Neuroimaging studies of mood disorder effects on the brain

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 338-352

  Sheline, Yvette I ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Basal ganglia; Depression; Hippocampus; MRI; PFC; WMH

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; BASAL GANGLION; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN SIZE; COMORBIDITY; CORPUS STRIATUM; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DYSTHYMIA; FRONTAL CORTEX; GENETIC CORRELATION; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; LIMBIC CORTEX; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MOOD DISORDER; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROTOXICITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STROKE; THALAMOCORTICAL TRACT; THALAMUS NUCLEUS; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; BRAIN; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; PATHOLOGY;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; MOOD DISORDERS;

EID: 0141497898     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00347-0     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Alexopoulos G.S., Kiosses D.N., Choi S.J., Murphy C.F., Lim K.O. Frontal white matter microstructure and treatment response of late-life depression A preliminary study . Am J Psychiatry. 159:2002;1929-1932.
2. Altshuler L.L., Bartzokis G., Grieder T., Curran J., Mintz J. Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia An MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;663-664.
3. Altshuler L.L., Conrad A., Hauser P., Li X.M., Guze B.H., Denikoff K., et al. Reduction of temporal lobe volume in bipolar disorder A preliminary report of magnetic resonance imaging . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 48:1991;482-483.
4. Arango V., Underwood M.D., Gubbi A.V., Man J.J. Localized alterations in pre- and postsynaptic serotonin binding sites in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of suicide victims. Brain Res. 688:1995;121-133.
5. Aronson S. Intracranial vascular lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 32:1973;183-196.
6. Ashtari M., Greenwald B.S., Kramer-Ginsberg E., Hu J., Wu H., Patel M., et al. Hippocampal/amygdala volumes in geriatric depression. Psychol Med. 29:1999;629-638.
7. Axelson D.A., Doraiswamy P.M., Boyko O.B., Rodrigo Escalona P., McDonald W.M., Ritchie J.C., et al. In vivo assessment of pituitary volume with magnetic resonance imaging and systematic stereology Relationship to dexamethasone suppression test results in patients . Psychiatry Res. 44:1992;63-70.
8. Axelson D.A., Doraiswamy P.M., McDonald W.M., Boyko O.B., Tupler L.A., Patterson L.J., et al. Hypercortisolemia and hippocampal changes in depression. Psychiatry Res. 47:1993;163-173.
9. Aylward E.H., Roberts-Twillie J.V., Barta P.E., Kumar A.J., Harris G.J., Geer M., et al. Basal ganglia volumes and white matter hyperintensities in patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 151:1994;687-693.
10. Baron M., Mendlewicz J., Klotz J. Age-of-onset and genetic transmission in affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 64:1981;373-380.
11. Bell-McGinty S., Butters M.A., Meltzer C.C., Greer P.J., Reynolds C.F. 3rd, Becker J.T. Brain morphometric abnormalities in geriatric depression Long-term neurobiological effects of illness duration . Am J Psychiatry. 159:2002;1424-1427.
12. 2 receptor imaging in major depression Focal changes in orbito-insular cortex . Br J Psychiatry. 171:1997;444-448.
13. Bourdeau I., Brad C., Noel B., Leclerc I., Cordeau M.P., Belair M., et al. Loss of brain volume in endogenous Cushing's syndrome and its reversibility after correction of hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87:2002;1949-1954.
14. Bowley M.P., Drevets W.C., Ongur D., Price J.L. Low glial numbers in the amygdala in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 52:2002;404-412.
15. Brambilla P., Nicoletti M.A., Harenski K., Sassi R.B., Mallinger A.G., Frank E., et al. Anatomical MRI study of subgenual prefrontal cortex in bipolar and unipolar subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 27:2002;792-799.
16. Bremner J.D., Narayan M., Anderson E.R., Staib L.H., Miller H.L., Charney D.S., et al. Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 157:2000;115-118.
17. Brown F.W., Lewine R.J., Hudgins P.A., Risch S.C. White matter hyperintensity signals in psychiatric and nonpsychiatric subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 149:1992;620-625.
18. Burns A., Jacoby R., Levy R. Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. III Disorders of mood . Br J Psychiatry. 157:1990;81-86.
19. Burt D.B., Zembar M.J., Niederehe G. Depression and memory impairment A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity . Psychol Bull. 117:1995;285-305.
20. Cameron H.A., Gould E. Adult neurogenesis is regulated by adrenal steroids in the dentate gyrus. Neuroscience. 61:1994;203-209.
21. Carmichael S.T., Price J.L. Limbic connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol. 363:1995;615-641.
22. Carson A.J., MacHale S., Allen K., Lawrie S.M., Dennis M., House A., et al. Depression after stroke and lesion location A systematic review . Lancet. 356:2000;122-126.
23. Charness M.E. Brain lesions in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 17:1993;2-11.
24. Coffey C., Figiel G., Djang W. Leukoencephalopathy in elderly depressed patients referred for ECT. Biol Psychiatry. 24:1988;143-161.
25. Coffey C.E., Figiel G.S., Djang W.T., Weiner R.D. Subcortical hyperintensity on magnetic imaging A comparison of normal and depressed elderly subjects . Am J Psychiatry. 147:1990;187-189.
26. Coffey C.E., Wilkinson W.E., Parashos I.A., Soady S.A., Sullivan R.J., Patterson L.J., et al. Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain A cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging . Neurology. 42:1992;527-536.
27. Coffey C.E., Wilkinson W.E., Weiner R.D., Parashos I.A., Djang W.T., Webb M.C., et al. Quantitative cerebral anatomy in depression A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50:1993;7-16.
28. Coffman J.A., Bornstein R.A., Olson S.C., Schwarzkopf S.B., Nasrallah H.A. Cognitive impairment and cerebral structure by MRI in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 27:1990;1188-1196.
29. Conturo T.E., Lori N.F., Cull T.S., Akbudak E., Snyder A.Z., Shimony J.S., et al. Tracking neuronal fiber pathways in the living human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96:1999;10422-10427.
30. Cummings J.L. Depression and Parkinson's disease A review . Am J Psychiatry. 149:1992;443-454.
31. Czeh B., Michaelis T., Watanabe T., Frahm J., de Biurrun G., van Kampen M., et al. Stress-induced changes in cerebral metabolites, hippocampal volume and cell proliferation are prevented by antidepressant treatment with tianeptine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98:2001;12796-12801.
32. Degl'Innocenti A., Agren H., Backman L. Executive deficits in major depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 97:1998;182-188.
33. Drevets W.C., Price J.L., Simpson J.R. Jr, Todd R.D., Reich T., Vannier M., et al. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature. 386:1997;824-827.
34. Drevets W.C., Videen T.O., Price J.L., Preskorn S.H., Carmichael S.T., Raichle M.E. A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. J Neurosci. 12:1992;3628-3641.
35. Duman R.S. Novel therapeutic approaches beyond the serotonin receptor. Biol Psychiatry. 44:1998;324-335.
36. Duman R.S., Heninger G.R., Nestler E.J. A molecular and cellular theory of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 54:1997;597-606.
37. Duman R.S., Malberg J.E. Neural plasticity in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 37:1998;261.
38. Dupont R.M., Jernigan T.L., Butters N., Delis D., Hesselink J.R., Heindel W., et al. Subcortical abnormalities detected in bipolar affective disorder using magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical and neuropsychological significance. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 47:1990;55-59.
39. Dupont R.M., Jernigan T.L., Heindel W., Butters N., Shafer K., Wilson T., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and mood disorders. Localization of white matter and other subcortical abnormalities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:1995;747-755.
40. Fazekas F., Kleinert R., Offenbacher H., Payer F., Schmidt R., Kleinert G., et al. The morphologic correlate of incidental punctate white matter hyperintensities on MR images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 12:1991;915-921.
41. Figiel G.S., Krishnan K.R.R., Doraiswamy P.M., Rao V.P., Nemeroff C.B., Boyko O.B., et al. Subcortical hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging A comparison between late age onset and early onset elderly depressed subjects . Neurobiol Aging. 12:1991;245-247.
42. Folstein S.E., Abbott M.H., Chase G.A., Jensen B.A., Folstein M.F. The association of affective disorder with Huntington's disease in a case series and in families. Psychol Med. 13:1983;537-542.
43. Frodl T., Meisenzahl E., Zetzsche T., Born C., Groll C., Jager M., et al. Hippocampal changes in patients with a first episode of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 159:2002;1112-1118.
44. Frodl T., Meisenzahl E., Zetzsche T., Bottlelender R., Born C., Groll C., et al. Enlargement of the amygdala in patients with a first episode of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 51:2002;708-714.
45. Fujikawa T., Yamawaki S., Touhouda Y. Incidence of silent cerebral infarction in patients with major depression. Stroke. 24:1993;1631-1634.
46. Fujikawa T., Yamawaki S., Touhouda Y. Background factors and clinical symptoms of major depression with silent cerebral infarction. Stroke. 25:1994;798-801.
47. Fujikawa T., Yamawaki S., Touhouda Y. Silent cerebral infarctions in patients with late-onset mania. Stroke. 26:1995;946-949.
48. Gould E., McEwen B.S., Tanapat P., Galea L.A.M., Fuchs E. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress and NMDA receptor activation. J Neurosci. 17:1997;2492-2498.
49. Gould E., Reeves A.J., Graziano M.S., Gross C.G. Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates. Science. 286:1999;548-552.
50. Greenwald B.S., Kramer-Ginsberg E., Bogerts B., Ashtari M., Aupperle P., Wu H., et al. Qualitative magnetic resonance imaging findings in geriatric depression. Possible link between later-onset depression and Alzheimer's disease? Psychol Med. 27:1997;421-431.
51. Guze B.H., Szuba M.P. Leukoencephalopathy and major depression A preliminary report . Psychiatry Res. 45:1992;169-175.
52. Harvey I., Persaud R., Ron M.A., Baker G., Murray R.M. Volumetric MRI measurements in bipolars compared with schizophrenics and healthy controls. Psychol Med. 24:1994;689-699.
53. Hauser P., Altshuler L.L., Berrettini W., Dauphinais I.D., Gelernter J., Post R.M. Temporal lobe measurement in primary affective disorder by magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1:1989;128-134.
54. Heim C., Ehlert U., Hellhammer D.H. The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 25:2000;1-35.
55. Hickie I., Scott E., Mitchell P., Wilhelm K., Austin M.B., Bennett B. Subcortical hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging Clinical correlates and prognostic significance in patients with severe depression . Biol Psychiatry. 37:1995;151-160.
56. Howard R.J., Beats B., Forstl H., Graves P., Bingham J., Levy R. White matter changes in late onset depression A magnetic resonance imaging study . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 8:1993;183-185.
57. Husain M.M., McDonald W.M., Doraiswamy P.M., Figiel G.S., Na C., Escalona P.R., et al. A magnetic resonance imaging study of putamen nuclei in major depression. Psychiatry Res. 40:1991;95-99.
58. Jacoby R.J., Levy R., Bird J.M. Computed tomography and the outcome of affective disorder A follow-up study of elderly patients . Br J Psychiatry. 139:1981;288-292.
59. Jellinger K.A. Post mortem studies in Parkinson's disease Is it possible to detect brain areas for specific symptoms? J Neural Transm Suppl. 56:1999;1-29.
60. Johnstone E.C., Owens D.G., Crow T.J., Frith C.D., Alexandropolis K., Bydder G., et al. Temporal lobe structure as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 52:1989;736-741.
61. Kanne S.M., Balota D.A., Storandt M., McKeel D.W., Morris J.C. Relating anatomy to function in Alzheimer's disease Neuropsychological profiles predict regional neuropathology 5 years later . Neurology. 50:1998;979-985.
62. Kobayashi S., Okada K., Yamashita K. Incidence of silent lacunar lesion in normal adults and its relation to cerebral blood flow and risk factors. Stroke. 22:1991;1379-1383.
63. Krishnan K., Hays J., Blazer D. MRI-Defined vascular depression. Am J Psychiatry. 154:1997;497-501.
64. Krishnan K.R., Goli V., Ellinwood E.H., France R.D., Blazer D.G., Nemeroff C.B. Leukoencephalopathy in patients diagnosed as major depressive. Biol Psychiatry. 23:1988;519-522.
65. Krishnan K.R., McDonald W., Escalona P., Doraiswamy P.M., Na C., Husain M., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudate nuclei in depression. Preliminary observations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:1992;553-557.
66. Krishnan K.R., McDonald W.M., Doraiswamy P.M. Neuroanatomical substrates of depression in the elderly. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 243:1993;41-46.
67. Kumar A., Jin Z., Bilker W., Udupa J., Gottlieb G. Late-onset minor and major depression Early evidence for common neuroanatomical substrates detected by using MRI . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95:1998;7654-7658.
68. Lenze E., Sheline Y. Absence of striatal volume differences between healthy depressed subjects and matched comparisons. Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;1989-1991.
69. Lesser I.M., Miller B.L., Boone K.B., Hill-Gutierrez E., Mehringer C.M., Wong K., et al. Brain injury and cognitive function in late-onset psychotic depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 3:1991;33-40.
70. Lim K.O., Rosenbloom M.J., Faustman W.O., Sullivan E.V., Pfefferbaum A. Cortical gray matter deficit in patients with bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res. 40:1999;219-227.
71. Lipsey J.R., Robinson R.G., Pearlson G.D., Rao K., Price T.R. Mood change following bilateral hemisphere brain injury. Br J Psychiatry. 143:1983;266-267.
72. Lisanby S.H., McDonald W.M., Massey E.W., Doraiswamy P.M., Rozear M., Boyko O.B., et al. Diminished subcortical nuclei volumes in Parkinson's disease by MR imaging. J Neural Transm Suppl. 40:1993;13-21.
73. Lupien S.J., de Leon M., de Santi S., Convit A., Tarshish C., Nair N.P., et al. Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits. Nat Neurosci. 1:1998;69-73.
74. MacFall J.R., Payne M.E., Provenzale J.E., Krishnan K.R. Medial orbital frontal lesions in late-onset depression. Biol Psychiatry. 49:2001;803-806.
75. MacQueen G.M., Campbell S., McEwen B., MacDonald K., Amano S., Joffe R.T., et al. Course of illness, hippocampal function and volume in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100:2003;1387-1392.
76. Manji H.K., Moore G.J., Chen G. Lithium up-regulates the cytoprotective protein Bcl-2 in the CNS in vivo A role for neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in manic depressive illness . J Clin Psychiatry. 61:2000;82-96.
77. Mayberg H.S. Frontal lobe dysfunction in secondary depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 6:1994;428-442.
78. Mayberg H.S., Starkstein S.E., Sadzot B., Preziosi T., Andrezeiewski P.L., Dannals R.F., et al. Selective hypometabolism in the inferior frontal lobe in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 28:1990;57-64.
79. McDonald W.M., Krishnan K.R. Magnetic resonance in patients with affective illness. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 241:1992;283-290.
80. McDonald W.M., Krishnan K.R., Doraiswamy P.M., Blazer D.G. Occurrence of subcortical hyperintensities in elderly subjects with mania. Psychiatry Res. 40:1991;211-220.
81. Mega M.S., Cummings J.L. Frontal-subcortical circuits and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 6:1994;358-370.
82. Mervaala E., Fohr J., Kononen M., Valkonen-Korhonen M., Vainio P., Partanen K., et al. Quantitative MRI of the hippocampus and amygdala in severe depression. Psychol Med. 30:2000;117-125.
83. Mintun M.A., Sheline Y.I., Moerlein S.M., Snyder A.Z. Regional [18F]altanserin binding in the treatment of major depression. Neuroimage. 11:2000;S83.
84. Mirsen T.R., Lee D.H., Wong C.J., Diaz J.F., Fox A.J., Hachinski V.C., et al. Clinical correlates of white-matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain. Arch Neurol. 48:1991;1015-1021.
85. Nauta W.J. Neural associations of the frontal cortex. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Warsz). 32:1972;125-140.
86. Nauta W.J., Domesick V. Afferent and efferent relationships of the basal ganglia. Evered D., O'Conner M. CIBA Foundation Symposium 107. Function of the Basal Ganglia. 1984;3-29 Pitman Press, London.
87. Nibuya M., Morinobu S., Duman R.S. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electoconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J Neurosci. 15:1995;7539-7547.
88. Nibuya M., Nestler E.J., Duman R.S. Chronic antidepressant administration increases the expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in rat hippocampus. J Neurosci. 16:1996;2365-2372.
89. Ongur D., Drevets W.C., Price J.L. Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95:1998;13290-13295.
90. Pantel J., Schroder J., Essig M., Popp D., Dech H., Knopp M.V., et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in geriatric depression and primary degenerative dementia. J Affect Disord. 42:1997;69-83.
91. Parashos I.A., Oxley S.L., Boyko O.B., Krishnan K.R. In vivo quantitation of basal ganglia and thalamic degenerative changes in two temporal lobectomy patients with affective disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 5:1993;337-341.
92. Pearlson G.D., Barta P.E., Powers R.E., Menon R.R., Richards S.S., Aylward E.H., et al. Ziskind-Somerfeld Research Award 1996. Medial and superior temporal gyral volumes and cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 41:1997;1-14.
93. Price J., Russchen F., Amaral D. The limbic region. II The amygdaloid complex . Bjorkland A., Hokfelt T., Swanson L. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, vol 5. 1987;279-388 Elsevier, New York.
94. Price J.L. Prefrontal cortical networks related to visceral function and mood. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 877:1999;383-396.
95. Rabins P.V., Pearlson G.D., Aylward E., Kumar A.J., Dowell K. Cortical magnetic resonance imaging changes in elderly inpatients with major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 148:1991;617-620.
96. Rajkowska G., Miguel-Hidalgo J.J., Wei J., Dilley G., Pittman S.D., Meltzer H.Y., et al. Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 45:1999;1085-1098.
97. Ransom B.R., Sontheimer H. The neurophysiology of glial cells. J Clin Neurophysiol. 9:1992;224-251.
98. Robinson R.G., Kubos K.L., Starr L.B., Rao K., Price T.R. Mood changes in stroke patients Relationship to lesion location . Compr Psychiatry. 24:1983;555-566.
99. Rothschild A.J., Benes F., Hebben N., Woods B., Luciana M., Bakanas E., et al. Relationships between brain CT scan findings and cortisol in psychotic and nonpsychotic depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry. 26:1989;565-575.
100. Sapolsky R.M. Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 57:2000;925-935.
101. Sawrie S.M., Martin R.C., Knowlton R., Faught E., Gilliam F., Kuzniecky R. Relationships among hippocampal volumetry, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and verbal memory in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 42:2001;1403-1407.
102. Sax K.W., Strakowski S.M., Zimmerman M.E., DelBello M.P., Keck P.E., Hawkins J. Frontosubcortical neuroanatomy and the continuous performance test in mania. Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;139-141.
103. Schlaepfer T.E., Harris G.J., Tien A.Y., Peng L.W., Lee S., Federman E.B., et al. Decreased regional cortical gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 151:1994;842-848.
104. Shah P.J., Ebmeier K.P., Glabus M.F., Goodwin G.M. Cortical grey matter reductions associated with treatment resistant chronic unipolar depression. Controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Br J Psychiatry. 172:1998;527-532.
105. Sheline Y. 3D MRI studies of neuroanatomic changes in unipolar major depression The role of stress and medical comorbidity . Biol Psychiatry. 48:2000;791-800.
106. Sheline Y., Sanghavi M., Mintun M., Gado M. Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in women with recurrent major depression. J Neurosci. 19:1999;5034-5043.
107. Sheline Y., Wang P., Gado M., Csernansky J., Vannier M. Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93:1996;3908-3913.
108. Sheline Y.I., Gado M.H., Price J.L. Amygdala core nuclei volumes are decreased in recurrent major depression. Neuroreport. 9:1998;2023-2028.
109. Simpson S., Baldwin R.C., Jackson A., Burns A.S. Is subcortical disease associated with a poor response to antidepressants? Neurological, neuropsychological and neuroradiological findings in late-life depression. Psychol Med. 28:1998;1015-1026.
110. Soares J.C., Mann J.J. The anatomy of mood disorders Review of structural neuroimaging studies . Biol Psychiatry. 41:1997;86-106.
111. Starkman M.N., Gebarski S.S., Berent S., Schteingart D.E. Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Biol Psychiatry. 32:1992;756-765.
112. Starkstein S.E., Robinson R.G. Affective disorders and cerebral vascular disease. Br J Psychiatry. 154:1989;170-182.
113. Steffens D.C., Krishnan K.R. Structural neuroimaging and mood disorders Recent findings, implications for classification, and future directions . Biol Psychiatry. 43:1998;705-712.
114. Steffens D.C., Payne M.E., Greenberg D.L., Byrum C.E., Welsh-Bohmer K.A., Wagner H.R., et al. Hippocampal volume and incident dementia in geriatric depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 10:2002;62-71.
115. Strakowski S.M., DelBello M.P., Sax K.W., Zimmerman M.E., Shear P.K., Hawkins J.M., et al. Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56:1999;254-260.
116. Strakowski S.M., DelBello M.P., Zimmerman M.E., Getz G.E., Mills N.P., Ret J., et al. Ventricular and periventricular structural volumes in first- versus multiple-episode bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 159:2002;1841-1847.
117. Strakowski S.M., Wilson D.R., Tohen M., Woods B.T., Douglass A.W., Stoll A.L. Structural brain abnormalities in first-episode mania. Biol Psychiatry. 33:1993;602-609.
118. Swayze V.W. 2nd, Andreasen N.C., Alliger R.J., Ehrhardt J.C., Yuh W.T. Structural brain abnormalities in bipolar affective disorder. Ventricular enlargement and focal signal hyperintensities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 47:1990;1054-1059.
119. Swayze V.W., Andreasen N.C., Alliger R.J., Yuh W.T.C., Ehrhard J.C. Subcortical and temporal structures in affective disorder and schizophrenia A magnetic resonance imaging study . Biol Psychiatry. 31:1992;221-240.
120. Swerdlow N.R., Koob G.F. Dopamine, schizophrenia, mania and depression Toward a unified hypothesis of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic function . Behav Brain Sci. 10:1987;197-245.
121. Szatkowski M., Attwell D. Triggering and execution of neuronal death in brain ischemia Two phases of glutamate release by different mechanisms . Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;359-365.
122. Tebartz van Elst L., Woermann F.G., Lemieux L., Trimble M.R. Amygdala enlargement in dysthymia A volumetric study of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy . Biol Psychiatry. 46:1999;1614-1623.
123. Tebartz van Elst L., Woermann F.G., Lemieux L., Trimble M.R. Increased amygdala volumes in female and depressed humans. A quantitative magnetic resonance study. Neurosci Lett. 281:2000;103-106.
124. Vakili K., Pillay S.S., Lafer B., Fava M., Renshaw P.F., Bonello-Cintron C.M., et al. Hippocampal volume in primary unipolar major depression A magnetic resonance imaging study . Biol Psychiatry. 47:2000;1087-1090.
125. Vataja R., Pohjasvaara T., Leppavuori A., Mantyla R., Aronen H.J., Salonen O., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of depression after ischemic stroke. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 58:2001;925-931.
126. Viadya V.A., Duman R.S. Role of 5-HT2A receptors in down-regulation of BDNF by stress. Neurosci Lett. 287:1999;1-4.
127. Watanabe Y., Gould H., Cameron D., Daniels D., McEwen B.S. Phenytoin prevents stress and corticosterone induced atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Hippocampus. 2:1992;431-436.
128. White L.E., Price J.L. The functional anatomy of limbic status epileptics in the rat. II. The effects of focal deactivation. J Neurosci. 13:1993;4810-4830.
129. Young R.C., Patel A., Meyers B.S., Kakuma T., Alexopoulos G.S. Alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein, age, and sex in mood disorders. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 7:1999;331-334.
130. Zipursky R.B., Seeman M.V., Bury A., Langevin R., Wortzman G., Katz R. Deficits in gray matter volume are present in schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res. 26:1997;85-92.