle fiber dynamics and force production. J Cell Biol 111:1505-1518.
111. Spurck T, Forer A, Pickett-Heaps JD. 1997. Ultraviolet microbeam irradiations of epithelial and spermatocyte spindles suggest that forces act on the kinetochore fibre, and are not generated by its disassembly. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 36:136-148.
112. Staiger CJ, Cande WZ. 1991. Microfilament distribution in maize meiotic mutants correlates with microtubule organization. Plant Cell 3:637-644.
113. Stonington OG, Spurck TP, Synder JA, Pickett-Heaps JD. 1989. UV microbeam irradiations of the mitotic spindle. I. The UV microbeam apparatus. Protoplasma 153:62-70.
114. Subirana JA. 1968. Role of spindle microtubules in mitosis. J Theor Biol 20:117-123.
115. Tippit DH, Pillus L, Pickett-Heaps JD. 1980. The organization of spindle microtubules in Ochromonas danica. J Cell Biol 87: 531-545.
116. Traas JA, Doonan JH, Rawlins DJ, Shaw PJ, Watts J, Lloyd CW. 1987. An actin network is present in the cytoplasm throughout the cell cycle of carrot cells and associates with the dividing nucleus. J Cell Biol 105:387-395.
117. Traas JA, Burgain S, deVaulx RD. 1989. The organization of the cytoskeleton during meiosis in eggplant (Solanum melongena (L.)): microtubules and F-actin are both necessary for coordinated meiotic division. J Cell Sci 92:541-550.
118. VanLammeren AAM, Bednara J, Willemse MTM. 1989. Organization of the actin cytoskeleton during pollen development in Gasteria verrucosa (Mill.) H. Duval visualized with rhodamine-phalloidin. Planta 178:531-539.
119. Wang Y-L, Taylor DL. 1979. Distribution of fluorescently labeled actin in living sea urchin eggs during early development. J Cell Biol 82:672-679.
120. Waterman-Storer CM, Salmon ED. 1997. Actomyosin-based retrograde flow of microtubules in the lamellae of migrating epithelial cells influences microtubule dynamic instability and turnover and is associated with microtubule breakage and treadmilling. J Cell Biol 139:417-434.
121. Waterman-Storer C, Duey DY, Weber KL, Keech J, Cheney RE, Salmon ED, Bement WM. 2000. Microtubules remodel actomyosin networks in Xenopus egg extracts via two mechanisms of f-actin transport. J Cell Biol 150:361-376.
122. Waters JC, Mitchison TJ, Rieder CL, Salmon ED. 1996. The kinetochore microtubule minus-end disassembly associated with poleward flux produces a force that can do work. Mol Biol Cell 7:1547-1558.
123. Wilson PJ, Forer A. 1988. Ultraviolet microbeam irradiation of chromosomal spindle fibres shears microtubules and permits study of the new free ends in vivo. J Cell Biol 91:455-468.
124. Wilson PJ, Forer A. 1989a. Identifying the site of microtubule polymerization during regrowth of UV-sheared kinetochore fibres using antibodies against acetylated alpha-tubulin. Cell Biol Int Rep 13:823-832.
125. Wilson PJ, Forer A. 1989b. Acetylated α-tubulin in spermatogenic cells of the crane fly Nephrotoma suturalis: kinetochore microtubules are selectively acetylated. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 14:237-250.
126. Wilson PJ, Forer A. 1997. Effects of nanomolar taxol on crane-fly spermatocyte spindles indicate that acetylation of kinetochore microtubules can be used as a marker of poleward tubulin flux. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 37:20-32.
127. Wilson PJ, Forer A, Leggiadro C. 1994. Evidence that kinetochore microtubules in crane-fly spermatocytes disassemble during anaphase primarily at the poleward end. J Cell Sci 107:3015-3027.
128. Wilson PJ, Forer A, Wise D. 2003. Microtubule distribution during meiosis I in flea-beetle [Alagoasa (Oedionychus)] spermatocytes: evidence for direct connections between unpaired sex chromosomes. J Cell Sci 116:1235-1247.
129. 1 cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 36:112-124.
130. Wu X, Kocher B, Wei Q, Hammer JA. 1998. Myosin Va associates with microtubule-rich domains in both interphase and dividing cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 40:286-303.
131. Yin B, Forer A. 1996. Coordinated movements between autosomal half-bivalents in crane-fly spermatocytes: evidence that "stop" signals are sent between partner half-bivalents. J Cell Sci 109: 155-163.
132. Yvon A-MC, Wadsworth P. 2000. Region-specific microtubule transport in motile cells. J Cell Biol 151:1003-1012.
133. Yvon A-MC, Gross DJ, Wadsworth P. 2001. Antagonistic forces generated by myosin II and cytoplasmic dynein regulate microtubule turnover, movement, and organization in interphase cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:8656-8661.
134. Zhai Y, Kronebusch PJ, Borisy GG. 1995. Kinetochore microtubule dynamics and the metaphase-anaphase transition. J Cell Biol 131:721-734.