Remodeling the Cytoskeleton for Growth and Form: An Overview with Some New Views

Annual Review of Plant Biology

Volumn 54, Issue , 2003, Pages 691-722

  Wasteneys, Geoffrey O ^a   Galway, Moira E ^b  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b ST FRANCIS XAVIER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Actin binding protein (ABP); Calcium ion; Microtubule associated protein (MAP); Phosphoinositide signaling; Rho related GTPase (ROP)

Indexed keywords

EUKARYOTA;

ACTIN; CYTOSKELETON PROTEIN; VEGETABLE PROTEIN;

CYTOSKELETON; GENETICS; GENOME; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HISTOLOGY; MICROTUBULE; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT; REVIEW; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ACTINS; CONSERVED SEQUENCE; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; CYTOSKELETON; GENOME, PLANT; MICROTUBULES; MULTIGENE FAMILY; PLANT PROTEINS; PLANTS;

EID: 0042765607     PISSN: 15435008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134818     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Allwood EG, Smertenko AP, Hussey PJ. 2001. Phosphorylation of plant actin-depolymerising factor by calmodulin-like domain protein kinase. FEBS Lett. 499:97-100
2. Andeme-Onzighi C, Sivaguru M, Judy-March J, Baskin TI, Driouich A. 2002. The reb1-1 mutation of Arabidopsis alters the morphology of trichoblasts, the expression of arabinogalactan-proteins and the organization of cortical microtubules. Planta 215:949-58
3. Anderhag P, Hepler PK, Lazzaro MD. 2000. Microtubules and microfilaments are both responsible for pollen tube elongation in the conifer Picea abies (Norway spruce). Protoplasma 214:141-57
4. Assmann SM. 2002. Heterotrimeric and unconventional GTP binding proteins in plant cell signaling. Plant Cell 14:S355-S373
5. Baluška F, Barlow PW, Kubica S. 1994. Importance of the post-mitotic isodiametric growth (pig) region for growth and development of roots. Plant Soil 167:31-41
6. Baluška F, Jasik J, Edelmann HG, Salajová T, Volkmann D. 2001. Latrunculin B-induced plant dwarfism: Plant cell elongation is F-actin-dependent. Dev. Biol. 231:113-24
7. Baluška F, Salaj J, Mathur J, Braun M, Jasper F, et al. 2000. Root hair formation: F-actin-dependent tip growth is initiated by local assembly of profilin-supported F-actin meshworks accumulated within expansin-enriched bulges. Dev. Biol. 227:618-32
8. Baluška F, von Witsch M, Peters M, Hlavacka A, Volkmann D. 2001. Mastoparan alters subcellular distribution of profilin and remodels F-actin cytoskeleton in cells of maize root apices. Plant Cell Physiol. 42:912-22
9. Banno H, Chua NH. 2000. Characterization of the Arabidopsis formin-like protein AFH1 and its interacting protein. Plant Cell Physiol. 41:617-26
10. Barrero RA, Umeda M, Yamamura S, Uchimiya H. 2002. Arabidopsis CAP regulates the actin cytoskeleton necessary for plant cell elongation and division. Plant Cell 14:149-63
11. Baskin TI, Wilson JE. 1997. Inhibitors of protein kinases and phosphatases alter root morphology and disorganize cortical microtubules. Plant Physiol. 113:493-502
12. Battey NH, James NC, Greenland AJ, Brownlee C. 1999. Exocytosis and endocytosis. Plant Cell 11:643-59
13. Berg JS, Powell BC, Cheney RE. 2001. A millennial myosin census. Mol. Biol. Cell 12:780-94
14. Bibikova TN, Blancaflor EB, Gilroy S. 1999. Microtubules regulate tip growth and orientation in root hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 17:657-65
15. Bichet A, Desnos T, Turner S, Grandjean O, Höfte H. 2001. BOTERO1 is required for normal orientation of cortical microtubules and anisotropic cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 25:137-48
16. Blancaflor EB. 2002. The cytoskeleton and gravitropism in higher plants. J. Plant Growth Regul. 21:120-36
17. Braun M. 2001. Association of spectrin-like proteins with the actin-organized aggregate of endoplasmic reticulum in the Spitzenkörper of gravitropically tip-growing plant cells. Plant Physiol. 125:1611-19
18. Braun M, Baluška F, von Witsch M, Menzel D. 1999. Redistribution of actin, profilin and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate in growing and maturing root hairs. Planta 209:435-43
19. Breviario D, Nick P. 2000. Plant tubulins: A melting pot for basic questions and promising applications. Transgenic Res. 9:383-93
20. Brugnera E, Haney L, Grimeley C, Lu M, Walk SF, et al. 2002. Unconventional Rac-GEF activity is mediated through the Dock180-ELMO complex. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:574-82
21. Burk DH, Liu B, Zhong RQ, Morrison WH, Ye ZH. 2001. A katanin-like protein regulates normal cell wall biosynthesis and cell elongation. Plant Cell 13:807-27
22. Camilleri C, Azimzadeh J, Pastuglia M, Bellini C, Grandjean O, Bouchez D. 2002. The Arabidopsis TONNEAU2 gene encodes a putative novel protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit essential for the control of the cortical cytoskeleton. Plant Cell 14:833-45
23. 2 rafts. EMBO J. 20:4332-36
24. Carroll SB. 2001. Chance and necessity: the evolution of morphological complexity and diversity. Nature 409:1102-9
25. Cheng ZG, Snustad DP, Carter JV. 2001. Temporal and spatial expression patterns of TUB9, a beta-tubulin gene of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol. 47:389-98
26. Clark GB, Sessions A, Eastburn DJ, Roux SJ. 2001. Differential expression of members of the annexin multigene family in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126:1072-84
27. Collings D, Allen NS. 2000. Cortical actin interacts with the plasma membrane and microtubules. In Actin: a dynamic framework for multiple plant cell functions, ed. CJ Staiger, F Baluška, D Volkmann, PW Barlow, pp. 145-64. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. 663 pp.
28. Collings DA, Asada T, Allen NS, Shibaoka H. 1998. Plasma membrane-associated actin in bright yellow 2 tobacco cells - evidence for interaction with microtubules. Plant Physiol. 118:917-28
29. Collings DA, Harper JDI, Marc J, Overall RL, Mullen RT. 2002. Life in the fast lane: actin-based motility of plant peroxisomes. Can. J. Bot. 80:430-41
30. Collings DA, Wasteneys GO, Miyazaki M, Williamson RE. 1994. Elongation factor 1-alpha is a component of the subcortical actin bundles of characean algae. Cell Biol. Inf. 18:1019-24
31. Collings DA, Wasteneys GO, Williamson RE. 1995. Cytochalasin rearranges cortical actin of the alga Nitella into short, stable rods. Plant Cell Physiol. 36:765-72
32. Collings DA, Wasteneys GO, Williamson RE. 1996. Actin-microtubule interactions in the alga Nitella-analysis of the mechanism by which microtubule depolymerization potentiates cytochalasins effects on streaming. Protoplasma 191:178-90
33. Collings DA, Zsuppan G, Allen NS, Blancaflor EB. 2001. Demonstration of prominent actin filaments in the root columella. Planta 212:392-403
34. de Ruijter NCA, Emons AMC. 1999. Actin-binding proteins in plant cells. Plant Biol. 1:26-35
35. de Ruijter NCA, Ketelaar T, Blumenthal SSD, Emons AMC, Schel JHN. 2000. Spectrin-like proteins in plant nuclei. Cell Biol. Int. 24:427-38
36. 2+/calmodulin regulation of the Arabidopsis kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 40:408-16
37. Dong CH, Kost B, Xia GX, Chua NH. 2001. Molecular identification and characterization of the Arabidopsis AtADF1, AtADF5 and AtADF6 genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 45:517-27
38. Dong CH, Xia GX, Hong Y, Ramachandran S, Kost B, Chua NH. 2001. ADF proteins are involved in the control of flowering and regulate F-actin organization, cell expansion, and organ growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 13:1333-46
39. Drøbak BK, Heras B. 2002. Nuclear phosphoinositides could bring FYVE alive. Trends Plant Sci. 7:132-38
40. Eden S, Rohatgi R, Podtelejnikov AV, Mann M, Kirschner MW. 2002. Mechanism of regulation of WAVE1-induced actin nucleation by Rac1 and Nck. Nature 418:790-93
41. Endle MC, Stoppin V, Lambert AM, Schmit AC. 1998. The growing cell plate of higher plants is a site of both actin assembly and vinculin-like antigen recruitment. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 77:10-18
42. Fisher DD, Cyr RJ. 1998. Extending the microtubule/microfibril paradigm-cellulose synthesis is required for normal cortical microtubule alignment in elongating cells. Plant Physiol. 116:1043-51
43. Foissner I, Wasteneys GO. 1997. A cytochalasin-sensitive actin filament meshwork is a prerequisite for local wound wall deposition inNitella internodal cells. Protoplasma 200:17-30
44. Foissner I, Wasteneys GO. 1999. Microtubules at wound sites of Nitella internodal cells passively co-align with actin bundles when exposed to hydrodynamic forces generated by cytoplasmic streaming. Planta 208:480-90
45. Foissner I, Wasteneys GO. 2000. Microtubule disassembly enhances reversible cytochalasin-dependent disruption of actin bundles in characean internodes. Protoplasma 214:33-44
46. Folkers U, Kirik V, Schobinger U, Falk S, Krishnakumar S, et al. 2002. The cell morphogenesis gene ANGUSTIFOLIA encodes a CtBP/BARS-like protein and is involved in the control of the microtubule cytoskeleton. EMBO J. 21:1280-88
47. Frank MJ, Smith LG. 2002. A small, novel protein highly conserved in plants and animals promotes the polarized growth and division of maize leaf epidermal cells. Curr. Biol. 12:849-53
48. Fu Y, Li H, Yang ZB. 2002. The ROP2 GTPase controls the formation of cortical fine F-actin and the early phase of directional cell expansion during Arabidopsis organogenesis. Plant Cell 14:777-94
49. Furutani I, Watanabe Y, Prieto R, Masukawa M, Suzuki K, et al. 2000. The SPIRAL genes are required for directional control of cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 127:4443-53
50. Galway ME, Heckman JW Jr, Schiefelbein JW. 1997. Growth and ultrastructure of Arabidopsis root hairs: the rhd3 mutation alters vacuole enlargement and tip growth. Planta 201:20918
51. Gardiner JC, Harper JDI, Weerakoon ND, Collings DA, Ritchie S, et al. 2001. A 90-kD phospholipase D from tobacco binds to microtubules and the plasma membrane. Plant Cell 13:2143-58
52. Geitmann A, Emons AMC. 2000. The cytoskeleton in plant and fungal cell tip growth. J. Microsc. 198:218-45
53. Gibbon BC. 2001. Actin monomerbinding proteins and the regulation of actin dynamics in plants. J. Plant Growth Regul. 20:103-12
54. Gibbon BC, Kovar DR, Staiger CJ. 1999. Latrunculin B has different effects on pollen germination and tube growth. Plant Cell 11:2349-63
55. Giddings TH, Staehelin LA. 1991. Microtubule-mediated control of microfibril deposition; a re-examination of the hypothesis. In The Cytoskeletal Basis of Plant Growth and Form, ed. CW Lloyd, pp. 85-100. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
56. Gilliland LU, McKinney EC, Asmussen MA, Meagher RB. 1998. Detection of deleterious genotypes in multigenerational studies. I. Disruptions in individual Arabidopsis actin genes. Genetics 149:717-25
57. Gilroy S, Trewavas A. 2001. Signal processing and transduction in plant cells: the end of the beginning? Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2:307-14
58. Grabski S, Arnoys E, Busch B, Schindler M. 1998. Regulation of actin tension in plant cells by kinases and phosphatases. Plant Physiol. 116:279-90
59. Grabski S, Schindler M. 1996. Auxins and cytokinins as antipodal modulators of elasticity within the actin network of plant cells. Plant Physiol. 110:965-70
60. Guillén G, Valdés-López V, Noguez R, Olivares J, Rodriguez-Zapata LC, et al. 1999. Profilin in Phaseolus vulgaris is encoded by two genes (only one expressed in root nodules) but multiple isoforms are generated in vivo by phosphorylation on tyrosine residues. Plant J. 19:497-508
61. Gungabissoon RA, Jiang CJ, Drøbak BK, Maciver SK, Hussey PJ. 1998. Interaction of maize actin-depolymerising factor with actin and phosphoinositides and its inhibition of plant phospholipase C. Plant J. 16:689-96
62. Gungabissoon RA, Khan S, Hussey PJ, Maciver SK. 2001. Interaction of elongation factor 1 α from Zea mays (ZmEF-1α) with F-actin and interplay with the maize actin severing protein, ZmADFS. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 49:104-11
63. Hawes CR, Satiat-Jeunemaitre B. 2001. Trekking along the cytoskeleton. Plant Physiol. 125:119-22
64. Heath MC. 2000. Advances in imaging the cell biology of plant-microbe interactions. Annu. Rev. Phytopath. 38:443-59
65. Hepler PK, Vidali L, Cheung AY. 2001. Polarized cell growth in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 17:159-87
66. Holzinger A, De Ruijter N, Emons AM, Lutz-Meindl U. 1999. Spectrin-like proteins in green algae (Desmidiaceae). Cell. Biol. Int. 23:335-44
67. Huang S, Ingber DE. 2000. Shape-dependent control of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis: Switching between attractors in cell regulatory networks. Exp. Cell Res. 261:91-103
68. Hubberstey AV, Mottillo EP. 2002. Cyclase-associated proteins: CAPacity for linking signal transduction and actin polymerization. FASEB J. 16:487-99
69. Hush JM, Wadsworth P, Callaham DA, Hepler PK. 1994. Quantification of microtubule dynamics in living plant cells using fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching. J. Cell Sci. 107:775-84
70. Hussey PJ, Allwood EG, Smertenko AP. 2002. Actin-binding proteins in the Arabidopsis genome database: properties of functionally distinct plant actin-depolymerizing factors/cofilins. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 357:791-98
71. Hussey PJ, Yuan M, Calder G, Khan S, Lloyd CW. 1998. Microinjection of pollen-specific actin-depolymerizing factor, ZmADF1, reorientates F-actin strands in Tradescantia stamen hair cells. Plant J. 14:353-57
72. Igarashi H, Orii H, Mori H, Shimmen T, Sonobe S. 2000. Isolation of a novel 190 kDa protein from tobacco BY-2 cells: Possible involvement in the interaction between actin filaments and microtubules. Plant Cell Physiol. 41:920-31
73. Jedd G, Chua NH. 2002. Visualization of peroxisomes in living plant cells reveals acto-myosin-dependent cytoplasmic streaming and peroxisome budding. Plant Cell Physiol. 43:384-92
74. Jones MA, Shen JJ, Fu Y, Li H, Yang ZB, Grierson CS. 2002. The Arabidopsis Rop2 GTPase is a positive regulator of both root hair initiation and tip growth. Plant Cell 14:763-76
75. Kandasamy MK, Gilliland LU, McKinney EC, Meagher RB. 2001. One plant actin isovariant, ACT7, is induced by auxin and required for normal callus formation. Plant Cell 13:1541-54
76. Kandasamy MK, McKinney EC, Meagher RB. 2002. Plant profilin isovariants are distinctly regulated in vegetative and reproductive tissues. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 52:22-32
77. Ketelaar T, Emons AMC. 2001. The cytoskeleton in plant cell growth: lessons from root hairs. New Phytol. 152:409-18
78. Kim GT, Shoda K, Tsuge T, Cho KH, Uchimiya H, et al. 2002. The ANGUSTIFOLIA gene of Arabidopsis, a plant CtBP gene, regulates leaf-cell expansion, the arrangement of cortical microtubules in leaf cells and expression of a gene involved in cell-wall formation. EMBO J. 21:1267-79
79. Klahre U, Chua NH. 1999. The Arabidopsis ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN 2 (AtARP2) promoter directs expression in xylem precursor cells and pollen. Plant Mol. Biol. 41:65-73
80. Klahre U, Friederich E, Kost B, Louvard D, Chua NH. 2000. Villin-like actin-binding proteins are expressed ubiquitously in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 122:35-47
81. Kost B, Lemichez E, Spielhofer P, Hong Y, Tolias K, et al. 1999. Rac homologues and compartmentalized phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate act in a common pathway to regulate polar pollen tube growth. J. Cell Biol. 145:317-30
82. Kost B, Spielhofer P, Chua NH. 1998. A GFP-mouse talin fusion protein labels plant actin filaments in vivo and visualizes the actin cytoskeleton in growing pollen tubes. Plant J. 16:393-401
83. Kovar DR, Drøbak BK, Collings DA, Staiger CJ. 2001. The characterization of ligand-specific maize (Zea mays) profilin mutants. Biochem. J. 358:49-57
84. Kovar DR, Drøbak BK, Staiger CJ. 2000. Maize profilin isoforms are functionally distinct. Plant Cell 12:583-98
85. Kovar DR, Gibbon BC, McCurdy DW, Staiger CJ. 2001. Fluorescently-labeled fimbrin decorates a dynamic actin filament network in live plant cells. Planta 213:390-95
86. Kovar DR, Staiger CJ, Weaver EA, McCurdy DW 2000. AtFiml is an actin filament crosslinking protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 24:625-36
87. Krendel M, Zenke FT, Bokoch GM. 2002. Nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 mediates cross-talk between microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:294-301
88. Kropf DL, Williamson RE, Wasteneys GO. 1997. Microtubule orientation and dynamics in elongating characean internodal cells following cytosolic acidification, induction of pH bands, or premature growth arrest. Protoplasma 197:188-98
89. Laval V, Koroleva OA, Murphy E, Lu CG, Milner JJ, et al. 2002. Distribution of actin gene isoforms in the Arabidopsis leaf measured in microsamples from intact individual cells. Planta 215:287-92
90. Lawrence CJ, Morris NR, Meagher RB, Dawe RK. 2001. Dyneins have run their course in plant lineage. Traffic 2:362-63
91. Lhuissier FGP, De Ruijter NCA, Sieberer BJ, Esseling JJ, Emons AMC. 2001. Time course of cell biological events evoked in legume root hairs by Rhizobium Nod factors: State of the art. Ann. Bot. 87:289-302
92. Li H, Shen JJ, Zheng ZL, Lin YK, Yang ZB. 2001. The Rop GTPase switch controls multiple developmental processes in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126:670-84
93. Li Y, Yen LF. 2001. Plant Golgi-associated vesicles contain a novel alpha-actinin-like protein. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 80:703-10
94. Liu LY, Zhou JH, Pesacreta TC. 2001. Maize myosins: Diversity, localization, and function. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 48:130-48
95. Mano S, Nakamori C, Hayashi M, Kato A, Kondo M, Nishimura M. 2002. Distribution and characterization of peroxisomes in Arabidopsis by visualization with GFP: Dynamic morphology and actin-dependent movement. Plant Cell Physiol. 43:331-41
96. Mathur J, Chua NH. 2000. Microtubule stabilization leads to growth reorientation in Arabidopsis trichomes. Plant Cell 12:465-77
97. Mathur J, Mathur N, Hülskamp M. 2002. Simultaneous visualization of peroxisomes and cytoskeletal elements reveals actin and not microtubule-based peroxisome motility in plants. Plant Physiol. 128:1031-45
98. May RC. 2001. The Arp2/3 complex: a central regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58:1607-26
99. McCurdy DW, Kim M. 1998. Molecular cloning of a novel fimbrin-like cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol. 36:23-31
100. McCurdy DW, Kovar DR, Staiger CJ. 2001. Actin and actin-binding proteins in higher plants. Protoplasma 215:89-104
101. McKinney EC, Kandasamy MK, Meagher RB. 2001. Small changes in the regulation of one Arabidopsis profilin isovariant, PRF1, alter seedling development. Plant Cell 13:1179-91
102. McKinney EC, Kandasamy MK, Meagher RB. 2002. Arabidopsis contains ancient classes of differentially expressed actin-related protein genes. Plant Physiol. 128:997-1007
103. Meagher RB, McKinney EC, Vitale AV. 1999. The evolution of new structures - clues from plant cytoskeletal genes. Trends Genet. 15:278-84
104. Medford J, Elmer JS, Klee HJ. 1991. Molecular cloning and characterization of genes expressed in shoot apical meristem. Plant Cell 3:359-70
105. Miedema H, Bothwell JHF, Brownlee C, Davies JM. 2001. Calcium uptake by plant cells - channels and pumps acting in concert. Trends Plant Sci. 6:514-19
106. Miller DD, de Ruijter NCA, Bisseling T, Emons AMC. 1999. The role of actin in root hair morphogenesis: studies with lipochito-oligosaccharide as a growth stimulator and cytochalasin as an actin perturbing drug. Plant J. 17:141-54
107. Millner PA. 2001. Heterotrimeric G-proteins in plant cell signaling. New Phytol. 151:165-74
108. Misteli T. 2001. The concept of self-organization in cellular architecture. J. Cell Biol. 155:181-85
109. Molendijk AJ, Bischoff F, Rajendrakumar CSV, Friml J, Braun M, et al. 2001. Arabidopsis thaliana Rop GTPases are localized to tips of root hairs and control polar growth. EMBO J. 20:2779-88
110. Moore RC, Cyr RJ. 2000. Association between elongation factor-1 alpha and microtubules in vivo is domain dependent and conditional. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 45:279-92
111. Moutinho A, Hussey PJ, Trewavas AJ, Malho R. 2001. cAMP acts as a second messenger in pollen tube growth and reorientation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:10481-86
112. Munnik T. 2001. Phosphatidic acid: an emerging plant lipid second messenger. Trends Plant Sci. 6:227-33
113. Nick P. 1999. Signals, motors, morphogenesis the cytoskeleton in plant development. Plant Biol. 1:169-79
114. Ohkura H, Garcia MA, Toda T. 2001. Dis1/TOG universal microtubule adaptors - one MAP for all? J. Cell Sci. 114:3805-12
115. Oppenheimer DG. 1998. Genetics of plant cell shape. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1:520-24
116. Palanivelu R, Preuss D. 2000. Pollen tube targeting and axon guidance: parallels in tip growth mechanisms. Trends Cell Biol. 10:517-24
117. Peskan T, Westermann M, Oelmuller R. 2000. Identification of low-density Triton X-100-insoluble plasma membrane microdomains in higher plants. Eur. J. Biochem. 267:6989-95
118. Pruyne D, Evangelista M, Yang CS, Bi EF, Zigmond S, et al. 2002. Role of formins in actin assembly: Nucleation and barbedend association. Science 297:612-15
119. Qiu JL, Jilk R, Marks MD, Szymanski DB. 2002. The Arabidopsis SPIKE1 gene is required for normal cell shape control and tissue development. Plant Cell 14:101-18
120. Ramachandran S, Christensen HEM, Ishimaru Y, Dong CH, Chao-Ming W, et al. 2000. Profilin plays a role in cell elongation, cell shape maintenance, and flowering in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 124:1637-47
121. Raudaskoski M, Astrom H, Laitiainen E. 2001. Pollen tube cytoskeleton: Structure and function. J. Plant Growth Regul. 20:113-30
122. Reddy ASN. 2001. Molecular motors and their functions in plants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 204:97-178
123. Reddy ASN, Day IS. 2001. Analysis of the myosins encoded in the recently completed Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence. Genome Biol. 2:1-17
124. Reddy ASN, Day IS. 2001. Kinesins in the Arabidopsis genome: A comparative analysis among eukaryotes. BMC Genomics 2:2
125. Rogers HJ, Greenland AJ, Hussey PJ. 1993. Four members of the maize beta-tubulin gene family are expressed in the male gametophyte. Plant J. 4:875-82
126. 2+ signaling pathways in plant cells. New Phytol. 151:7-33
127. Sagot I, Klee SK, Pellman D. 2002. Yeast formins regulate cell polarity by controlling the assembly of actin cables. Nat. Cell Biol. 4:42-50
128. Saint-Jore CM, Evins J, Batoko H, Brandizzi F, Moore I, Hawes C. 2002. Redistribution of membrane proteins between the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum in plants is reversible and not dependent on cytoskeletal networks. Plant J. 29:661-78
129. Šamaj J, Braun M, Baluŝka F, Ensikat HJ, Tsumuraya Y, Volkmann D. 1999. Specific localization of arabinogalactan-protein epitopes at the surface of maize root hairs. Plant Cell Physiol. 40:874-83
130. Šamaj J, Peters M, Volkmann D, Baluŝka F. 2000. Effects of myosin ATPase inhibitor 2,3-butanedione 2-monoxime on distributions of myosins, F-actin, microtubules, and cortical endoplasmic reticulum in maize root apices. Plant Cell Physiol. 41:591-82
131. Sanders D, Brownlee C, Harper JF. 1999. Communicating with calcium. Plant Cell 11:691-706
132. Schindelman G, Morikami A, Jung J, Baskin TI, Carpita NC, et al. 2001. COBRA encodes a putative GPI-anchored protein, which is polarly localized and necessary for oriented cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. 15:1115-27
133. Smertenko AP, Jiang CJ, Simmons NJ, Weeds AG, Davies DR, Hussey PJ. 1998. Ser6 in the maize actin-depolymerizing factor, ZmADF3, is phosphorylated by a calcium-stimulated protein kinase and is essential for the control of functional activity. Plant J. 14:187-93
134. Smith LG. 2002. Plant cytokinesis: Motoring to the finish. Curr. Biol. 12:R206-R208
135. Smith LG, Gerttula SM, Han SC, Levy J. 2001. TANGLED1: A microtubule binding protein required for the spatial control of cytokinesis in maize. J. Cell Biol. 152:231-36
136. Snowman BN, Geitmann A, Clarke SR, Staiger CJ, Franklin FCH, et al. 2000. Signaling and the cytoskeleton of pollen tubes of Papaver rhoeas. Ann. Bot. 85:49-57
137. Staiger CJ. 2000. Signaling to the actin cytoskeleton in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 51:257-88
138. Strompen G, El Kasmi F, Richter S, Lukowitz W, Assaad FF, et al. 2002. The Arabidopsis KINKEL gene encodes a kinesin-related protein involved in cytokinesis and is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Curr. Biol. 12:153-58
139. Sugimoto K, Williamson RE, Wasteneys GO. 2000. New techniques enable comparative analysis of microtubule orientation, wall texture, and growth rate in intact roots of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 124:1493-506
140. Sugimoto K, Williamson RE, Wasteneys GO. 2001. Wall architecture in the cellulose-deficient rsw1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana: microfibrils but not microtubules lose their transverse alignment before microfibrils become unrecognizable in the mitotic and elongation zones of roots. Protoplasma 215:172-83
141. Sumi T, Matsumoto K, Shibuya A, Nakamura T. 2001. Activation of LIM kinases by myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Cdc42-binding kinase alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 276:23092-96
142. Sun Y, Sun DY. 2001. Advance inintegrin-like proteins in plants. Prog. Biochem. Biophys. 28:283-86
143. Swoboda I, Bhalla PL, Xu HL, Zhang Y, Mittermann I, et al. 2001. Identification of pronp1, a tobacco profilin gene activated in tip-growing cells. Plant Mol. Biol. 46:531-38
144. Szymanski DB. 2001. Arabidopsis trichome morphogenesis: A genetic approach to studying cytoskeletal function. J. Plant Growth Regul. 20:131-40
145. Takeda T, Furuta Y, Awano T, Mizuno K, Mitsuishi Y, Hayashi T. 2002. Suppression and acceleration of cell elongation by integration of xyloglucans in pea stem segments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:9055-60
146. The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. 2000. Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408:796-815
147. Thion L, Mazars C, Nacry P, Bouchez D, Moreau M, et al. 1998. Plasma membrane depolarization-activated calcium channels, stimulated by microtubule-depolymerizing drugs in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts, display constitutively large activities and a longer half-life in ton 2 mutant cells affected in the organization of cortical microtubules. Plant J. 13:603-10
148. Thitamadee S, Tuchihara K, Hashimoto T. 2002. Microtubule basis for left-handed helical growth in Arabidopsis. Nature 417:193-96
149. Tominaga M, Morita K, Sonobe S, Yokota E, Shimmen T. 1997. Microtubules regulate the organization of actin filaments at the cortical region in root hair cells of Hydrocharis. Protoplasma 199:83-92
150. Tominaga M, Yokota E, Vidali L, Sonobe S, Hepler PK, Shimmen T. 2000. The role of plant villin in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic streaming and the architecture of the transvacuolar strand in root hair cells of Hydrocharis. Planta 210:836-43
151. Ueda K, Matsuyama T, Hashimoto T. 1999. Visualization of microtubules in living cells of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Protoplasma 206:201-6
152. Uribe X, Torres MA, Capellades M, Puigdomenech P, Rigau J. 1998. Maize alpha-tubulin genes are expressed according to specific patterns of cell differentiation. Plant Mol. Biol. 37:1069-78
153. Van Gestel K, Köhler RH, Verbelen JP. 2002. Plant mitochondria move on F-actin, but their positioning in the cortical cytoplasm depends on both F-actin and microtubules. J. Exp. Bot. 53:659-67
154. Van Gestel K, Le J, Verbelen JP. 2001. A comparison of F-actin labeling methods for light microscopy in different plant specimens: multiple techniques supplement each other. Micron 32:571-78
155. Verma DPS, Hong ZL. 2001. Plant callose synthase complexes. Plant Mol. Biol. 47:693-701
156. Véry AA, Davies JM. 2000. Hyperpolarization-activated calcium channels at the tip of Arabidopsis root hairs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:9801-806
157. Véry AA, Sentenac H. 2002. Cation channels in the Arabidopsis plasma membrane. Trends Plant Sci. 7:168-75
158. Vidali L, Hepler PK. 2001. Actin and pollen tube growth. Protoplasma 215:64-76
159. Vidali L, Yokota E, Cheung AY, Shimmen T, Hepler PK. 1999. The 135 kDa actin-bundling protein from Lilium longiflorum pollen is the plant homologue of villin. Protoplasma 209:283-91
160. Vidali L, Yokota E, Cheung AY, Shimmen T, Hepler PK. 1999. P-135-ABPfrom Lilium longiflorum pollen is the plant homologue of villin. Mol. Biol. Cell 10:902
161. Vugrek O, Moepps B. 2002. Hamy3, a novel type 100 kDa myosin from sunflower. J. Exp. Bot. 53:769-71
162. Waller F, Riemann M, Nick P. 2002. A role for actin-driven secretion in auxin-induced growth. Protoplasma 219:72-81
163. Wasteneys GO. 2000. The cytoskeleton and growth polarity. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3:503-11
164. Wasteneys GO. 2002. Microtubule organization in the green kingdom: chaos or self-order? J. Cell Sci. 115:1345-54
165. Wasteneys GO, Gunning BES, Hepler PK. 1993. Microinjection of fluorescent brain tubulin reveals dynamic properties of cortical microtubules in living plant cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 24:205-13
166. Wasteneys GO, Willingale-Theune J, Menzel D. 1997. Freeze shattering: a simple and effective method for permeabilizing higher plant cell walls. J. Microsc. 188:51-61
167. Weigert R, Silletta MG, Spano S, Turacchio G, Cericola C, et al. 1999. CtBP/BARS induces fission of Golgi membranes by acylating lysophosphatidic acid. Nature 402:429-33
168. Whittington AT, Vugrek O, Wei KJ, Hasenbein NG, Sugimoto K, Rashbrooke MC, et al. 2001. MOR1 is essential for organizing cortical microtubules in plants. Nature 411:610-13
169. Wittmann T, Waterman-Storer CM. 2001. Cell motility: can Rho GTPases and microtubules point the way? J. Cell Sci. 114:3795-803
170. Wu G, Gu Y, Li SD, Yang ZB. 2001. A genome-wide analysis of Arabidopsis Rop-interactive CRIB motif-containing proteins that act as Rop GTPase targets. Plant Cell 13:2841-56
171. Wu G, Li H, Yang ZB. 2000. Arabidopsis RopGAPs are a novel family of Rho GTPase-activating proteins that require the Cdc42/Rac-interactive binding motif for Rop-specific GTPase stimulation. Plant Physiol. 124:1625-36
172. Wymer CL, Bibikova TN, Gilroy S. 1997. Cytoplasmic free calcium distributions during the development of root hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 12:427-39
173. Xing LJ, Hua BG, Lou CH. 2002. Spectrin-like protein in the phloem of Cucumis sativus. Acta Bot. Sin. 44:391-94
174. Yamashiro S, Kameyama K, Kanzawa N, Tamiya T, Mabuchi I, Tsuchiya T. 2001. The gelsolin/fragmin family protein identified in the higher plant Mimosa pudica. J. Biochem. 130:243-49
175. Yang ZB. 2002. Small GTPases: Versatile signaling switches in plants. Plant Cell 14:S375-S88
176. Zheng ZL, Yang ZB. 2000. The Rop GT-Pase: an emerging signaling switch in plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 44:1-9