New insights in the biology of fibroblast growth factor-2

Angiogenesis

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 155-173

  Bikfalvi, Andreas ^a   Savona, Catherine ^a   Perollet, Catherine ^a   Javerzat, Sophie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis inhibitor; Fibroblast growth factor 2; Mechanism of action

Indexed keywords

EID: 0142204721     PISSN: 09696970     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1018325604264     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Bikfalvi A, Klein S, Pintucci G, Rifkin DB. Biological roles of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Endocr Rev 1997; 18, 26-45.
2. Smallwood PM, Munoz-Sanjuan I, Tong P, et al. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) homologous factors: new members of the FGF family implicated in nervous system development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93, 9850-9857.
3. Florkiewicz RZ, Sommer A. Human basic fibroblast growth factor gene encodes four polypeptides: three initate translation from non-AUG codons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86, 3978-3981
4. Prats H, Kaghad H, Prats AC, et al. High molecular mass forms of basic fibroblast growth factor are initiated by alternative CUG codons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86, 1836-1840.
5. Bikfalvi A, Klein S, Pintucci G, Quarto N, Mignatti P, Rifkin DB Differential modulation of cell phenotype by different molecular weight forms of basic fibroblast growth factor: possible intracellular signaling by the high molecular weight forms. J Cell Biol 1995; 129, 233-243.
6. Vagner S, Touriol C, Galy B, et al. Translation of CUG- but not AUG-initiated forms of fibroblast growth factor 2 is activated in transformed and stressed cells. Cell Biol 1997; 135, 1391-1402.
7. Coffin JD, Florkiewicz RZ, Neumann J, et al. Abnormal bone growth and selective translational regulation in basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) transgenic mice. Mol Biol Cell 1995; 6, 1861-1873.
8. Maione TE, Gray GS, Petro J, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by recombinant human platelet factor-4 and related peptides. Science 1990; 247, 77-79.
9. O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Shing Y, et al. Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 1994; 79, 315-328.
10. O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Chen C, Folkman J. Angiostatin induces and sustains dormancy of human primary tumors in mice. Nat Med 1996; 2, 689-692.
11. Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 1996; 86, 353-364.
12. O'Reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Y, et al. Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 1997; 88, 277-285.
13. Ferrara N, Clapp C, Weiner R. The 16K fragment of prolactin specifically inhibits basal or fibroblast growth factor stimulated growth of capillary endothelial cells. Endocrinology 1991; 129, 896-900.
14. Abraham JA, Mergia A, Whang JL, et al. Nucleotide sequence of a bovine clone encoding the angiogenic protein, basic fibroblast growth factor. Science 1986; 233, 545-548.
15. Kurokawa T, Sasada R, Iwane M, Igarashi K. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding human basic fibroblast growth factor. FEBS Lett 1987; 213, 189-194.
16. Bikfalvi A, Alterio J, Inyang AL, et al. Basic fibroblast growth factor expression in human omental microvascular endothelial cells and the effect of phorbol ester. J Cell Physiol 1990; 144, 151-158.
17. Shibata F, Baird A, Florkiewicz RZ. Functional characterization of the human basic fibroblast growth factor gene promotor. Growth Factors 1991; 4, 277-287.
18. Ericksson AE, Cousens LS, Weaver LH, Matthews BW. Three-dimensional structure of human basic fibroblast growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88, 3441-3445.
19. Zhu X, Komiya H, Chirino A, et al. Three-dimensional structure of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors. Science 1992; 251, 90-93.
20. Moy FJ, Seddon AP, Bohlen P, Powers R. High-resolution structure of basic fibroblast growth factor determined by multidimensionazl heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1996; 35, 13552-13561.
21. Jaye M, Schlessinger J, Dionne C. Fibroblast growth factor receptor for acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1135, 185-199
22. Ornitz DM, Xu J, Colvin JS, et al. Receptor specificity of the fibroblast growth factor family. J Biol Chem 1996; 271, 15292-15297.
23. Werner S, Duan DSR, De Vries C, Peters KG, Johnson DE, Williams LT. Differential splicing in the extracellular region of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 generates receptor variants with different ligand-binding specificities. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12, 82-88.
24. Wang F, Kan M, Xu J, Yan G, McKeehan WL. Ligand specific structural domains in the fibroblast growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 1995; 270, 1022-1030.
25. Zimmer Y, Givol D, Yayon A. Multiple structural elements determine ligand binding of fibroblast growth factor receptors. Evidence that both Ig domain 2 and 3 define receptor specificity. J Biol Chem 1993; 268, 7899-7903.
26. 2 terminal immunoglobulin-like loop I in the ectodomain of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-1 lowers affinity for both heparin and FGF-1. J Biol Chem 1995; 270, 10231-10235.
27. Mohammadi M, Schlessinger J, Hubbard SR. Structure of the FGF receptor tyrosine kinase domain reveals a novel autoinhibitory mechanism. Cell 1996; 86, 577-587.
28. Mohammadi M, Dionne CA, Li W, et al. Point mutation in FGF receptor eliminates phosphatodylinositol hydrolysis without affecting mitogenicity. Nature 1992; 358, 681-684.
29. 2+ flux but not mitogenicity. Nature 1992; 358, 678-681.
30. Spivak-Kroizman T, Mohammadi M, Hu P, Jaye M, Schlessinger J, Lax I. Point mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor eliminates phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis without affecting neuronal differentiation of PC 12 cells. J Biol Chem 1994; 269, 14419-14423.
31. Roghani M, Mohammadi M, Schlessinger J, Moscatelli D. Induction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 is dependent on expression of FGF receptors and does not require activation of phospholipase Cγ1. J Biol Chem 1996; 271, 31154-31159.
32. Muslin AJ, Peters KG, Williams LT. Direct activation of phospholipase C-γ by fibroblast growth factor receptor is not required for mesoderm induction in Xenopus caps. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14, 3006-3012.
33. Mohammadi M, Dikic I, Sorokin A, Burgess WH, Jaye M, Schlessinger J. Identification of six novel autophosphorylation sites on fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and elucidation of their importance in receptor activation and signal transduction. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16 977-989.
34. Zhan X, Plourde C, Hu X, Friesel R, Maciag T. Association of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 with c-src correlates with association between c-src and cortactin. J Biol Chem 1994; 269, 20221-20224.
35. Garfinkel S, Hu X, Prudovsky IA, et al. FGF-1-dependent proliferative and migratory responses are impaired in senescent human umbilical vein endothelial cells and correlate with the inability to signal tyrosine phosphorylation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 substrates. J Cell Biol 1996; 134, 783-791.
36. 1 transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84, 6770-6774.
37. 1 phase cell cycle specific in bovine aortic endothelial cells. EMBO J 1990; 9, 1511-1517.
38. Zhan X, Hu X, Friesel R, Maciag T. Long-term growth factor exposure and differential tyrosine phosphorylation are required for DNA synthesis in BALBc/3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 1993; 268, 9612-9619.
39. Prudovsky I, Savion N, Zhan X, et al. Intact and functional fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-1 trafficks near the nucleus in response to FGF-1. J Biol Chem 1996; 269, 31720-31724.
40. Maher PA. Nuclear translocation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors in response to FGF-2. J Cell Biol 1996; 134, 529-536.
41. Stachowiak MK, Maher PA, Joy A, Mordechai E, Stachowiak EK. Nuclear accumulation of fibroblast growth factor receptors is regulated by multiple signals in adrenal medullar cells. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 7, 1299-1317.
42. Maher PA Identification and characterization of a novel, intracellular isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1). J Cell Physiol 1996; 169, 380-390.
43. Friedman S, Zhan X, Maciag T. Mutagenesis of the nuclear localization sequence in FGF-1 alters protein stability but not mitogenic activity Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 198, 1203-1208.
44. Wiedlocha A, Falnes PO, Madshus IH, Sandvig K, Olsnes S. Dual mode of signal transduction by externally added acidic fibroblast growth factor. Cell 1994; 76, 1039-1051.
45. Lin YZ, Yao SY, Hawiger J. Role of the nuclear localization sequence in fibroblast growth factor-1-stimulated mitogenic pathways. J Biol Chem 1996; 271, 5305-5308.
46. Prudovsky IA, Savion N, LaVallee TM, Maciag T. The nuclear trafficking of extracellular fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 correlates with the perinuclear association of the FGF receptor-1 α isoforms but not the FGF receptor-1 β isoforms. J Biol Chem 1996; 271, 14198-14205.
47. Luo Y, Gabriel JL, Wang F, et al. Molecular modeling and deletion mutagenesis implicate the nuclear translocation sequence in structural integrity of fibroblast growth factor-1. J Biol Chem 1997; 271, 26876-26883.
48. Yayon A, Klagsbrun M, Esko JD, Leder P, Ornitz D. Cell surface heparin-like molecules are required for binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to its high affinity receptor. Cell 1991; 64, 841-848.
49. Ornitz DM, Leder P. Ligand specificity and heparin dependence of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 and -3. J Biol Chem 1992; 267, 16305-16311.
50. Ornitz DM, Yayon A, Flanagan JG, Svan CM, Levi E, Leder P. Heparin is required for cell-free binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to a soluble receptor and for mitogenesis in whole cells. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12, 240-247.
51. Rapraeger AC, Krufka A, Olwin BB. Requirement of heparan sulfate for bFGF-mediated fibroblast growth and myoblast differentiation. Science 1991; 252, 1705-1708.
52. Olwin BB, Rapraeger AC. Repression of myogenic differentiation by aFGF, bFGF, and kFGF is dependent on cellular heparan sulfate. J Cell Biol 1992; 118, 631-639.
53. Rapraeger AC, Guimonds S, Krufka A, Olwin BB. Regulation by heparan sulfate in fibroblast growth factor signaling. Methods Enzymol 1994; 245, 219-240.
54. Moy FJ, Seddon AP, Bohlen P, Powers R. High resolution solution structure of basic fibroblast growth factor determined by multidimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1996; 35, 13552-13561.
55. Rohgani M, Mansukhani A, Dell'Era P, et al. Heparin increases the affinity of basic fibroblast for its receptor but is not required for binding. J Biol Chem 1994; 269, 22156-22162.
56. Moscatelli D. Basic fibroblast growth factor dissociates rapidly from heparan sulfates but slowly from the receptor. Implications for the mechanism of release from pericellular matrix. J Biol Chem 1993; 267, 25803-25809.
57. Venkataraman G, Sasisekharan V, Herr AB, et al. Preferential self-ssociation of basic fibroblast growth factor is stabilized by heparin during receptor dimerization and activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93, 845-850.
58. Chernousov MA, Carey DJ. N-syndecan (syndecan 3) from neonatal rat brain binds basic fibroblast growth factor. J Biol Chem 1993; 268, 16810-16814.
59. Aviezer D, Hecht D, Safran M, Eisinger M, David G, Yayon A. Perlecan, basal lamina proteoglycan, promotes basic fibroblast growth factor-receptor binding, mitogenesis, and angiogenesis. Cell 1994; 79, 1005-1013.
60. Steinfeld R, Van Den Berghe H, David G. Stimulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 occupancy and signaling by cell surface-associated syndecans and glypican. J Cell Biol 1996; 133, 405-416.
61. Song HH, Shi W, Filmus J. OCI-5/rat glypican-3 binds to fibroblast growth factor-2 but not to insulin-like growth factor-2. J Biol Chem 1997; 272, 7574-7577.
62. Aviezer D, Iozzo RV, Noonan DM, Yayon A. Suppression of autocrine and paracrine functions of basic fibroblast growth factor by stable expression of perlecan antisense cDNA. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17, 1938-1946.
63. Richard C, Liuzzo JP, Moscatelli D. Fibroblast growth factor-2 can mediate cell attachment by linking receptors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans on neighboring cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 270, 24188-24196.
64. Tumova S, Bame KJ. The interaction between basic fibroblast growth factor and heparan sulfate can prevent the in vitro degradation of the glycosaminoglycan by Chinese hamster ovary cell heparanases. J Biol Chem 1997; 272, 9078-9085.
65. Roghani M, Moscatelli D. Basic fibroblast growth factor is internalized through both receptor mediated and heparan sulfate-mediated mechanisms. J Biol Chem 1992; 267, 22156-22162.
66. Gao G, Goldfarb M. Heparin can activate a receptor tyrosine kinase. EMBO J 1995; 14, 2183-2190.
67. Kinsella MG, Tsoi CK, Jarvelainen HT, Wight TN Selective expression and processing of biglycan during migration of bovine aortic endothelial cells. The role of endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor. J Biol Chem 1997; 272, 318-325.
68. Mignatti P, Morimoto T, Rifkin DB. Basic fibroblast growth factor, a protein devoid of secretory signal sequence, is released by cells via a pathway independent of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex. J Cell Physiol 1992; 151, 81-93.
69. Florkiewicz R, Majak RA, Buechler RD, Florkiewicz E. Quantitative export of FGF-2 occurs through an alternative, energy-dependent, non-ER/ Golgi pathway. J Cell Physiol 1995; 162, 388-399.
70. Jackson A, Tarantini F, Gamble S, Friedman S, Maciag T. The release of fibroblast growth factor-1 from NIH 3T3 cells in response to temperature involves the function of cysteine residues. J Biol Chem 1995; 270, 33-36.
71. Tarantini F, Gamble S, Jackson A, Maciag T. The cysteine residue responsible for the release of fibroblast growth factor-1 residues in a domain independent of the domain for phosphatidylserine binding. J Biol Chem 1995; 270, 29039-29042.
72. Shin JT, Opalenik SR, Wehby JN, et al. Serum-starvation induces the extracellular appearance of FGF-1. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996; 1312, 27-38.
73. Shi J, Friedman S, Maciag T. A carboxyl-terminal domain in fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 inhibits FGF-1 release in response to heat shock in vitro. J Biol Chem 1997; 272, 1142-1147.
74. Kandel J, Bossy-Wetzel E, Radvanyi F, Klagsbrun M, Folkman J, Hanahan D. Neovascularization is associated with a switch to the export of bFGF in the multistep development of fibrosarcoma. Cell 1991; 66, 1095-1104.
75. Jones EM, Baird A. Cell-surface ADP-ribosylation of fibroblast growth factor-2 by an arginine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase. Biochem J 1997; 323, 173-177.
76. Burgess W, Bizik J, Mehlman T, Quarto N, Rifkin DB. Direct evidence for methylation of arginine residues in high molecular weight forms of basic fibroblast growth factor. Cell Regul 1991; 2, 87-93.
77. Pintucci G, Quarto N, Rifkin DB. Methylation of high molecular weight fibroblast growth factor-2 determines post-translational increases in molecular weight and affects its intracellular distribution. Mol Biol Cell 1996; 7, 1249-1258.
78. Klein S, Morimoto T, Rifkin DB. Characterization of fibroblast growth factor-2 binding to ribosomes. Growth Factors 1996; 13, 219-228.
79. Joy A, Moffet J, Neary K, et al. Nuclear accumulation of FGF-2 is associated with proliferation of human astrocytes and glioma cells. Oncogene 1997; 14, 171-183.
80. Klein S, Bikfalvi A, Birkenmeier T, Giancotti FG, Rifkin DB. Modulation of integrins by endogenous 18 kDa FGF-2. J Biol Chem 1996; 271, 22583-22590.
81. Estival A, Monzat V, Miquel K, et al. Differential regulation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-1 mRNA and protein by two molecular forms of basic FGF. Modulation of FGFR-1 mRNA stability. J Biol Chem 1996; 271, 5663-5670.
82. Nakanishi Y, Kihara K, Mizuno K, Masamune Y, Yoshitake Y, Nishikawa K. Direct effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on gene transcription in a cell-free system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89, 5216-5220.
83. Bonnet H, Filhol O, Truchet I, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-2 binds to the regulatory beta subunit of CK2 and directly stimulates CK2 activity toward nucleolin. J Biol Chem 1996; 271, 24781-24787.
84. Vagner S, Gensac MC, Maret A, et al. Alternative translation of human fibroblast growth factor 2 mRNA occurs by internal entry of ribosomes. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15, 35-44.
85. Kevil C, Carter P, Hu B, de Benedett A. Translationonal enhancement of FGF-2 by eIFE-4 factors, and alternate utilization of CUG and AUG codons for translation initiation. Oncogene 1995; 11, 2339-2348.
86. Dong Z, Kumar R, Yang X, Fidler IJ. Macrophage-derived metalloelastase is for the generation of angiostatin in Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 1997; 88, 801-810.
87. Stricter RM, Polverini PJ, Arenberg DA, Kunkel SL. The role of CXC chemokines as regulators of angiogenesis. Shock 1997; 4, 155-160.
88. Deuel TF, Keim PS, Farmer M, Heinrickson RL. Platelet factoror-4. Complete amino acid sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 74, 2256-2258.
89. Mayo KH, Chen M-J. Human platelet factor 4 monomer-dimer-tetramer equilibria investigated by H NMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1989; 28, 9469-9478.
90. Zhang X, Chen L, Bancroft DP, Lai CK, Maione TE. Crystal structure of recombinant human platelet factor 4. Biochemistry 1994; 33, 8361-8366.
91. Maione TE, Sharpe RJ. Development of angiogenesis inhibitors for clinical applications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1990; 11, 457-461.
92. Kolber DL, Knisely TL, Maione TE. Inhibition of development of murine melanoma lung metastases by systemic administration of recombinant platelet factor 4. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87, 304-309.
93. Gupta SK, Hassel T, Singh JP. A potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the chemokine platelet factor 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92, 7799-7803.
94. Sato Y, Abe M, Takaki R. Platelet factor 4 blocks the binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to the receptor and inhibits the spontaneous migration of vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 172, 595-600.
95. DiPietro LA. Thrombospondin as a regulator of angiogenesis. EXS 1997; 79, 295-314.
96. Hsu SC, Volpert OV, Steck PA, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis in human glioblastomas by chromosome 10 induction of thrombospondin-1. Angio Cancer Res 1996; 56, 5684-5691.
97. Rastinejad F, Polverini PJ, Bouck NP. Regulation of the activity of a new inhibitor of angiogenesis by a cancer suppressor gene. Cell 1989; 56, 345-355.
98. Dameron KM, Volpert OV, Tainsky MA, Bouck N. Control of angiogenesis in fibroblasts by p53 regulation of thrombospondin-1. Science 1994; 265, 1582-1584.
99. Tolsma SS, Volpert OV, Good DJ, Frazier WA, Polverini PJ, Bouck N. Peptides derived from two separate domains of the matrix protein thrombospondin-1 have anti-angiogenic activity. J Cell Biol 1993; 122, 497-511.
100. Taraboletti G, Belotti D, Borsotti P, et al. The 140 kilodalton antiangiogenic fragment of thrombospondin-1 binds to basic fibroblast growth factor. Cell Growth Different 1997; 8, 471-479.
101. Clapp C, Martial JA, Guzman RC, Rentier-Delure F, Weiner RI. The 16-kilodalton N-terminal fragment of human prolactin is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Endocrinology 1993; 133, 1292-1299.
102. Clapp C, Weiner RI. A specific, high affinity, saturable binding site for the 16-kilodalton fragment of prolactin on capillary endothelial cells. Endocrinology 1992; 130, 1380-1386.
103. Clapp C, Torner L, Gutierrez-Ospina G, et al. The prolactin gene is expressed in the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system and the protein is processed into a 14 kDa fragment with activity like 16 kDa prolactin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91, 10384-10388.
104. D'Angelo G, Struman I, Martial J, Weiner RI. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in capillary endothelial cells is inhibited by the antiangiogenic factor 16-kDa N-terminal fragment of prolactin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92, 6374-6378.
105. Baird A, Durkin T. Inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation by type β-transforming growth factor: interactions with acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 138, 476-482.
106. Rifkin DB, Kojima S, Abe M, Harpel JG. TGF-β: structure, function, and formation. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70, 177-179.
107. Iruela-Arispe ML, Sage EH. Endothelial cells exhibiting angiogenesis in vitro proliferate in response to TGF-β1. J Cell Biochem 1993; 52, 414-430.
108. Pepper MS, Vassalli JD, Orci L, Montesano R. Biphasic effect of transforming growth factor-β1 on in vitro angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 1993; 204, 356-363.
109. Choi ME, Ballermann BJ. Inhibition of capillary morphogenesis and associated apoptosis by dominant negative mutant transforming growth factor-beta receptors. J Biol Chem 1995; 270, 21144-21150.
110. Sankar S, Mahooti-Brooks N, Bensen L, McCarthy TL, Centrella M, Madri JA. Modulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor levels on microvascular endothelial cells during in vitro angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 1996; 97, 1436-1446.
111. Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Assoian RK, et al. Transforming growth factor type beta: rapid induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis in vivo and stimulation of collagen formation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83, 4167-4171.
112. Friling R, Yassur Y, Levy R, et al. A role of transforming growth factor-β1 in the control of corneal neovascularization. In Vivo 1996; 10, 59-64.
113. Cozzolino F, Torcia M, Aldinucci D, et al. Interleukin 1 is an autocrine regulator of human endothelial cell growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87, 6487-6491.
114. Norioka K, Mitaka T, Mochizuki Y, Hara M, Kawagoe M, Nakamura H. Interaction of interleukin-1 and interferon-γ on fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis. Jpn J Cancer Res 1994; 85, 522-529.
115. Maier JA, Voulalas P, Roeder D, Maciag T. Extension of the life-span of human endothelial cells by an interleukin-1 alpha antisense oligomer. Science 1990; 249, 1570-1574.
116. Garfinkel S, Haines DS, Brown S, Wessendorf J, Gillespie DH, Maciag T. Interleukin-1 alpha mediates an alternative pathway for the antiproliferative action of poly(I.C) on human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1992; 267, 24375-24378.
117. Garfinkel S, Brown S, Wessendorf JH, Maciag T. Post-transcriptional regulation of interleukin 1 alpha in various strains of young and senescent human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91, 1559-1563.
118. Tamura T, Nakanishi T, Kimura Y, et al. Nitric oxide mediates interleukin-1-induced matrix degradation and basic fibroblast growth factor release in cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes: a possible mechanism of pathological neovascularization in arthritis. Endocrinology 1996; 137, 3729-3737.
119. Fan TP, Hu DE, Guard S, Gresham GA, Watling KJ. Stimulation of angiogenesis by substance P and interleukin 1 in the rat and its inhibition by NK1 or interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110, 43-49.
120. Crum R, Szabo S, Folkman J. A new class of steroids inhibits angiogenesis in the presence of heparin or a heparin fragment. Science 1985; 230, 1375-1378.
121. Tamamoto T, Terada N, Nishizawa Y, Petrow V. Angiostatic activities of medroxyprogesterone acetate and its analogues. Int J Cancer 1994; 56, 393-399.
122. Hori Y, Hu DE, Yasui K, Smither RL, Gresham GA, Fan TP. Differential effects of angiostatic steroids and dexamethasone on angiogenesis and cytokine levels in rat sponge implants. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 118, 1584-1591.
123. Derbyshire EJ, Comin GA, Yang YC, Overholser J, Watkins L, Thorpe P. Anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects in mice of heparin conjugated to angiostatic steroids. Int J Cancer 1995; 63, 694-701.
124. Fotsis T, Zhang Y, Pepper MS, et al. The endogenous oestrogen metabolite 2-methoxyoestradiol inhibits angiogenesis and suppresses tumour growth. Nature 1994; 368, 237-239.
125. Blei F, Wilson EL, Mignatti P, Rifkin DB. Mechanism of action of angiostatic steroids: suppression of plasminogen activator activity via stimulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor synthesis. J Cell Physiol 1993; 155, 568-578.
126. Pepper MS, Vassalli JD, Wilks JW, Schweigerer L, Orci L, Montesano R. Modulation of bovine microvascular endothelial cell proteolytic properties by inhibitors of angiogenesis. J Cell Biochem 1994; 55, 419-434.
127. Johnson MD, Kim HR, Chesler L, Tsao-Wu G, Bouck N, Polverini PJ. Inhibition of angiogenesis by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase. J Cell Physiol 1994; 160, 194-202.
128. Sasisekharan R, Moses MA, Nugent MA, Cooney CL, Langer R. Heparinase inhibits neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91, 1524-1528.
129. Miao HQ, Ornitz DM, Aingorn E, Ben-Sasson SA, Vlodavsky I. Modulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 receptor binding, dimerization, signaling, and angiogenic activity by a synthetic heparin-mimicking polyanionic compound. J Clin Invest 1997; 99, 1565-1575.
130. Ingber D, Fujita T, Kishimoto S, et al. Synthetic analogues of fumagillin that inhibit angiogenesis and suppress tumour growth. Nature 1990; 348, 555-557.
131. Abe J, Zhou W, Takuwa N, et al. A Fumagillin derivative angiogenesis inhibitor, AGM-1470, inhibits activation of cyclin-dependent kinases and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma gene product but not protein tyrosyl phosphorylation or protooncogene expression in vascular endothelial cells. Cancer Res 1994; 54, 3407-3412.
132. Ohta Y, Watanabe Y, Tabata T, et al. Inhibition of lymph node metastasis by an anti-angiogenic agent, TNP-470. Br J Cancer 1996; 75, 512-515.
133. Kalebic T, Tsokos M, Helman LJ. Suppression of rhabdomyosarcoma growth by fumagillin analog TNP-470. Int J Cancer 1996; 68, 596-599.
134. Konno H, Tanaka T, Kanai T, Maruyama K, Nakamura S, Baba S. Efficacy of an angiogenesis inhibitor, TNP-470, in xenotransplanted human colorectal cancer with high metastatic potential. Cancer 1996; 77, 1736-1740.
135. Parangi S, O'Reilly M, Christofori G, et al. Antiangiogenic therapy of transgenic mice impairs de novo tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93, 2002-2007.
136. Hori A, Ikeyama S, Sudo K. Suppression of cyclin D1 mRNA expression by the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 (AGM-1470) in vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 204, 10667-1073.
137. D'Amato RJ, Loughnan MS, Flynn E, Folkman J. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91, 4082-4085.
138. Minchinton AI, Fryer KH, Wendt KR, Clow KA, Hayes MM. The effect of thalidomide on experimental tumors and metastases. Anti-Cancer Drugs 1996; 7, 339-343.
139. Gutman M, Szold A, Ravid A, Lazauskas T, Merimsky O, Klausner JM. Failure of thalidomide to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Anti-Cancer Res 1996; 16, 3673-3677.
140. Pollard M. Thalidomide promotes metastasis of prostate adenocarcinoma cells (PA-III) in L-W rats. Cancer Lett 1996; 101, 21-24.
141. RayChaudhury A, Frischer H, Malik AB. Inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and bFGF-induced phenotypic modulation by nitric oxide. J Cell Biochem 1996; 63, 125-134.
142. Klein S, Giancotti FG, Presta M, Albeda SA, Buck CA, Rifkin DB. Basic fibroblast growth factor modulates integrin expression in microvascular endothelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 1993; 4, 973-982.
143. Ingber DE, Prusty D, Sun Z, Betensky H, Wang N. Cell shape, cytoskeletal mechanics, and cell cycle control in angiogenesis. J Biomech 1995; 28, 1471-1484.
144. Ferrara N, and Davis-Smyth T. The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr Rev 1997, 18: 25.
145. Goto F, Goto K, Weindel K, Folkman J. Synergistic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor on the proliferation and cord formation of bovine capillary endothelial cells within collagen gels. Lab Invest 1993; 69, 508-517.
146. Pepper MS, Mandriota SJ, Vassalli JD, et al. Angiogenesis-regulating cytokines: activities and interactions. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 1996; 213, 31-67.
147. Arbeit JM, Olson DC, Hanahan D. Upregulation of fibroblast growth factors and their receptors during multi-stage epidermal carcinogenesis in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice. Oncogene 1996; 13, 1847-1857.
148. Li VW, Folkerth RD, Watanabe H, et al. Microvessel count and cerebrospinal fluid basic fibroblast growth factor in children with brain tumors. Lancet 1994; 344, 82-86.
149. Nguyen M, Watanabe H, Budson AE, Richie JP, Hayes DF, Folkman J. Elevated levels of an angiogenic peptide basic fibroblast growth factor in the urine of patients with a wide spectrum of cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86, 356-361.
150. Wang Y, Becker D. Antisense targeting of basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in human melanomas blocks intratumoral angiogenesis and tumor growth. Nat Med 1997; 3, 887-893.