The head and neck radiation oncology patient

Quintessence International

Volumn 34, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 693-717

  Huber, Michaell A ^a   Terezhalmy, Geza T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIEMETIC AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; CARCINOGEN; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIURETIC AGENT; HYPNOTIC AGENT; MUSCLE RELAXANT AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OPIATE; SEDATIVE AGENT;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BONE NECROSIS; BUERGER DISEASE; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; DENTAL CARE; DENTAL CARIES; DENTITION; ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HEAD AND NECK TUMOR; HEALTH CARE; HUMAN; HYPODONTIA; INFECTION; IONIZING RADIATION; MASTICATORY MUSCLE; MEDICAL ETHICS; MOUTH HYGIENE; MOUTH MUCOSA; MUCOSA; NUTRITION; OCCUPATIONAL CARCINOGENESIS; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PERIARTHRITIS; POLLUTANT; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIATION DERMATITIS; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; SALIVARY GLAND; SALIVATION; SKIN; SKULL IRRADIATION; SOLAR RADIATION; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; STANDARD; STOMATITIS; TASTE BUD; TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT; THRUSH; TOBACCO; TOOTH; TOOTH EXTRACTION; TOOTH MALFORMATION; TOOTH PROSTHESIS; XEROSTOMIA;

CANDIDIASIS, ORAL; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CRANIAL IRRADIATION; DENTAL CARE FOR CHRONICALLY ILL; DENTAL CARIES; HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; MOUTH MUCOSA; OSTEORADIONECROSIS; RADIODERMATITIS; STOMATITIS; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 0141594861     PISSN: 00336572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. Cancer Facts and Figures 2002. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2002.
2. Neville BW, Day TA. Oral cancer and precancerous lesions. Cancer J Clin 2002;52:195-215.
3. Chen AY, Myers JN. Cancer of the oral cavity. Curr Probl Surg 2000;37:634-731.
4. Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID, et al. Head and neck sites. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, ed 6. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002:17-88.
5. Stewart F. Re-treatment after full-course radiotherapy: Is it a viable option? Acta Oncologica 1999;38:855-862.
6. Chou RH, Wilder RB, Wong MS, Forster KM. Recent advances in radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Ear Nose Throat J 2001;80:704-717.
7. Dobrowsky W, Naudé J. Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy with/without mitomycin C in head and neck cancers. Radiother Oncol 2000;57:119-124.
8. Eisen MD, Weinstein GS, Chalian A, et al. Morbidity after midline mandibulotomy and radiation therapy. Am J Otolaryngol 2000;21:312-317.
9. Huang CJ, Chao KS, Tsai J, et al. Cancer of retromolar trigone: Long-term radiation therapy outcome. Head Neck 2001;23:758-763.
10. Hall EJ. The physics and chemistry of radiation absorption. In: Radiobiology for the Radiologist, ed 5. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000:5-16.
11. Whitmyer CC, Waskowski JC, Iffland HA. Radiotherapy and oral sequelae: Preventive and management protocols. J Dent Hyg 1997;71:23-29.
12. Glatzel M, Büntzel J, Schröder D, Küttner K, Fröhlich D. High-dose brachytherapy in the treatment of recurrent and residual head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 2002;112:1366-1371.
13. Senan S, Levendag PC. Brachytherapy for recurrent head and neck cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1999;13:531-542.
14. Goaz PW, White SC. Radiation biology. In: Oral Radiology Principles and Interpretation, ed 3. St Louis: Mosby, 1994:24-46.
15. Kumar P. Impact of anemia in patients with head and neck cancer. Oncologist 2000;5(suppl 2):13-18.
16. Awwad HK, Lotayef M, Shouman T, et al. Accelerated hyperfractionation (AHF) compared to conventional fractionation (CF) in the postoperative radiotherapy of locally advanced head and neck cancer: influence of proliferation. Br J Cancer 2002;86:517-523.
17. Kannan V, Bapsy PP, Anantha N, et al. Efficacy and safety of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the frequency and severity of radiation mucositis in patients with head and neck carcinoma. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1997;37:1005-1010.
18. Bentzen SM, Dische S. Late morbidity: The Damocles sword of radiotherapy? Radiother Oncol 2001;61:219-221.
19. Eisbruch A, Kim HM, Terrell JE, Marsh LH, Dawson LA, Shipp JA. Xerostomia and its predictors following parotidsparing irradiation of head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2001;50:695-704.
20. Fowler JF. Biological factors influencing optimum fractionation in radiation therapy. Acta Oncologica 2001;40:712-717.
21. Kaanders JH, van der Kogel AJ, Ang KK. Altered fractionation: Limited by mucosal reactions? Radiother Oncol 1999;50:247-260.
22. Lievens Y, Haustermans K, Van den Weyngaert D, et al. Does sucralfate reduce the acute side-effects in head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy? A double-blind randomized trial. Radiother Oncol 1997;47:149-153.
23. Maciejewski B, Skladowski K, Pilecki B, et al. Randomized clinical trial on accelerated 7 days per week fractionation in radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Preliminary report on acute toxicity. Radiother Oncol 1996;40:137-145.
24. Nutting C, Dearnaley DP, Webb S. Intensity modulated radiation therapy: A clinical review. Br J Radiol 2000;73:459-469.
25. O'Connell AC. Natural history and prevention of radiation injury. Adv Dent Res 2000;14:57-61.
26. Tubiana M, Eschwège F. Conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Acta Oncologica 2000;39:555-567.
27. Wijers OB, Levendag PC, Braaksma MMJ, Boonzaaijer M, Visch LL, Schmitz PIM. Patients with head and neck cancer cured by radiation therapy: A summary of the dry mouth syndrome in long-term survivors. Head Neck 2002;24:737-747.
28. Hall EJ. Clinical response of normal tissues. In: Radiobiology for the Radiologist, ed 5. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000:339-360.
29. Hall EJ. Repair of radiation damage and the dose-rate effect. In: Radiobiology for the Radiologist, ed 5. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000:67-90.
30. Stokman MA, Spijkervet FKL, Wymenga ANM, et al. Quantification of oral mucositis due to radiotherapy by determining viability and maturation of epithelial cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2002;31:153-157.
31. Epstein JB, Stevenson-Moore P. Periodontal disease and periodontal management in patients with cancer. Oral Oncol 2001;37:613-619.
32. Handschel J, Sunderkötter C, Kruse-Lösler B, et al. Late effects of radiotherapy on oral mucosa in humans. Eur J Oral Sci 2001;109:95-102.
33. Prott F-J, Handschel J, Micke O, Sunderkötter C, Meyer U, Piffko J. Long-term alterations of oral mucosa in radiotherapy patients. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2002;54:203-210.
34. Bensadoun RJ, Magné N, Marcy P-Y, Demard F. Chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced mucositis in head and neck cancer patients: new trends in pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2001;258:481-487.
35. Köstler WJ, Hejna M, Wenzel C, Zielinski CC. Oral mucositis complicating chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: options for prevention and treatment. Cancer J Clin 2001;51:290-315.
36. McGuire DB. Mucosal tissue injury in cancer therapy. Cancer Pract 2002;10:179-191.
37. Plevová P. Prevention and treatment of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy- induced oral mucositis: A review. Oral Oncol 1999;35:453-570.
38. Sonis ST. Mucositis as biological process: a new hypothesis for the development of chemotherapy-induced stomatotoxicity. Oral Oncol 1998;34:39-43.
39. Sonis ST, Peterson RL, Edwards LJ, et al. Defining mechanisms of action of interleukin-11 on the progression of radiation-induced oral mucositis in hamsters. Oral Oncol 2000;36:373-381.
40. El-Sayed S, Epstein J, Minish E, Burns P, Hay J, Laukkanen E. A pilot study evaluating the safety and microbiologic efficacy of an economically viable antimicrobial lozenge in patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiation therapy. Head Neck 2002;24:6-15.
41. El-Sayed S, Nabid A, Shelley W, et al. Prophylaxis of radiation-associated mucositis in conventionally treated patients with head and neck cancer: A double-blind, phase III, randomized, controlled trial evaluating the clinical efficacy of an antimicrobial lozenge using a validated mucositis scoring system. J Clinical Oncology 2002;20:3956-3963.
42. Lee N, Chuang C, Quivey JM, et al. Skin toxicity due to intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head-and-neck carcinoma. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2002;53:630-637.
43. Dörr W, Hamilton CS, Boyd T, Reed B, Denham JW. Radiation induced changes in the cellularity and proliferation in human oral mucosa. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2002;52:911-917.
44. Dörr W, Spekl K, Farrell CL. Amelioration of acute oral mucositis by keratinocyte growth factor: Fractionated irradiation. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2002;54:245-251.
45. Epstein JB, van der Meij EH. Complicating mucosal reactions in patients receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Spec Care Dentist 1997;17:88-93.
46. Epstein JB, Lunn R, Le N, Stevenson-Moore P. Periodontal attachment loss in patients after head and neck radiation therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;86:673-677.
47. Fung SM, Ferrill MJ. Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and oral mucositis. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:517-520.
48. Maciejewski B, Zajusz A., Pilecki B, et al. Acute mucositis in the stimulated oral mucosa of patients during radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 1991;22:7-11.
49. Osaki T, Ueta E, Yoneda K, Hirota J, Yamamoto T. Prophylaxis of oral mucositis associated with chemoradiotherapy for oral carcinoma be Azelastine hydrochloride (Azelastine) with other antioxidants. Head Neck 1994;16:331-339.
50. Rothwell BR, Spektor WS. Palliation of radiation-related mucositis. Spec Care Dentist 1990;10:21-25.
51. Saarilahti K, Kajanti M, Joensuu T, Kouri M, Joensuu H. Comparison of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and sucralfate mouthwashes in the prevention of radiation-induced mucositis: A double-blind prospective randomized phase III study. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2002;54:479-485.
52. Sprinzl GM, Galvan O, deVries A, et al. Local application of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for the treatment of oral mucositis. Eur J Cancer 2001;37:2003-2009.
53. Sutherland SE, Browman GP. Prophylaxis of oral mucositis in irradiated head-and-neck cancer patients: a proposed classification scheme of interventions and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2001;49:917-930.
54. Wagner W, Alfrink M, Haus U, Matt J. Treatment of irradiation-induced mucositis with growth factors (rhGM-CSF) in patients with head and neck cancer. Anticancer Res 1999;19:799-804.
55. Andrews N, Griffiths C. Dental complications of head and neck radiotherapy: Part 1. Aust Dent J 2001;46:88-94.
56. Huguenin PU, Taussky D, Moe K, Meister A, Baumert B, Lütolf UM, Glanzman C. Quality of life in patients cured from a carcinoma of the head and neck by radiotherapy: the importance of the target volume. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1999;45:47-52.
57. Kaanders JH, Pop LA, Marres HA, et al. ARCON: Experience in 215 patients with advanced head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;52:769-778.
58. Öhrn KE, Wahlin YB, Sjöden PO. Oral status during radiotherapy and chemotherapy: A descriptive study of patient experiences and the occurrence of oral complications. Support Care Cancer 2001;9:247-257.
59. Cooper JS, Fu K, Marks J, Silverman S. Late effects of radiation therapy in the head and neck region. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1995;31:1141-1164.
60. Dreizen S. Description and incidence of oral complications. NCI Monogr 1990;9:11-15.
61. Rosen T, Dupuy J, Maor M, Altman A. Radiation port dermatophytosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:1053-1056.
62. van Vloten WA, Hermans J, van Daal WAJ. Radiation-induced skin cancer and radiodermatitis of the head and neck. Cancer 1987;59:411-414.
63. Fox PC. Saliva composition and its importance in dental health. Compend Contin Educ Dent Suppl 1989;13:s457-s460.
64. Guchelaar HJ, Vermes A, Meerwaldt JH. Radiation-induced xerostomia: Pathophysiology, clinical course and supportive treatment. Support Care Cancer 1997;5:281-288.
65. Mandel ID. The functions of saliva. Dent Res 1987;66(special issue):623-627.
66. Rode M, Smid L, Budihna M, Gaspersi D, Rode M, Soba E. The influence of pilocarpine and biperiden on pH value and calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate concentrations in saliva during and after head and neck cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;92:509-514.
67. Leek H, Albertsson N. Pilocarpine treatment of xerostomia in head and neck patients. Micron 2002;33:153-155.
68. Niedermeier W, Matthaeus C, Meyer C, Staar S, Muller RP, Schulze HJ. Radiation-induced hyposalivation and its treatment with oral pilocarpine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;86:541-549.
69. Burlage FR, Coppes RP, Meertens H, Stokman MA, Vissink A. Parotid and submandibular/sublingual salivary flow during high dose radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2001;61:271-274.
70. Leung WK, Jin LJ, Samaranayake LP, Chiu GKC. Subgingival microbiota of shallow periodontal pockets in individuals after head and neck irradiation. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998;13:1-10.
71. Rieke JW, Hafermann MD, Johnson JT, et al. Oral pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia: Integrated efficacy and safety results from two prospective randomized clinical trials. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1995;31:661-669.
72. Wasserman T, Mackowiak JI, Brizel DM, et al. Effect of amifostine on patient assessed clinical benefit in irradiated head and neck cancer. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2000;48:1035-1039.
73. Wasserman TH, Brizel DM. The role of amifostine as a radioprotector. Oncology 2001;15:149-154,1357-1360.
74. Zimmerman RP, Mark RJ, Tran LM, Juillard GF. Concomitant pilocarpine during head and neck irradiation is associated with decreased posttreatment xerostomia. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1997;37:571-575.
75. Meraw SJ, Reeve CM. Dental considerations and treatment of the oncology patients receiving radiation therapy. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129:201-205.
76. Pankhurst CL, Dunne SM, Rogers JO. Restorative dentistry in the patient with dry mouth: Part 2. Problems and solutions. Dent Update 1996;23:110-114.
77. Sweeney MP, Bagg J, Baxter WP, Aitchison TC. Oral disease in terminally ill cancer patients with xerostomia. Oral Oncol 1998;34:123-126.
78. Yasuda M, Tomita H. Electron microscopic observations of glossal circumvallate papillae in dysgeusic patients. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2002;546:122-128.
79. Lowe O. Pretreatment dental assessment and management of patients undergoing head and neck irradiation. Clin Prev Dent 1986;8:24-30.
80. Mascarin M, Franchin G, Minatel E, et al. The effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients treated with hyperfractionated radiotherapy. Oral Oncol 1999;35:203-208.
81. Conger AD. Loss and recovery of taste acuity in patients irradiated to the oral cavity. Radiat Res 1973;53:338-347.
82. Burke FJT, Frame JW. The effect of irradiation on developing teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1979;47:11-13.
83. Carl W, Wood R. Effects of radiation on the developing dentition and supporting bone. J Am Dent Assoc 1980;101:646-648.
84. Dahllöf G, Rozell B, Forsberg C-M, Borgström B. Histologic changes in dental morphology induced by high dose chemotherapy and total body irradiation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994;77:56-60.
85. Goho C. Chemoradiation therapy: Effect on dental development. Pediatr Dent 1993;15:6-12.
86. Jaffe N, Toth BB, Hoar RE, Ried HL, Sullivan MP, McNeese MD. Dental and maxillofacial abnormalities in long-term survivors of childhood cancer: Effects of treatment with chemotherapy and radiation to the head and neck. Pediatrics 1984;73:816-823.
87. Kaste SC, Hopkins KP, Jenkins JJ 3rd. Abnormal odontogenesis in children treated with radiation and chemotherapy: Imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;162:1407-1411.
88. Kaste SC, Hopkins KP. Micrognathia after radiation therapy for childhood facial tumors: Report of two cases with long-term follow-up. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994;77:95-99.
89. Takinami S, Kaga M, Yahata H, Kure A, Oguchi H, Yasuda M. Radiation-induced hypoplasia of the teeth and mandible: A case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994;78:382-384.
90. Lowe O. Oral concerns for the pediatric cancer patient. J Pedodontics 1986;11:35-46.
91. Möller P, Perrier M. Dento-maxillofacial sequelae in a child treated for a habdomyosarcoma in the head and neck: A case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;86:297-303.
92. Pajari U, Raustia A, Pyhtinen J, Lanning M. Influence of antineoplastic therapy on function of the masticatory system, tooth development, and cariogenic status: A case report. Med Pediatr Oncol 1996;27:108-113.
93. Chavez JA, Adkinson CD. Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen in irradiated pateints requiring dental extractions: Outcomes and complications. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;59:518-522.
94. Curi MM, Dib LL, Kowalski LP. Management of refractory osteoradionecrosis of the jaws with surgery and adjunctive oxygen therapy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;29:430-434.
95. Hao SP, Chen HC, Wei FC, Chen CY, Yeh AR, Su JL. Systemic management of osteoradionecrosis in the head and neck. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1324-1328.
96. Maier A, Gaggl A, Kleman H, et al. Review of severe osteoradionencrosis treated by surgery alone or surgery with postoperative hyperbaric oxygenation. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;38:173-176.
97. Marx RE. A new concept in the treatment of osteoradionecrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1983;41:351-357.
98. Støre G, Boysen M. Mandibular osteoradionecrosis: Clinical behaviour and diagnostic aspects. Clin Otolaryngol 2000;25:378-384.
99. Schwartz HC, Kagan R. Osteoradionecrosis of the mandible. Am J Clin Oncol 2002;25:168-171.
100. Thorn JJ, Hansen HS, Specht L, Bastholt L. Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: Clinical characteristics and relation to the field of irradiation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;58:1088-1095.
101. Paulino AC, Simon JH, Zhen W, Wen B-C. Long-term effects in children treated with radiotherapy for head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2000;48:1489-1495.
102. Raney RB, Asmar L, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, et al. Late complications of therapy in 213 children with localized, nonorbital soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck: A descriptive report from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma studies (IRS)-II and -III. Med Pediatr Oncol 1999;33:362-371.
103. Goldstein M, Maxymiw WG, Cummings BJ, Wood RE. The effects of antitumor radiation on mandibular opening and mobility. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:365-373.
104. Ichimura K, Toshiyoshi T. Trismus in patients with malignant tumours in the head and neck. J Laryngol Otol 1993;107:1017-1020.
105. Andrews N, Griffiths C. Dental complications of head and neck radiotherapy. Part 2. Aust Dent J 2001;46:174-182.
106. Nicholls C, Ilankovan V. An audit of oral and dental health regimens practiced in the management of oropharyngeal cancer. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;36:63-66.
107. Epstein JB, Emerton S, Lunn R, Le N, Wong FLW. Pretreatment assessment and dental management of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol 1999;35:33-39.
108. Clayman L. Clinical controversies in oral and maxillofacial surgery: Part two. Management of dental extractions in irradiated jaws: A protocol without hyperbaric oxygen therapy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;55:275-281.
109. Starcke EN, Shannon IL. How critical is the interval between extractions and irradiation in patients with head and neck malignancy? Oral Surg 1977;43:333-337.
110. McGhee MA, Stern SJ, Callan D, Shewmake K, Smith T. Osseointegrated implants in the head and neck cancer patient. Head Neck 1997;19:659-665.
111. Rogers SN, Lowe D, Patel M, Brown JS, Vaughan ED. Clinical function after primary surgery for oral and oropharyngeal cancer: An 11-item examination. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surgeons 2002;40:1-10.
112. Olsen DL, Raub W, Bradley C, et al. The effect of aloe vera gel/mild soap versus mild soap alone in preventing skin reactions in patients undergoing radiation therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 2001;28:543-547.
113. Rosenthal PE. Complications of cancer and cancer treatment. In: Lenhard RE Jr, Osteen RT, Gansler T (eds). The American Cancer Society's Clinical Oncology. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2001:231-250.
114. Berger A, Henderson M, Nadoolman W, et al. Oral capsaicin provides temporary relief for oral mucositis pain secondary to chemotherapy/radiation therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995;10:243-248.
115. Mueller BA, Millhein ET, Farrington EA, Brusko C, Wiser TH. Mucositis management practices for hospitalized patients: National survey results. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995;10:510-520.
116. Abdelaal AS, Barker DS, Fergusson MM. Treatment for irradiation-induced mucositis. Lancet 1989;14:97.
117. Adamietz IA, Rahn R, Böttcher HD, Schäfer V, Reimer K, Fleischer W. Prophylaxis with povidone-iodine against induction of oral mucositis by radiochemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 1998;6:373-377.
118. Antonadou D, Pepelassi M, Synodinou M, Puglisi M, Throuvalas N. Prophylactic use of amifostine to prevent radiochemotherapy-induced mucositis and xerostomia in head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2002;52:739-747.
119. Barker G, Loftus L, Cuddy P, Barker B. The effects of sucralfate suspension and diphenhydramine syrup plus kaolin-pectin on radiotherapy-induced mucositis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991;71:288-293.
120. Bourhis J, De Crevoisier R, Abdulkarim B, et al. A randomized study of very accelerated radiotherapy with and without amifostine in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2000;46:1105-1108.
121. Bubley GJ, Chapman B, Chapman SK, Crumpacker CS, Schnipper LE. Effect of acyclovir on radiation- and chemotherapy-induced mouth lesions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:862-865.
122. Carl CW, Emrich LS. Management of oral mucositis during local radiation and systemic chemotherapy: A study of 98 patients. J Prosthet Dent 1991;66:361-369.
123. Cengiz M, Özyar E, Öztürk D, Akyol F, Lale Atahan I, Hayran M. Sucralfate in the prevention of radiation-induced oral mucositis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999;28:40-43.
124. Dörr W, Spekl K, Farrell CL. The effect of keratinocyte growth factor on healing of manifest radiation ulcers in mouse tongue epithelium. Cel Prolif 2002;35(suppl 1):86-92.
125. Epstein JB, Emerton S, Guglietta A, Le N. Assessment of epidermal growth factor in oral secretions of patients receiving radiation therapy for cancer. Oral Oncol 1997;33(5):359-363.
126. Epstein JB, Silverman S Jr, Paggiarino DA, et al. Benzydamine HCl for prophylaxis of radiation-induced oral mucositis: Results from a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Cancer 2001;92:875-885.
127. Etiz D, Erkal HŞ, Serin M, et al. Clinical and histopathological evaluation of sucralfate in prevention of oral mucositis induced by radiation therapy in patients with head and neck malignancies. Oral Oncol 2000;36:116-120.
128. Feber T. Management of mucositis in oral irradiation. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1996;8:106-111.
129. Foote RL, Loprinzi CL, Frank AR, et al. Randomized trial of chlorhexidine mouthwash for alleviation of radiation-induced mucositis. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:2630-2633.
130. Huang E-Y, Leung SW, Wang C-J, et al. Oral glutamine to alleviate radiation-induced oral mucositis: A pilot randomized trial. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2000;46:533-539.
131. Koukourakis MI. Amifostine in clinical oncology: Current use and future applications. Anti-Cancer Drugs 2002;13:181-209.
132. Makkonen TA, Minn H, Jekunen A, Vilja P, Tuominen J, Joensuu H. Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and sucralfate in prevention of radiation-induced mucositis: A prospective randomized study. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2000;46:525-534.
133. Matejka M, Nell A, Kment G, et al. Local benefit of prostaglandin E2 in radiochemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;28:89-91.
134. Mills EE. The modifying effect of beta carotene on radiation and chemotherapy induced oral mucositis. Br J Cancer 1988;57:416-417.
135. Mose S, Adamietz IA, Saran F, et al. Can prophylactic application of immunoglobulin decrease radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis? Am J Clin Oncol 1997;20:407-411.
136. Nicolatou O, Sotiropoulou-Lontou A, Skarlatos J, Kyprianou K, Kolitsi G, Dardoufas K. A pilot study of the effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients during x-radiation therapy: A preliminary report. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1998;42:551-556.
137. Oshitani T, Okada K, Kushima T, et al. Clinical evaluation of sodium alginate on oral mucositis associated with radiotherapy [in Japanese]. Nippon Gan Chiryo Gakkai Shi 1990;25:1129-1137.
138. Pillsbury HC 3rd, Webster WP, Rosenman J. Prostaglandin inhibitor and radiotherapy in advanced head and neck cancers. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986;112:552-553.
139. Schneider SB, Nishimura RD, Zimmerman RP, et al. Filgrastim (r-metHuG-CSF) and its potential use in the reduction of radiation-induced oropharyngeal mucositis: An initerim look at a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cytokines Cell Mol Ther 1999;5:175-180.
140. Spijkervet FK, van Saene HK, Panders AK, et al. Effect of chlorhexidine rinsing on the oropharyngeal ecology in patients with head and neck cancer who have irradiation mucositis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989;67:154-161.
141. Spijkervet FK, Van Saene HK, Van Saene JJ, et al. Effect of selective elimination of the oral flora on mucositis in irradiated head and neck cancer patients. J Surg Oncol 1991;46:167-173.
142. Symonds RP, McIlroy P, Khorrami J, et al. The reduction of radiation mucositis by selective decontamination antibiotic pastilles: A placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Br J Cancer 1996;74:312-317.
143. Wijers OB, Levendag PC, Harms ERE, et al. Mucositis reduction by selective elimination of oral flora in irradiated cancers of the head and neck: A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized study. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2001;50:343-352.
144. Shih A, Miakowski C, Dood MJ, Stotts NA, MacPahil L. A research review of the current treatments for radiation-induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2002;29:1063-1080.
145. Bensadoun RJ, Franquin JC, Ciais G, et al. Low-energy He/Ne laser in the prevention of radiation-induced mucositis. A multicenter phase III randomized study in patients with head and neck cancer. Support Care Cancer 1999;7:244-252.
146. Biron P, Sebban C, Gourmet R, Chvetzoff G, Philip I, Blay JY. Research controversies in management of oral mucositis. Support Care Cancer 2000;8:68-71.
147. Siegel MA, Silverman S Jr, Sollecito TP. Clinician's Guide to Treatment of Common Oral Lesions, ed 5. Baltimore, MD: American Academy of Oral Medicine, 2001.
148. Warde P, O'Sullivan B, Aslanidis J, et al. A phase III placebo-controlled trial of oral pilocarpine in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2002;54:9-13.
149. Schuchter LM, Hensley ML, Merapol NJ, Winer EP. 2002 update on recommendations for the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy protectants: Clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:2895-2903.
150. Lindegaard JC, Grau C. Has the outlook improved for amifostine as a clinical radioprotector? Radiother Oncol 2000;57:113-118.
151. Poggi MM, Coleman CN, Mitchell JB. Sensitizers and protectors of radiation and chemotherapy. Curr Probl Cancer 2001;25:329-412.
152. Rudat V, Meyer J, Momm F, et al. Protective effect of amifostine on dental health after radiotherapy of the head and neck. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2000;48:1339-1343.
153. Lale Atahani İ, Özyar E, Sahins Ş, Yildiz F, Yalçin B, Karaduman A. Two cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome: Toxic epidermal necrolysis possibly induced by amifostine during radiotherapy. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1072-1073.
154. Hsi RA, Witt ME, Yakshaw A, Delay A, Landes J. Therapy for cancer of the base of the tongue: Managing the side effects. Cancer Pract 2000;8:264-267.
155. Grötz KA, Wüstenberg P, Kohnen R, et al. Prophylaxis of radiogenic sialdenitis and mucositis by coumarin/troxerutine in patients with head and neck cancer-a prospective, randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;39:34-39.
156. Lefebvre J-L, Domenge C. A comparative study of the efficacy and safety of fluconazole oral suspension and amphotericin B oral suspension in cancer patients with mucositis. Oral Oncol 2002;38:337-342.
157. Nicolatou-Galitis O, Dardoufas K, Markoulatos P, et al. Oral pseudomembranous candidiasis, herpes simplex virus-1 infection, and oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mouthwash. J Oral Pathol Med 2001;30:471-480.
158. Lacy CF, Armstrong LL, Goldman MP, Lance LL. Drug Information Handbook, ed 10. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp, 2002.
159. Park N-H. Antifungal and antiviral agents. In: Yagiela JA, Neidle EA, Dowd FJ (eds). Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry, ed 4. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1998:534-546.
160. Shaw MJ, Kumar NDK, Duggal M, et al. Oral management of patients following oncology treatment: literature review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;38:519-524.
161. Buchbinder D, Currivan RB, Kaplan AJ, Urken ML. Mobilization regimens for the prevention of jaw hypomobility in the radiated patient: A comparison of three techniques. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993;51:863-867.
162. Epstein JB, Emerton S, Kolbinson DA, et al. Quality of life and oral function following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Head Neck 1999;21:1-11.
163. Öhrn KEO, Sjödén PO, Wahlin Y-B, Elf M. Oral health and quality of life among patients with head and neck cancer or haematological malignancies. Support Care Cancer 2001;9:528-538.
164. Talmi YP. Quality of life issues in cancer of the oral cavity. J Laryngol Otol 2002;116:787-790.
165. Lilly JP, Douglas C, Arcuri M, Krell KV. An evaluation of root canal treatment in patients who have received irradiation to the mandible and maxilla. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;86:224-226.
166. Andersson G, Andreasson L, Bjelkengren G. Oral implant rehabilitation in irradiated patients without adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1998;13:647-654.
167. Fox PC, Busch KA, Baum BJ. Subjective reports of xerostomia and objective measures of salivary gland performance. J Am Dent Assoc 1987;115:581-584.
168. Hamlet S, Faull J, Klein B, et al. Mastication and swallowing in patients with postirradiation xerostomia. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1997;37:789-796.
169. Epstein JB, Emerton S, Le ND, Stevenson-Moore P. A double-blind crossover trial of oral balance gel and Biotene toothpaste versus placebo in patients with xerostomia following radiation therapy. Oral Oncol 1999;35:132-137.
170. Warde P, Kroll B, O'Sullivan B, et al. A phase II study of Biotene in the treatment of postradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. Support Care Cancer 2000;8:203-208.
171. Kielbassa AJ, Shohadai SP, Schulte-Mönting J. Effect of saliva substitutes on mineral content of demineralized and sound dental enamel. Support Care Cancer 2000;9:40-47.
172. KirstiläV, Lenander-Lumikari M, Söderling E, Tenovuo J. Effects of oral hygiene products containing lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and lactoferin on the composition of whole saliva and on subjective oral symptoms in patients with xerostomia. Acta Odontol Scand 1996;54:391-397.
173. Brennan MT, Shariff G, Lockhart PB, Fox PC. Treatment of xerostomia. A systematic review of therapeutic trails. Dent Clin North Am 2002;46:847-856.
174. Schuller DE, Stevens P, Clausen KP, Olsen J, Gahbauer R, Martin M. Treatment of radiation side effects with oral pilocarpine. J Surg Oncol 1989;2:272-276.
175. Burrell KH. Systemic and topical fluorides. In: Ciancio SB (ed). ADA Guide to Dental Therapeutics, ed 1. Chicago: American Dental Association, 1998:214-225.
176. Epstein JB, van der Meij EH, Lunn R, Le ND, Stevenson-Moore P. Effects of compliance with fluoride gel application on caries and caries risk in patients after radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996;82:268-275.
177. Jereczek-Fossa BA, Orecchia R. Radiotherapy-induced mandibular bone complications. Cancer Treat Rev 2002;28:65-74.
178. Németh Z, Somogyi A, Takácsi-Nagy Z, Barabás J, Németh G, Szabó G. Possibilities of preventing osteoradionecrosis during complex therapy of tumors of the oral cavity. Pathol Oncol Res 2000;6:53-58.
179. Carl W, Ikner C. Dental extractions after radiation therapy in the head and neck area and hard tissue replacement (HTR) therapy: A preliminary study. J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:317-322.
180. Thorn JJ, Kallehave F, Westergaard P, Hansen EH, Gottrup F. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on irradiated oral tissues: Transmucosal oxygen tension measurements. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;56:1103-1107.
181. Wood GA, Liggins SJ. Does hyperbaric oxygen have a role in the management of osteoradionecrosis? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surgery 1996;34:424-427.
182. Tibbles PM, Edelsberg JS. Hyperbaric-oxygen therapy. New Eng J Med 1996;334:1642-1648.