From metal complexes to fullerene arrays: Exploring the exciting world of supramolecular photochemistry fifteen years after its birth

Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 73-87

  Armaroli, Nicola ^a  

^a Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATENANE; COPPER COMPLEX; DENDRIMER; FULLERENE; METAL COMPLEX; ROTAXANE; RUTHENIUM COMPLEX;

CONFERENCE PAPER; HISTORY; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY;

EID: 0142098107     PISSN: 1474905X     EISSN: 14749092     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/b210569a     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (183)

1. Supramolecular Photochemistry, ed. V. Balzani, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1987.
2. J.-M. Lehn, Supramolecular chemistry-Scope and perspectives. Molecules, supermolecules and molecular devices (Nobel Lecture), Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1988, 27, 90-112.
3. D. J. Cram, The design of molecular hosts, guests, and their complexes (Nobel Lecture), Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1988, 27, 1009-1020.
4. C. J. Pedersen, The discovery of crown ethers (Nobel Lecture), Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1988, 27, 1021-1027.
5. See: Chem. Rev., 2000, 100, 1683-1890, Special Issue on Memories and Switches.
6. See: Acc. Chem. Res, 2001, 34, 409-522, Special Issue on Molecular Machines.
7. V. Balzani, L. Moggi and F. Scandola, Towards a supramolecular photochemistry: assembly of molecular components to obtain photochemical molecular devices, in Supramolecular Photochemistry, ed. V. Balzani, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1987, pp. 1-28.
8. D. Gust and T. A. Moore, Electron transfer in model systems for photosynthesis, in Supramolecular Photochemistry, ed. V. Balzani, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1987, pp. 267-282.
9. T. A. Moore, D. Gust, A. L. Moore, R. V. Bensasson, P. Seta and E. Bienvenue, Transmembrane charge transfer in model systems for photosynthesis, in Supramolecular Photochemistry, ed. V. Balzani, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1987, pp. 283-297.
10. D. Gust, T. A. Moore and A. L. Moore, Mimicking photosynthetic solar energy transduction, Acc. Chem. Res., 2001, 34, 40-48.
11. G. Kodis, P. A. Liddell, L. de la Garza, P. C. Clausen, J. S. Lindsey, A. L. Moore, T. A. Moore and D. Gust, Efficient energy transfer and electron transfer in an artificial photosynthetic antenna-reaction center complex, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, 106, 2036-2048.
12. G. Steinberg-Yfrach, J. L. Rigaud, E. N. Durantini, A. L. Moore, D. Gust and T. A. Moore, Light-driven production of ATP catalysed by F0F1-ATP synthase in an artificial photosynthetic membrane, Nature, 1998, 392, 479-482.
13. V. Balzani and F. Scandola, Supramolecular Photochemistry, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1991.
14. A. H. Zewail, Femtochemistry: Atomic-scale dynamics of the chemical bond using ultrafast lasers (Nobel lecture), Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2000, 39, 2587-2631.
15. S. I. Klink, H. Keizer, H. W. Hofstraat and F. C. J. M. van Veggel, Transition metal complexes as a new class of photosensitizers for near-infrared lanthanide luminescence, Synth. Met., 2002, 127, 213-216.
16. H. Maas, A. Currao and G. Calzaferri, Encapsulated lanthanides as luminescent materials, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2002, 41, 2495-2497.
17. Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots. A Journey through the World of Molecular Topology, eds. J.-P. Sauvage and C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999.
18. F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Interlocked macromolecules, Chem. Rev., 1999, 99, 1643-1663.
19. S. Serroni, S. Campagna, F. Puntoriero, C. Di Pietro, N. D. McClenaghan and F. Loiseau, Dendrimers based on ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) polypyridine complexes and the approach of using complexes as lisands and complexes as metals, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2001, 30, 367-375.
20. S. K. Grayson and J. M. J. Frechet, Convergent dendrons and dendrimers: from synthesis to applications, Chem. Rev., 2001, 101, 3819-3867.
21. V. Balzani, S. Campagna, G. Denti, A. Juris, S. Serroni and M. Venturi, Designing dendrimers based on transition metal complexes. Light-harvesting properties and predetermined redox patterns, Acc. Chem. Res., 1998, 31, 26-34.
22. A. Adronov and J. M. J. Frechet, Lisht-harvestine dendrimers, Chem. Commun., 2000, 1701-1710.
23. V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, A. Juris, M. Venturi, S. Campagna, F. Puntoriero and S. Serroni, Dendrimers based on photoactive metal complexes. Recent advances, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2001, 219, 545-572.
24. N. Armaroli, Photoactive mono- and polynuclear Cu(I)-phenanthrolines. A viable alternative to Ru(II)-polypyridines?, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2001, 30, 113-124.
25. S. Campagna, C. Di Pietro, F. Loiseau, B. Maubert, N. McClenaghan, R. Passalacqua, F. Puntoriero, V. Ricevuto and S. Serroni, Recent advances in luminescent polymetallic dendrimers containing the 2,3-bis(2′-pyridyl) pyrazine bridging ligand, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2002, 229, 67-74.
26. M. N. Paddon-Row, Covalently linked systems based on organic compounds, in Electron Transfer in Chemistry, vol. 3, ed. V. Balzani, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 179-271.
27. C. J. Chang, J. D. K. Brown, M. C. J. Chang, E. A. Baker and D. G. Nocera, Electron transfer in hydrogen-bonded donor-acceptor supramolecules, in Electron Transfer in Chemistry, vol. 3, ed. V. Balzani, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 409-461.
28. M. D. Ward and F. Barigelletti, Control of photoinduced energy transfer between metal- polypyridyl luminophores across rigid covalent, flexible covalent, or hydrosen-bonded bridges, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2001, 216, 127-154.
29. M. R. Wasielewski, Photoinduced electron-transfer in supramolecular systems for artificial photosynthesis, Chem. Rev., 1992, 92, 435-461.
30. S. Campagna, S. Serroni, F. Puntoriero, C. Di Pietro and V. Ricevuto, Antennas, in Electron Transfer in Chemistry, vol. 5, ed. V. Balzani, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 186-214.
31. R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi and M. Venturi, Artificial molecular-level machines: Which energy to make them work?, Acc. Chem. Res., 2001, 34, 445-155.
32. L. Fabbrizzi and A. Poggi, Sensors and switches from supramolecular chemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1995, 24, 197-202.
33. V. Balzani, A. Credi, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Artificial molecular machines, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed, 2000, 39, 3349-3391.
34. See: Coord. Chem. Rev., 2000, 205, 1-228, Special Issue on Luminescent Sensors.
35. A. P. de Silva, N. McClenaghan and C. P. McCoy, Logic Gates, in Electron Transfer in Chemistry, vol. 5, ed. V. Balzani, Wiley-VCH, Weiheim, 2001, pp. 156-185.
36. Y. Luo, C. P. Collier, J. O. Jeppesen, K. A. Nielsen, E. Delonno, G. Ho, J. Perkins, H. R. Tseng, T. Yamamoto, J. F. Stoddart and J. R. Heath, Two-dimensional molecular electronics circuits, ChemPhysChem, 2002, 3, 519-525.
37. V. Balzani and F. Scandola, Photochemical and photophysical devices, in Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, vol. 10, ed. D. N. Reihnhoudt, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1996, p. 687.
38. V. Balzani and A. Juris, Photochemistry and photophysics of Ru(II)-polypyridine complexes in the Bologna group. From early studies to recent developments, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2001, 211, 97-115.
39. T. J. Meyer, Photochemistry of metal coordination complexes: metal to ligand charge transfer excited states, Pure Appl. Chem., 1986, 58, 1193-1206.
40. A. Juris, V. Balzani, F. Barigelletti, S. Campagna, P. Belser and A. von Zelewsky, Ru(II)-polypyridine complexes: photophysics, photochemistry, electrochemistry, and chemiluminescence, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1988, 84, 85-277.
41. C. Kaes, A. Katz and M. W. Hosseini, Bipyridine: The most widely used ligand. A review of molecules comprising at least two 2,2′-bipyridine units, Chem. Rev., 2000, 100, 3553-3590.
42. G. F. Swiegers and T. J. Malefetse, New self-assembled structural motifs in coordination chemistry. Chem. Rev., 2000, 100, 3483-3537.
43. F. Scandola, M. T. Indelli, C. Chiorboli and C. A. Bignozzi, Photoinduced Electron and Energy-Transfer in Polynuclear Complexes, Top. Curr. Chem., 1990, 158, 73-149.
44. V. Balzani, A. Juris, M. Venturi, S. Campagna and S. Serroni, Luminescent and redox-active polynuclear transition metal complexes, Chem. Rev., 1996, 96, 759-833.
45. F. R. Keene, Stereochemistry and polymetallic ligand-bridged molecular assemblies, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1997, 166, 121-159.
46. K. S. Schanze and K. A. Walters, Photoinduced electron transfer in metal-organic dyads, in Organic and Inorganic Photochemistry, ed. V. Ramamurthy and K. S. Schanze, Marcel Dekker, New York 1998 pp. 75-127.
47. F. Scandola, C. Chiorboli, M. T. Indelli and M. A. Rampi, Covalently linked systems containing metal complexes, in Electron Transfer in Chemistry, vol. 3, ed. V. Balzani, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 337-108.
48. A. Hagfeldt and M. Grätzel, Molecular photovoltaics, Acc. Chem. Res., 2000, 33, 269-277.
49. C. A. Bignozzi, R. Argazzi and C. J. Kleverlaan, Molecular and supramolecular sensitization of nanocrystalline wide band-gap semiconductors with mononuclear and polynuclear metal complexes, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2000, 29, 87-96.
50. H. Durr and S. Bossmann, Ruthenium polypyridine complexes. On the route to biomimetic assemblies as models for the photosynthetic reaction center, Acc. Chem. Res., 2001, 34, 905-917.
51. L. C. Sun, L. Hammarström, B. Åkermark and S. Styring, Towards artificial photosynthesis: ruthenium-manganese chemistry for energy production, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2001, 30, 36-49.
52. L. De Cola and P. Belser, Photoinduced energy and electron transfer processes in rigidly bridged dinuclear Ru/Os complexes, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1998, 177, 301-346.
53. P. Belser, S. Bernhard, C. Blum, A, Beyeler, L. De Cola and V. Balzani, Molecular architecture in the field of photonic devices, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1999, 192, 155-169.
54. F. Barigelletti and L. Flamigni, Photoactive molecular wires based on metal complexes, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2000, 29, 1-12.
55. M. D. Ward, C. M. White, F. Barigelletti, N. Armaroli, G. Calogero and L. Flamigni, Assemblies of luminescent ruthenium(II)- and osmium(II)- polypyridyl complexes based on hydrogen bonding, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1998, 171, 481-488.
56. 2-/aza-crown association, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2002, 2455-2461.
57. P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, K. R. Dress, E. Ishow, C. J. Kleverlaan, O. Kocian, J. A. Preece, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, M. Venturi and S. Wenger, A photochemically driven molecular-level abacus, Chem. Eur. J., 2000, 6, 3558-3574.
58. W. E. Ford and M. A. J. Rodgers, Reversible triplet triplet energy-transfer within a covalently linked bichromophoric molecule, J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 2917-2920.
59. D. S. Tyson, J. Bialecki and F. N. Castellano, Ruthenium(II) complex with a notably long excited state lifetime, Chem. Commun., 2000, 2355-2356.
60. D. S. Tyson, K. B. Henbest, J. Bialecki and F. N. Castellano, Excited state processes in ruthenium(II)/pyrenyl complexes displaying extended lifetimes, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2001, 105, 8154-8161.
61. N. D. McClenaghan, F. Barigelletti, B. Maubert and S. Campagna, Towards ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes with prolonged and predetermined excited state lifetimes, Chem. Commun., 2002, 602-603.
62. A. von Zelewsky and O. Mamula, The bright future of stereoselective synthesis of co-ordination compounds, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 219-231.
63. J. P. Sauvage, J. P. Collin, J. C. Chambron, S. Guillerez, C. Coudret, V. Balzani, F. Barigelletti, L. De Cola and L. Flamigni, Ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) bis(terpyridine) complexes in covalently-linked multicomponent systems: synthesis, electrochemical behavior, absorption spectra, and photochemical and photophysical properties, Chem. Rev., 1994, 94, 993-1019.
64. M. Maestri, N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, E. C. Constable and A. Thompson, Complexes of the ruthenium(II)-2,2′/6′,2″-terpyridine family. Effect of electron-accepting and electron-donating substituents on the photophysical and electrochemical properties, Inorg. Chem., 1995, 34, 2759-2767.
65. 2} units, Chem. Commun., 1999, 869-870.
66. A. El-ghayoury, A. Harriman, A. Khatyr and R. Ziessel, Controlling electronic communication in ethynylated- polypyridine metal complexes, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2000, 39, 185-189.
67. M. I. J. Polson, N. J. Taylor and G. S. Hanan, Facile syntheses of tridentate ligands for room-temperature luminescence in ruthenium complexes, Chem. Commun., 2002, 1356-1357.
68. Y. Q. Fang, N. J. Taylor, G. S. Hanan, F. Loiseau, R. Passalacqua, S. Campagna, H. Nierengarten and A. Van Dorsselaer, A strategy for improving the room-temperature luminescence properties of RU(II) complexes with tridentate ligands, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 7912-7913.
69. A. Harriman and J. P. Sauvage, Strategy for constructing photosynthetic models: Porphyrin- containing modules assembled around transition metals, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 41-48.
70. L. Flamigni, F. Barigelletti, N. Armaroli, J. P. Collin, J. P. Sauvage and J. A. G. Williams, Photoinduced processes in highly coupled multicomponent arrays based on a ruthenium(II)bis(terpyridine) complex and porphyrins, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1744-1754.
71. L. Flamigni, F. Barigelletti, N. Armaroli, B. Ventura, J. P. Collin, J. P. Sauvage and J. A. G. Williams, Triplet-triplet energy transfer between porphyrins linked via a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine complex, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 661-667.
72. L. Flamigni, F. Barigelletti, N. Armaroli, J. P. Collin, I. M. Dixon, J. P. Sauvage and J. A. G. Williams, Photoinduced processes in multicomponent arrays containing transition metal complexes, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1999, 192, 671-682.
73. I. M. Dixon, J. P. Collin, J. P. Sauvage, L. Flamigni, S. Encinas and F. Barigelletti, A family of luminescent coordination compounds: iridium(III) polyimine complexes, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2000, 29, 385-391.
74. J. P. Collin, I. M. Dixon, J. P. Sauvage, J. A. G. Williams, F. Barigelletti and L. Flamigni, Synthesis and photophysical properties of iridium(III) bisterpyridine and its homologues: a family of complexes with a lone-lived excited state, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 5009-5016.
75. I. M. Dixon, J. P. Collin, J. P. Sauvage and L. Flamigni, Porphyrinic dyads and triads assembled around iridium(III) bis- terpyridine: photoinduced electron transfer processes, Inorg. Chem., 2001, 40, 5507-5517.
76. L. Flamigni, G. Marconi, I. M. Dixon, J. P. Collin and J. P. Sauvage, Switching of electron- to energy-transfer by selective excitation of different chromophores in arrays based on porphyrins and a polypyridyl iridium complex, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2002, 106, 6663-6671.
77. D. R. McMillin and K. M. McNett, Photoprocesses of copper complexes that bind to DNA, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1201-1219.
78. D. V. Scaltrito, D. W. Thompson, J. A. O'Callaghan and G. J. Meyer, MLCT excited states of cuprous bis-phenanthroline coordination compounds, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2000, 208, 243-266.
79. + systems, J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 9071-9075.
80. + systems in the solid state. Emission at last from complexes with simple 1,10-phenanthroline ligands, Inorg. Chem., 2000, 39, 3638-3644.
81. M. T. Miller, P. K. Gantzel and T. B. Karpishin, Structures of the copper(I) and copper(II) complexes of 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline: implications for excited-state structural distortion, Inorg. Chem., 1998, 37, 2285-2290.
82. L. X. Chen, G. Jennings, T. Liu, D. J. Gosztola, J. P. Hessler, D. V. Scaltrito and G. J. Meyer, Rapid excited-state structural reorganization captured by pulsed X-rays, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 10861-10867.
83. + systems - Exciplex quenching from the ion-pair state, Photochem. Photobiol., 1989, 50, 711-716.
84. C. T. Cunningham, K. L. H. Cunningham, J. F. Michalec and D. R. McMillin, Cooperative substituent effects on the excited states of copper phenanthrolines, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 4388-4392.
85. + systems in fluid solution. Evidence for the participation of two excited-states, Inorg. Chem., 1983, 22, 2380-2384.
86. D. Felder, J. F. Nierengarten, F. Barigelletti, B. Ventura and N. Armaroli, Highly luminescent Cu(I)-phenanthroline complexes in rigid matrix and temperature dependence of the photophysical properties, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 6291-6299.
87. + (dbp=2,9-di-tert-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline; dmp=2,9-dimethyl-1,10- phenanthroline), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 4292-4293.
88. S. M. Kuang, D. G. Cuttell, D. R. McMillin, P. E. Fanwick and R. A. Walton, Synthesis and structural characterization of Cu(I) and that Ni(II) complexes that contain the bis[2-(diphenyl-phosphino)phenyl]ether ligand. Novel emission properties for the Cu(I) species, Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 3313-3322.
89. F. Vögtle, I. Lüer, V. Balzani and N. Armaroli, Endoreceptors with convergent phenanthroline units: a molecular cavity for 6 guest molecules, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1991, 30, 1333-1336.
90. C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J. F. Nierengarten, J. P. Sauvage, N. Armaroli, V. Balzani and L. De Cola, Dicopper(I) trefoil knots and related unknotted molecular systems: influence of ring size and structural factors on their synthesis and electrochemical and excited-state properties, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 11237-11244.
91. 2+ - Tuning of the luminescence over the whole visible spectral region, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1993, 3241-3247.
92. N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, F. Barigelletti, L. De Cola, L. Flamigni, J. P. Sauvage and C. Hemmert, Supramolecular photochemistry and photophysics. A [3]-catenand and its mononuclear and homodinuclear and heterodinuclear [3]-catenates, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 5211-5217.
93. N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, L. De Cola, C. Hemmert and J. P. Sauvage, Multi-protonation of a [3]-catenand and a mono-copper [3]-Catenate: absorption spectra and luminescence properties, New J. Chem., 1994, 18, 775-782.
94. C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J. P. Sauvage, N. Armaroli, P. Ceroni and V. Balzani, Knotted heterodinuclear complexes, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 1119-1121.
95. J. M. Kern, J. P. Sauvage, J. L. Weidmann, N. Armaroli, L. Flamigni, P. Ceroni and V. Balzani, Complexes containing 2,9-bis(p-biphenylyl)-1,10- phenanthroline units incorporated into a 56-membered ring. Synthesis, electrochemistry, and photophysical properties, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 5329-5338.
96. 2+ unit covalently linked to a [2]-catenate moiety. Controlling the energy-transfer direction by changing the catenate metal ion, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 5481-5488.
97. A. Livoreil, J. P. Sauvage, N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, L. Flamigni and B. Ventura, Electrochemically and photochemically driven ring motions in a disymmetrical copper [2]-catenate, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 12114-12124.
98. N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, J. P. Collin, P. Gaviña, J. P. Sauvage and B. Ventura, Rotaxanes incorporating two different coordinating units in their thread: Synthesis and electrochemically and photochemically induced molecular motions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 4397-4408.
99. N. Armaroli, L. De Cola, V. Balzani, J. P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J. M. Kern, Absorption and luminescence properties of 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-dianisyl-1,10- phenanthroline and their protonated forms in dichloromethane solution, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1992, 88, 553-556.
100. N. Armaroli, J. F. Eckert and J. F. Nierengarten, Controlling the energy-transfer direction: an oligophenylenevinylenephenanthroline dyad acting as a proton triggered molecular switch, Chem. Commun., 2000, 2105-2106.
101. T. Gunnlaugsson, D. A. Mac Donaill and D. Parker, Lanthanide macrocyclic quinolyl conjugates as luminescent molecular-level devices, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 12866-12876.
102. L. Gobbi, P. Seiler, F. Diederich, V. Gramlich, C. Boudon, J. P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Photoswitchable tetraethynylethene-dihydroazulene chromophores, Helv. Chim. Acta, 2001, 84, 743-777.
103. A. P. de Silva, D. B. Fox, A. J. M. Huxley and T. S. Moody, Combining luminescence, coordination and electron transfer for signalling purposes, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2000, 205, 41-57.
104. L. Fabbrizzi, M. Licchelli, G. Rabaioli and A. Taglietti, The design of luminescent sensors for anions and ionisable analytes, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2000, 205, 85-108.
105. N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, I. Lüer and F. Vögtle, Supramolecular photochemistry and photophysics. Absorption spectra and luminescence properties of a large cage supermolecule and of its protonated forms, Gazz. Chim. Ital., 1994, 124, 17-21.
106. 1H-NMR study, New J. Chem., 1996, 20, 801-808.
107. 1 complexes. Absorption spectra, luminescence properties, and excited state interactions, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1997, 93, 4145-4150.
108. 2+ ions, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 1999, 1911-1918.
109. 60. A new form of carbon. Nature, 1990, 347, 354-358.
110. 60) and the birth and infancy of fulleroids, Acc. Chem. Res., 1992, 25, 157-161.
111. M. Prato, Fullerenes and Related Structures, Top. Curr. Chem., 1999, 199, 173-187.
112. J. Mattay, L. Ulmer and A. Sotzmann, Photophysics and photochemistry of fullerenes and fullerene derivatives, in Molecular and Supramolecular Photochemistry, Vol. 8, ed. V. Ramamurthy and K. S. Schanze, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2001, pp. 637-752.
113. 60, J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 11-12.
114. R. V. Bensasson, E. Bienvenue, C. Fabre, J. M. Janot, E. J. Land, S. Leach, V. Leboulaire, A. Rassat, S. Roux and P. Seta, Photophysical properties of three methanofullerene derivatives, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 270-278.
115. N. Armaroli, C. Boudon, D. Felder, J. P. Gisselbrecht, M. Gross, G. Marconi, J. F. Nicoud, J. F. Nierengarten and V. Vicinelli, A copper(I) bis-phenanthroline complex buried in fullerene-functionalized dendritic black boxes, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 1999, 38, 3730-3733.
116. 60 fullerene derivatives, Acc. Chem. Res., 2000, 33, 695-703.
117. 70, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 9249-9252.
118. T. Hamano, K. Okuda, T. Mashino, M. Hirobe, K. Arakane, A. Ryu, S. Mashiko and T. Nagano, Singlet oxygen production from fullerene derivatives: effect of sequential functionalization of the fullerene core, Chem. Commun., 1997, 21-22.
119. F. Prat, R. Stackow, R. Bernstein, W. Y. Qian, Y. Rubin and C. S. Foote, Triplet-state properties and singlet oxygen generation in a homologous series of functionalized fullerene derivatives, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 7230-7235.
120. K. Kordatos, T. Da Ros, M. Prato, S. Leach, E. J. Land and R. V. Bensasson, Triplet state properties of N-mTEG[60]fulleropyrrolidine mono and bisadduct derivatives, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2001, 334, 221-228.
121. L. Echegoyen and L. E. Echegoyen, Electrochemistry of fullerenes and their derivatives, Acc. Chem. Res., 1998, 31, 593-601.
122. N. Armaroli, Photoinduced energy transfer processes in functionalized fullerenes, in Fullerenes: front synthesis to optoelectronic properties, ed. D. M. Guldi and N. Martin, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2002, pp. 137-162.
123. F. Diederich and M. Gomez-Lopez, Supramolecular fullerene chemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1999, 28, 263-277.
124. J. L. Segura and N. Martin, [60]Fullerene dimers, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2000, 29, 13-25.
125. J. F. Nierengarten, Fullerodendrimers: A new class of compounds for supramolecular chemistry and materials science applications, Chem. Eur. J., 2000, 6, 3667-3670.
126. D. M. Guldi and N. Martin, Fullerene architectures made to order; biomimetic motifs-design and features, J. Mater. Chem., 2002, 12, 1978-1992.
127. H. Imahori and Y. Sakata, Fullerenes as novel accepters in photosynthetic electron transfer, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 1999, 2445-2457.
128. D. M. Guldi, Fullerene-porphyrin architectures; photosynthetic antenna and reaction center models, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2002, 31, 22-36.
129. M. D. Meijer, G. P. M. van Klink and G. van Koten, Metalchelating capacities attached to fullerenes, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2002, 230, 141-163.
130. H. Imahori, H. Yamada, D. M. Guldi, Y. Endo, A. Shimomura, S. Kundu, K. Yamada, T. Okada, Y. Sakata and S. Fukuzumi, Comparison of reorganization energies for intra- and intermolecular electron transfer, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2002, 41, 2344-2347.
131. See: J. Mater. Chem., 2002, 12, 1931-2159, Special Issue on Functionalized Fullerene Materials.
132. V. W. W. Yam, Luminescent carbon-rich rhenium(I) complexes, Chem. Commun., 2001, 789-796.
133. 60-substituted bipyridine ligand, Chem. Eur. J., 2002, 8, 2314-2323.
134. N. Armaroli, F. Diederich, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, L. Flamigni, G. Marconi, J. F. Nierengarten and J. P. Sauvage, A copper(I)-complexed rotaxane with two fullerene stoppers: synthesis, electrochemistry, and photoinduced processes, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 406-416.
135. 60 dyads, Photochem. Photobiol, 1994, 60, 537-541.
136. D. I. Schuster, Synthesis and photophysics of new types of fullerene-porphyrin dyads, Carbon, 2000, 38, 1607-1614.
137. H. Imahori, K. Tamaki, Y. Araki, T. Hasobe, O. Ito, A. Shimomura, S. Kundu, T. Okada, Y. Sakata and S. Fukuzumi, Linkage dependent charge separation and charge recombination in porphyrin-pyromellitimide-fullerene triads, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, 106, 2803-2814.
138. N. Armaroli, F. Diederich, L. Echegoyen, T. Habicher, L. Flamigni, G. Marconi and J. F. Nierengarten, A new pyridyl-substituted methanofullerene derivative. Photophysics, electrochemistry and self-assembly with zinc(II) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP), New J. Chem., 1999, 23, 77-83.
139. 60 complexes via metal axial coordination, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 2157-2160.
140. D. Sun, F. S. Tham, C. A. Reed and P. D. W. Boyd, Extending supramolecular fullerene-porphyrin chemistry to pillared metalorganic frameworks, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2002, 99, 5088-5092.
141. J. Y. Zheng, K. Tashiro, Y. Hirabayashi, K. Kinbara, K. Saigo, T. Aida, S. Sakamoto and K. Yamaguchi, Cyclic dimers of metalloporphyrins as tunable hosts for fullerenes: a remarkable effect of rhodium(III), Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2001, 40, 1858-1861.
142. N. Armaroli, G. Marconi, L. Echegoyen, J. P. Bourgeois and F. Diederich, Charge-transfer interactions in face-to-face porphyrin-fullerene systems: solvent-dependent luminescence in the infrared spectral region. Chem. Eur. J., 2000, 6, 1629-1645.
143. M. W. Grinstaff, Biodendrimers: new polymeric biomaterials for tissues engineering, Chem. Eur. J., 2002, 8, 2838-2846.
144. C. S. Cameron and C. B. Gorman, Effects of site encapsulation on electrochemical behavior of redox-active core dendrimers, Adv. Fund. Mater., 2002, 12, 17-20.
145. J. M. J. Frechet, Dendrimers and supramolecular chemistry, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2002, 99, 4782-4787.
146. S. E. Stiriba, H. Frey and R. Haag, Dendritic polymers in biomedical applications: From potential to clinical use in diagnostics and therapy, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2002, 41, 1329-1334.
147. F. Diederich and B. Felber, Supramolecular chemistry of dendrimers with functional cores, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2002, 99, 4778-1781.
148. L. J. Twyman, A. S. H. King and I. K. Martin, Catalysis inside dendrimers, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2002, 31, 69-82.
149. S. C. Zimmerman and L. J. Lawless, Supramolecular chemistry of dendrimers, Top. Curr. Chem., 2001, 217, 95-120.
150. A. Hirsch and O. Vostrowsky, Dendrimers with carbon rich-cores, Top. Curr. Chem., 2001, 217, 51-93.
151. S. Hecht and J. M. J. Frechet, Dendritic encapsulation of function: Applying nature's site isolation principle from biomimetics to materials science, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2001, 40, 74-91.
152. C. B. Gorman and J. C. Smith, Structure-property relationships in dendritic encapsulation, Acc. Chem. Res., 2001, 34, 60-71.
153. J. F. Nierengarten, J. F. Eckert, Y. Rio, M. D. Carreon, J. L. Gallani and D. Guillon, Amphiphilic diblock dendrimers: Synthesis and incorporation in Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 9743-9748.
154. D. Felder, H. Nierengarten, J. P. Gisselbrecht, C. Boudon, E. Leize, J. F. Nicoud, M. Gross, A. Van Dorsselaer and J. F. Nierengarten, Fullerodendrons: synthesis, electrochemistry and reduction in the electrospray source for mass spectrometry analysis. New J. Chem., 2000, 24, 687-695.
155. 60 dendrimers studied by laser flash photolysis, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2002, 106, 7193-7199.
156. Y. Murata, M. Ito and K. Komatsu, Synthesis and properties of novel fullerene derivatives having dendrimer units and the fullerenyl anions generated therefrom, J. Mater. Chem., 2002, 12, 2009-2020.
157. Y. Rio, G. Accorsi, E. Nierengarten, J.-L. Rehspringer, B. Hönerlage, G. Kopitkovas, A. Chugreev, A. Van Dorsselaer, N. Armaroli and J. F. Nierengarten, Fullerodendrimers with peripheral triethyleneglycol chains: synthesis, mass spectrometric characterisation, and photophysical properties, New J. Chem., 2002, 26, 1146-1154.
158. J.-F. Nierengarten, N. Armaroli, G. Accorsi, Y. Rio and J. F. Eckert, [60]Fullerene: a versatile photoactive core for dendrimer chemistry, Chem. Eur. J., 2003, 9, 36-41.
159. G. Accorsi, N. Armaroli, J. F. Eckert and J. F. Nierengarten, Functionalization of [60]fullerene with new light-collecting oligophenylenevinylene-terminated dendritic wedges. Tetrahedron Lett., 2002, 43, 65-68.
160. 60-oligophenylenevinylene hybrid and its incorporation in a photovoltaic device, Chem. Commun., 1999, 617-618.
161. J. F. Eckert, J. F. Nicoud, J. F. Nierengarten, S. G. Liu, L. Echegoyen, F. Barigelletti, N. Armaroli, L. Ouali, V. Krasnikov and G. Hadziioannou, Fullerene-oligophenylenevinylene hybrids: synthesis, electronic properties, and incorporation in photovoltaic devices, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 7467-7479.
162. N. S. Sariciftci, L. Smilowitz, A. J. Heeger and F. Wudl, Photoinduced electron-transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene, Science, 1992, 258, 1474-1476.
163. C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci and J. C. Hummelen, Plastic solar cells, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2001, 1, 15-26.
164. N. Armaroli, F. Barigelletti, P. Ceroni, J. F. Eckert, J. F. Nicoud and J. F. Nierengarten, Photoinduced energy transfer in a fullerene- oligophenylenevinylene conjugate, Chem. Commun., 2000, 599-600.
165. E. Peeters, P. A. van Hal, J. Knol, C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, J. C. Hummelen and R. A. J. Janssen, Synthesis, photophysical properties, and photovoltaic devices of oligo(p-phenylene vinylene)-fullerene dyads, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000, 104, 10174-10190.
166. P. A. van Hal, R. A. J. Janssen, G. Lanzani, G. Cerullo, M. Zavelani-Rossi and S. De Silvestri, Two-step mechanism for the photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer in oligo(p-phenylene vinylene)-fullerene dyads, Phys. Rev. B, 2001, 64, 752061-752067.
167. N. Armaroli, G. Accorsi, J. P. Gisselbrecht, M. Gross, V. Krasnikov, D. Tsamouras, G. Hadziioannou, M. J. Gomez-Escalonilla, F. Langa, J. F. Eckert and J. F. Nierengarten, Photoinduced processes in fullerenopyrrolidine and fullerenopyrazoline derivatives substituted with an oligophenylenevinylene moiety, J. Mater. Chem., 2002, 12, 2077-2087.
168. P. A. van Hal, J. Knol, B. M. W. Langeveld-Voss, S. C. J. Meskers, J. C. Hummelen and R. A. J. Janssen, Photoinduced energy and electron transfer in fullerene-oligothiophene-fullerene triads, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2000, 104, 5974-5988.
169. A. Cravino and N. S. Sariciftci, Double-cable polymers for fullercne based organic optoelectronic applications, J. Mater. Chem., 2002, 12, 1931-1943.
170. L. Schmidt-Mende, A. Fechtenkotter, K. Mullen, E. Moons, R. H. Friend and J. D. MacKenzie, Self-organized discotic liquid crystals for high-efficiency organic photovoltaics, Science, 2001 293, 1119-1122.
171. E. H. A. Deckers, P. A. van Hal, A. Schenning, A. El-ghayoury, E. Peeters, M. T. Rispens, J. C. Hummelen, E. W. Meijer and R. A. J. Janssen, Singlet-energy transfer in quadruple hydrogen-bonded oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)- fullerene dyads, J. Mater. Chem., 2002, 12, 2054-2060.
172. T. Gu, D. Tsamouras, C. Melzer, V. Krasnikov, J. P. Gisselbrecht, M. Gross, G. Hadziioannou and J. F. Nierengarten, Photovoltaic devices from fullerene oligophenyleneethynylene conjugates, ChemPhysChem, 2002, 3, 124-127.
173. T. Yamashiro, Y. Aso, T. Otsubo, H. Q. Tang, Y. Harima and K. Yamashita, Intramolecular energy transfer of [60]fullerene-linked oligothiophenes, Chem. Lett., 1999, 443-444.
174. 60, dyad studied by pico- and nanosecond laser flash photolysis in the near-IR region, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2000, 104, 4876-4881.
175. 60, Adv. Mater., 2002, 14, 283-287.
176. D. Hirayama, K. Takimiya, Y. Aso, T. Otsubo, T. Hasobe, H. Yamada, H. Imahori, S. Fukuzumi and Y. Sakata, Large photocurrent generation of gold electrodes modified with [60]fullerene-linked oligothiophenes bearing a tripodal rigid anchor, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 532-533.
177. L. Milgrom, Wet, wet, wet - Computers could get seriously sloppy, New Sci., 2000, 165, 15-15.
178. M. Grätzel and J. E. Moser, Solar Energy Conversion, in Electron Transfer in Chemistry, vol. 5, ed. V. Balzani, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 589-644.
179. Y. Rubin, Ring opening reactions of fullerenes: Designed approaches to endohedral metal complexes, Top. Curr. Chem., 1999, 199, 67-91.
180. J. F. Nierengarten, Ring-opened fullerenes: An unprecedented class of ligands for supramolecular chemistry, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2001, 40, 2973-2974.
181. R. Dagani, Cagey chemistry, Chem. Eng. News, 2002, 80, 32-35.
182. F. C. De Schryver, Time, space and spectrally resolved photochemistry from ensembles to single molecules, Pure Appl. Chem., 1998, 70, 2147-2156.
183. A. Schenning, P. Jonkheijm, J. Hofkens, S. De Feyter, T. Asavei, M. Cotlet, F. C. De Schryver and E. W. Meijer, Formation and manipulation of supramolecular structures of oligo(p-phenylene-vinylene) terminated poly(propylene imine) dendrimers, Chem. Commun., 2002, 1264-1265.