Treatment of hereditary and acquired thrombophilic disorders

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 387-406

  Baker Jr , William F ^a   Bick, Rodger L ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c 10455 North Central Expressway ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Anticoagulation; Antithrombotic therapy; Thrombophilia; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ACTIVATED PROTEIN C; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPYRIDAMOLE; EPTIFIBATIDE; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; TICLOPIDINE; TIROFIBAN; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LONG TERM CARE; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN TOXICITY; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOPHILIA; TREATMENT INDICATION;

EID: 0039466611     PISSN: 00946176     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-994942     Document Type: Review

References (317)

1. Van den Belt AGM, Prins M, Huisman MH, Hirsh J. Familial thrombophilia: A review analysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1996;2:227-236
2. Buckley M, Sorkin E. Enoxaparin: A review of its pharmacology and clinical applications in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Drugs 1992;44;465
3. Ewenstein BM. Antithrombotic agents and thromboembolic disease. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1383-1384
4. Armstrong PW. Heparin in acute coronary disease - requiem for a heavyweight? N Engl J Med 1997;337:492-494
5. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF, Brant R. The treatment of proximal vein thrombosis with subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with intravenous heparin. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1995;1:151-159
6. Harenberg J, Schmitz-Huebner U, Breddin K, et al. Treatment of deep vein thrombosis with low-molecular-weight heparins: A consensus statement of the Gesellschaft für Thrombose- und Hämostaseforschung (GTH). Semin Thromb Hemost 1997;23:91-96
7. Büller HR MG, Gallus AS, Ginsberg J, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1997;337:657-662
8. Van den Belt AG, Bossuyt PM, Prins MH, Gallus AS, Büller HR. Replacing inpatient care by outpatient care in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis - an economic evaluation. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:259
9. Simonneau G, Sors H, Charbonnier B, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 1997;337: 663-669
10. Crowther M, Hirsh J. Low-molecular-weight heparin for the out-of-hospital treatment of venous thrombosis: Rationale and clinical results. Semin Thromb Hemost 1997;23:77-81
11. Hirsch J, Raschke R, Warkentin TE, et al. Heparin: Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest 1995;108(suppl):258S-275S
12. Hirsh J, Hoak J. Management of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: A statement for healthcare professionals. Circulation 1996;93:2212-2245
13. Baker WF Jr, Bick RL. Deep vein thrombosis: Diagnosis and management. Med Clin North Am 1994;685-712
14. Hirsh J, Dalen J, Deykin D, et al. Oral anticoagulants. Mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness and optimal therapeutic range. Chest 1992;102:312S
15. Landfeld CS, Goldman L. Major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: Incidence and prediction by factors known at the start of outpatient therapy. Am J Med 1989;87:144
16. Landefeld CS, W Miriam, et al. Bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: Relation to the prothrombin time and important remediable lesions. Am J Med 1989;87:153-159
17. Levine MN, Raskob G, Hirsh J. Hemorrhagic complications of long-term anticoagulant treatment. Chest 1986;89:16
18. Levine MN, Raskob G, Hirsh J. Hemorrhagic complications of long-term anticoagulation therapy. Chest 1989;95:25S-36S
19. Finn SD, McDonnell M, Martin D, et al. Risk factors for complications of chronic anticoagulation. A multicenter study. Warfarin Optimized Outpatient Follow-up Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:511-520
20. Monreal M. Heparin in patients with venous thromboembolism and contraindications to oral anticoagulant therapy. Semin Thromb Hemost 1997;23:69-75
21. Bick RL, Kunkel L. Hypercoagulability and thrombosis. Lab Med 1992;23:233
22. Barrowcliffe TW, Johnson EA, Eggleton CA. Anticoagulant activities of lung and mucous heparins. Thromb Res 1977;12:27
23. Losito R, Losito C. Molecular weight of heparin versus biologic activity. Semin Thromb Hemost 1985;11:29
24. Warkentin TE, Elavathil LJ, Hayward CP, et al. The pathogenesis of venous limb gangrene associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:804-812
25. Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1330-1335
26. Kibbe MR, Rhee RY. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Pathophysiology. Semin Vasc Surg 1996;9:284-291
27. Hirsh J, Levine M. Low molecular weight heparin. Blood 1992;79:1
28. Raskob GE, Carter CJ, Hull RD. Anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism. Prog Hemost Thromb 1989;9:1
29. Mackie MJ, Douglas AS. Drug-induced disorders of coagulation. In: Ratnoff OD, Forbes CD, eds. Disorders of Hemostasis. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1991:493
30. Stenflo J. Vitamin K, prothrombin, and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. N Engl J Med 1977;296:624
31. Loeliger EA, von der Esch B, Matten MJ. Behaviour of factors II, VII, IX, and X during long-term treatment with coumarin. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 1963;9:74
32. Deykin D. Warfarin therapy. N Engl J Med 1970;287:691
33. Hyers TM, Hull RD, Weg JG. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. Chest 1995;108:335S-351S
34. Weibert RT, Le DT, Kayser SR, Rapaport SI. Correction of excessive anticoagulation with low-dose oral vitamin K1. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:959-962
35. Crowther MA, Donovan D, Harrison L, McGinnis J, Ginsberg J. Low-dose oral vitamin K reliably reverses over-anticoagulation due to warfarin. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:116-118
36. Folts JD, Cromwell EB, Rowe GG. Platelet aggregation in partially obstructed vessels and their elimination with aspirin. Circulation 1976;4:356
37. Coller BS. Platelets in cardiovascular thrombosis and thrombolysis. In: Fossard HA, Haber E, Jennings RB, eds. The Heart and Cardiovascular System. Scientific Foundations. New York: Raven Press; 1991:216
38. Pantrano C. Aspirin as an antiplatelet drug. Act Obstet Gynaecol Scand 1994;330:1287
39. Savi P, Heilman E, Nurden P, et al. Clopidogrel: An antithrombotic drug acting on the ADP-dependent activation pathway of human platelets. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1996;2:35-42
40. Mills D, Puri R, Hu C-J, et al. Clopidogrel inhibits the binding of ADP analogues to the receptor, mediating inhibition of platelet adenylate cyclase. Arterioscler Thromb 1992;12:430-436
41. Roald HE, Barstad RM, Kierulf P, et al. Clopidogrel-a platelet inhibitor which inhibits thrombogenesis in non-anticoagulated human blood independently of the blood flow conditions. Thromb Haemost 1994;71:655-662
42. Committee CS. A randomized blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events. Lancet 1996;34:1129
43. Wysowski DK, Bacsayani J. Blood dyscrasias and hematologic reactions in ticlopidinc users. JAMA 1996;276:952 Letter
44. Defreyn G, Bernat A, Delebasse D, Maffrand JP. Pharmacology of ticlopidine: Review. Semin Thromb Hemost 1989;15: 159-166
45. Kovacs M, Soong PG, Chin-Yee IH. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with ticlopidine. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:1060
46. Becquemin J-P. Effect of ticlopidine on the long-term patency of saphenous-vein bypass grafts in the legs. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1726-1731
47. Bennett CL, Weinberg PD, Rozenberg-Ben-Dror K, et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with ticlopidine: A review of 60 cases. Ann Intern Med 1998;128: 541-544
48. Berqvist D, Almgren B, Dickenson JP. Reduction of requirement for leg vascular surgery during long-term treatment of claudicant patients with ticlopidine: Results from the Swedish Ticlopidine Multicentre Study (STIMS). Eur J Endovasc Surg 1995;10:69
49. Hass WK, Easton JD, Adams HPJ, et al. A randomized trial comparing ticlopidine hydrochloride with aspirin for the prevention of stroke in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:501-507
50. Gent M, Blakely JA, Easton JD, et al. The Canadian American Ticlopidine Study (CATS) in thromboembolic stroke. Lancet 1989;1:1215-1220
51. Baker WF Jr. Thrombosis and hemostasis in cardiology, part I. Clin Appl Thromh Hemost 1998;4:51-75
52. Stein B, Fuster V, Israel DH, et al. Platelet inhibitor agents in cardiovascular disease: An update. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 14:813
53. Coller BS, KM, Anderson A, Weisman H. The anti-GPIIb/IIIa agents: Fundamental and clinical aspects. Haemostasis 1996;26(suppl 4):285-293
54. Anderson HV, Jordan RE, Weisman HF. Concept and clinical application of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with abciximab (c7E3 Fab; ReoPro) for the prevention of acute ischemic syndromes. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1997;3:256-266
55. The EPIC Investigators. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1994;330:956-961
56. The EPILOG Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1689-1696
57. The Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management (PRISM) Study Investigators. A comparison of aspirin plus tirofiban with aspirin plus heparin for unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1498-1505
58. The Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1488-1497
59. The Impact-II Investigators. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of effect of eptifibatide on complications of percutaneous coronary intervention: IMPACT-II. Lancet 1997;349:1422-1428
60. Raschke RA, Reilly BM, Guidry JR, Fontana JR, Srinivas S. The weight-based heparin dosing nomogram compared with a standard care nomogram: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:874-881
61. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Rosenbloom D, et al. Optimal therapeutic level of heparin therapy in patients with venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1589-1595
62. Babcock RB, Dumper CW, Scharfman WB. Heparin-induced immune thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1976;295:237-241
63. Schmitz LL, Olson SL, Shapiro RS, McCormick SR, Kubic VL. Failure to generate comparable international normalized ratio values using five different thromboplastin reagents in parallel studies of patients receiving warfarin. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1995;1:142-150
64. Raskob GE, George JN. Thrombotic complications of antithrombotic therapy: A paradox with implications for clinical practice. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:839-840
65. Triplett DA. Current recommendations for warfarin therapy: Use and monitoring. Med Clin North Am 1998;82:601-612
66. Rees DS, Cox M, Clegg JB. World distribution of factor V Leiden. Lancet 1995;346:1133-1134
67. Svensson P, Dahlbäck B. Resistance to activated protein C as a basis for venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:517
68. Koster T, Rosendaal FR, de Ronde H, et al. Venous thrombosis due to poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C: Leiden Thrombophilia Study. Lancet 1993;342:1503-1506
69. Dahlbäck B, Carlsson M, Svensson PJ. Familial thrombophilia due to a previously unrecognized mechanism characterized by poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C: Prediction of a cofactor to activated protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:1004-1008
70. Bertina RM. Factor V Leiden and other coagulation factor mutations affecting thrombotic risk. Clin Chem 1997;43:1678-1683
71. Bertina RM, Reitsma PH, Rosendaal FR, Vandenbroucke JP. Resistance to activated protein C and factor V Leiden as risk factors for venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1995;74: 449-453
72. Greengard JS, Fisher CL, Villoutreix B, Griffin JH. Structural basis for type I and type II deficiencies of antithrombotic plasma protein C: Patterns revealed by three-dimensional molecular modeling of mutations of the protease domain. Proteins 1994;18:367-380
73. Voorberg J, Roelse J, Koopman R, et al. Association of idiopathic venous thrombembolism with single-point mutation at Arg506 of factor V. Lancet 1994;343:1535
74. Zoller B, Hillarp A, Berntorp E, Dahlbäck B. Activated protein C resistance due to a common factor V gene mutation is a major risk factor for venous thrombosis. Annu Rev Med 1997;48:45-58
75. Laffan MA, Manning T. The influence of factor VIII on measurement of activated protein C resistance. Blood Coag Fibrinolysis 1996;7:761
76. Bontempo FA. The factor V Leiden mutation: Spectrum of thrombotic events and laboratory evaluation. J Vasc Surg 1997;2:271-276
77. Simioni P, Scalia D, Tormene D, et al. Intra-arterial thrombosis and homozygous factor V Leiden mutation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1997;3:215
78. Bick RL, Laughlin HR, Cohen B, et al. Fetal wastage syndrome due to blood protein/platelet defects: Results of prevalence studies and treatment outcome with low-dose heparin and low-dose aspirin. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1995;1:286
79. Hile ET, Westendorp RG, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. Mortality and causes of death in families with the factor V Leiden mutation (resistance to activated protein C). Blood 1997; 89:1963
80. Samama MM, Simon D, Horellou MH, et al. Diagnosis and clinical characteristics of inherited activated protein C resistance. Haemostasis 1996;26(suppl 4):315-330
81. Middeldorp S, Henkens CM, Koopman MM, et al. The incidence of venous thromboembolism in family members of patients with factor V Leiden mutation and venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:15-20
82. Bick RL. Syndromes of thrombosis and hypercoagulability. In: Cullen JH, ed. Current Concepts of Thrombosis. Vol. 82. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998:409-458
83. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Cogo A, et al. The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:1-7
84. Ridker PM, Miletich JP, Stampfer MJ, et al. Factor V Leiden and recurrent idiopathic venous thromboembolism. Circulation 1995;92:2800-2802
85. Simioni P, Prandoni P, Lensing AW, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with an Arg506 → Gln mutation in the gene for factor V (factor V Leiden). N Engl J Med 1997;336;399-403
86. Rintelen C, Pabinger I, Knobl P, Lechner K, Mannhalter C. Probability of recurrence of thrombosis in patients with and without factor V Leiden. Thromb Haemost 1996;75: 229-232
87. Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M, et al. Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: A randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:606-611
88. Vandenbroucke JP, Koster T, Briet E, et al. Increased risk of venous thrombosis in oral-contraceptive users who are carriers of factor V Leiden mutation. Lancet 1994;344:1453-1457
89. Bloemenkamp KW, Rosendaal FR, Helmerhorst FM, Büller HR, Vandenbroucke JP. Enhancement by factor V Leiden mutation of risk of deep-vein thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives containing a third-generation progestagen. Lancet 1995;346:1593-1596
90. Rintelen C, Mannhalter C, Ireland H, et al. Oral contraceptives enhance the risk of clinical manifestation of venous thrombosis at a young age in females homozygous for factor V Leiden. Br J Haematol 1996;93:487-490
91. Gandrille S, Greengard JS, Alhenc-Gelac M, et al. Incidence of activated protein C resistance caused by the ARG 506 GLN mutation in factor V in 113 unrelated symptomatic protein C-deficient patients. The French Network on the behalf of INSERM. Blood 1995;86:219-224
92. Zoller B, Berntsdotter A, Garcia de Frutos P, Dahlbäck B. Resistance to activated protein C as an additional genetic risk factor in hereditary deficiency of protein S. Blood 1955;85: 3518-3523
93. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Selhub J, et al. Interrelation of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia, factor V Leiden, and risks of future venous thromboembolism. Circulation 1997;95
94. Bokarewa MI, Bremme K, Blombäck M. Arg506-Gln mutation in factor V and risk of thrombosis during pregnancy. Br J Haematol 1996;92:473-478
95. Kibbe MR, Rhee RY. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Pathophysiology. Semin Vasc Surg 1996;9:284-291
96. Wallis DE, Lewis BE, Messmore H, Wehrmacher WH. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1998;4:160-163
97. Williamson D, Brown K, Luddingtonm R, Baglin C, Baglin T. Factor V Cambridge: A new mutation (Arg306 → Thr) associated with resistance to activated protein C. Blood 1998; 91:1140-1144
98. Chan WP, Lee CK, Kwong YL, Lam CK, Liang R. A novel mutation of Arg306 of factor V gene in Hong Kong Chinese. Blood 1998;91:1135-1139
99. Poort SR, Rosendaal FR, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM. A common genetic variation in the 3′-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood 1996;88:3698-3703
100. Arruda VR, Annichino-Bizacchi JM, Goncalves MS, Costa FF. Prevalence of the prothrombin gene variant (nt20201A) in venous thrombosis and arterial disease. Thromb Haemost 1997;78:1430-1433
101. Ferraresi P, Marchetti G, Legnani C, et al. The heterozygous 20210 G/A prothrombin genotype is associated with early venous thrombosis in inherited thrombophilias and is not increased in frequency in artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2418-2422
102. Makris M, Preston FE, Beauchamp NJ, et al. Co-inheritance of the 20210A allele of the prothrombin gene increases the risk of thrombosis in subjects with familial thrombophilia. Thromb Haemost 1997;78:1426-1429
103. Bloem BR, van Putten MJ, van der Meer JM, van Hilten JJ, Bertina RM. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis in a patient heterozygous for the novel 20210A allele of the prothrombin gene. Thromb Haemost 1997;79:235
104. Martinelli I, Sacchi E, Landi G, et al. High risk of cerebral-vein thrombosis in carriers of a prothrombin-gene mutation and in users of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1793-1797
105. Gould J, Deam S, Dolan G. Prothrombin 20210A polymorphism and third generation oral contraceptives - a case report of cocliac axis thrombosis and splenic infarction. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:1214-1215
106. Poort SR, Rosendaal FR, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM. A common genetic variation in the 3′-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood 1996;88:3698-3703
107. Ratnoff OD, Colopy JE. A familial hemorrhagic trait associated with a deficiency of clot-promoting fraction of plasma. J Clin Invest 1955;34:602
108. Seegers WH. Factors X (autoprothrombin III). Semin Thromb Hemost 1981;7:233
109. Bick R. Disorders of Thrombosis and Hemostasis: Clinical and Laboratory Practice. Chicago: ASCP Press; 1992:109-136
110. Mcpherson RA. Thromboembolism in Hageman trait. Am J Clin Pathol 1977;68:240
111. Hoak JC, Swanson LW, Warner ED, Connor WE. Myocardial infarction associated with severe factor XI deficiency. Lancet 1966;2:884
112. Ratnoff OD, Busse RJ, Sheon RP. The demise of John Hageman. N Engl J Med 1968;279:760
113. Goodnough LT, Saito H, Ratnoff O. Thrombosis or myocardial infarction in congenital clotting factor abnormalities and chronic thrombocytopenias: A report of 21 patients and a review of 50 previously reported cases. Medicine 1983; 62:248
114. Imperato D, Dettori AG. Ipofibrinogenemia congenita con fibrinoastenia. Helvetica Pediatrica Acta 1958;13:380
115. Bithell TC. Hereditary dysfibrinogenemia. Clin Chem 1985; 31:509
116. Mammen EF. Fibrinogen abnormalities. Semin Thromb Hemost 1983;9:1
117. Al Mondhiry H, Galanakis D. Dysfibrinogenemia and lupus anticoagulant in a patient with recurrent thrombosis. J Lab Clin Med 1987;110:726
118. Lijnen HR, Soria J, Soria C. Dysfibrinogenemia (fibrinogen Dusard) associated with impaired fibrin-enhanced plasminogen activation. Thromb Haemost 1984;51:108
119. Reber P, Furlan M, Henschen A. Three abnormal fibrinogen variants with the same amino acid substitution (gamma-275 Arg-His): Fibrinogens Bergamo II, Essen and Perugia. Thromb Haemost 1986;56:401
120. Welch GN, Loscalzo J. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1042-1050
121. Carson NAJ, Neill DW. Metabolic abnormalities detected in a survey of mentally backward individuals in Northern Ireland. Arch Dis Child 1962;37:505-513
122. Mudd SH, Finkelstein JD, Irreverre F, Laster L. Homocystinuria: An enzymatic defect. Science 1964;143;1443-1445
123. Valle D, Pai GS, Thomas GH, Pycritz RE. Homocystinuria due to cystathione beta-synthetase deficiency: Clinical manifestations and therapy. John Hopkins Med J 1980;146:110
124. McCully KS. Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: Implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol 1969;56:111-128
125. Carey MC, Donovan DE, Fitzgerald O, McAuley FD. Homocystinuria, I: A clinical and pathologic study of nine subjects in six families. Am J Med 1968;45:17
126. Goyette P, Sumner JS, Milos R, et al. Human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: Isolation of cDNA, mapping and mutation identification. Nat Genet 1994;7:195-200
127. Frosst P, Blom HJ, Milos R, et al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: A common mutation in methylenetetrahyrofolate reductase. Nat Genet 1995;10:111-113
128. Van der Put NMJ, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Frosst P, et al. Mutated methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase as a risk factor for spina bifida. Lancet 1995;346:1070-1071
129. Jacques PF, Bostom AG, Williams RR, et al. Relation between folate status, a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and plasma homocysteine concentrations. Circulation 1996;93:7-9
130. Rozen R. Molecular genetic aspects of hyperhomocysteinemia and its relation to folic acid. Clin Invest Med 1996;19: 171-178
131. Kang SS, Wong PW, Malinow MR. Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia as a risk factor for occlusive vascular disease. Annu Rev Nutr 1992;12:279-298
132. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Wilett WC, et al. A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA 1992;268:877-881
133. Kang SS, Wong PWK, Susmano A, et al. Thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: An inherited risk factor for coronary artery disease. Am J Hum Genet 1991;48:536-545
134. Malinow MR. Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: A common and easily reversible risk factor for occlusive atherosclerosis. Circulation 1990;81:2004-2006
135. Boushey CJ, Beresford AA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intake. JAMA 1995;274:1049-1057
136. Duell PB, Malinow MR. Plasma homocyst(e)ine: An important risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 1997;8:28-34
137. Mayer EL, Jacobsen DW, Robinson K. Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:517-527
138. Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, et al. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997;337;230-236
139. Cattaneo M, Martinelli I, Manucci PM. Hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1399
140. Falcon CR, Cattaneo M, Panzeri D, Martinelli I, Manucci PM. High prevalence of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia in patients with juvenile venous thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1994;14:1080-1083
141. Den Heijer M, Koster T, Blom HU, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996;334;759-762
142. Fermo I, Vigano-D'Angelo S, Paroni R, et al. Prevalence of moderate hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with early-onset venous and arterial occlusive disease. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123:747-753
143. Moghadasian MH, McManus BM, Frohlich JJ. Homocyst(e)ine and coronary artery disease: Clinical evidence and genetic and metabolic background. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:2299-2308
144. Robinson K, Mayer EL, Miller DP, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia and low pyridoxal phosphate: Common and independent reversible risk factors for coronary artey disease. Circulation 1995;92
145. Israelsson B, Brattstorm LE, Hultberg BL. Homocysteine and myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 1988;71:227-233
146. Wu LL, Wu J, Hunt SC, et al. Plasma homocyst(e)ine as a risk factor for early familial coronary artery disease. Clin Chem 1994;40
147. Wald NJ, Watt HC, Law MR, et al. Homocysteine and ischemic heart disease: Results of a prospective study with implications regarding prevention. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:862-867
148. Araki A, Sako Y, Fukushima Y, et al. Plasma sulfhydryl-containing amino acids in patients with cerebral infarction and in hypertensive subjects. Atherosclerosis 1989;79:139-146
149. Brattström L, Lindgren A, Israelsson B, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia in stroke: Prevalence, cause and relationship to type of stroke and stroke risk factors. Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22:214-221
150. Coull BM, Malinow MR, Beamer N, et al. Elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine concentration as a possible independent risk factor for stroke. Stroke 1990;21:572-576
151. Molgaard J, Malinow MR, Lassvik C, et al. Hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia: An independent risk factor for intermittent claudication. J Intern Med 1992;231:273-279
152. Van den Berg M, Stehouwer DA, Biedrager E, Rauwerda JA. Plasma homocysteine and severity of atherosclerosis in young patients with lower-limb atherosclerotic disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:165-171
153. Kottke-Marchant K, Green R, Jacobsen DW, et al. High plasma homocysteine: A risk factor for arterial and venous thrombosis in patients with normal coagulation profiles. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1997;3:239-244
154. Franken DG, Boers GH, Blom HJ, Trijbels FJ, Kloppenborg PW. Treatment of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in vascular disease patients. Arteriosclr Thromb Vasc Biol 1994;14:465-470
155. Brattström L, Israelsson B, Norving B, et al. Impaired homocysteine metabolism in early onset cerebral and peripheral occlusive arterial disease: Effect of pyridoxine and folic acid treatment. Atherosclerosis 1990;81:51-60
156. Brattstr̈m LE, Israelsson B, Jeppsson JO, Hultberg BL. Folic acid: An innocuous means to reduce plasma homocysteine. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988;48:215-221
157. Ubbink JB, Hayward Vermaak WJ, van der Merwe A, et al. Vitamin requirements for the treatment of hypercysteinemia in humans. J Nutr 1994;124:1927-1933
158. 6 supplements in elderly people with normal serum vitamin concentrations. Lancet 1995; 346:85-89
159. Landgren P, Israelsson B, Lindgren A, et al. Plasma homocysteine in acute myocardial infarction: Homocysteine lowering effect of folic acid. J Intern Med 1995;237:381-388
160. Ward M, McNulty H, McPartlin J, et al. Plasma homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is lowered by physiological doses of folic acid. Q J M 1997;909:519-524
161. Cuskelly GJ, McNulty H, McPartlin JM, Strain JJ, Scott JM. Plasma homocysteine response to folate intervention in young women. Irish J Med Sci 1995;164:3
162. Malinow MR, Duell PB, Hess DL, et al. Reduction of plasma homocyst(e)ine levels by breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid in patients with coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1009-1015
163. Sinzinger H, Kaliman J, O'Grady J. Platelet lipoxygenase defect (Wien-Penzing defect). Am J Hematol 1991;36:202
164. Mammen EF, Barnhart MI, Selik NR, et al. "Sticky platelet syndrome": A congenital platelet abnormality predisposing to thrombosis. Folia Haemalologica 1988;115:361-365
165. Rubenfire M, Blevens RD, Barnhart MI, et al. Platelet hyperaggregability in patients with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57:657-660
166. Mammen EF. Ten year's experience with the "sticky platelet syndrome." Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1995;1:66-72
167. Bick RL, Sticky Platelet syndrome: A common cuase of unexplained venous and arterial thrombosis - results of prevalence and treatment outcome. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost in press
168. Abidgaard U. Purification of two progressive antithrombins of human plasma. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1967;19:190
169. Kurachi K, Schmer G, Hermodson M. Inhibition of bovine factor 1Xa and factor Xa by antithrombin III. Biochemistry 1976;15:368
170. Lahiri K, Rosenberg RD, Talamo RC. Antithrombin III: An inhibitor of human plasma kallikrein. Fed Proc 1974;33;642
171. Seegers WH, Cole ER, Harmison CR. Neutralization of autoprothrombin-C activity with antithrombin. Can J Biochem 1964;42:359
172. Walker F, Esmon C. The molecular mechanism of heparin action: II. Separation of functionally different heparins by affinity chromatography. Thromb Res 1979;14:219
173. Abildgaard U. Binding of thrombin to antithrombin III. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1969;24;23
174. Seegers WH, Schrör H, Kagami M. Interaction of purified autoprothrombin 1 with antithrombin. Can J Biochem 1964;42:1425
175. Stead N, Kaplan AP, Rosenberg RD. Inhibition of activated factor XII by antithrombin-heparin cofactor. J Biol Chem 1976; 251:6481
176. Vennerod AM, Laake K, Soleberg AK. Inactivation and binding of human plasma kallikrein by antithrombin III and heparin. Thromb Res 1976;9:457
177. Fischer AM, Cornu P, Sternberg C, et al. Antithrombin III Alger: A new homozygous ATIII variant. Thromb Haemost 1986; 55:218
178. Fagerhol M, Abildgaard U. Immunologic studies in human antithrombin III. Influence of age, sex, and use of oral contraceptives on serum concentration. Scand J Haematol 1970;7:10
179. Howie P, Mallinson A, Prentice C. Effect of combined oestrogen-progesterone contraceptives, oestrogen, and progesterone on antiplasm and antithrombin activity. Lancet 1990;II:1329
180. McKay E. Immunochemical analysis of active and inactive antithrombin III. Br J Haematol 1980;46:277
181. Peterson C, Kelley R, Minard B. Antithrombin III. Comparison of functional and immunologic assays. Am J Clin Pathol 1978;69:500
182. Sveger T. Antithrombin III in adolescents. Thromb Res 1979; 15:885
183. Bick RL. Clinical relevance of antithrombin III. Semin Hemost Thromb 1982;8:276
184. Candrina R, Goppini A. Antithrombin III deficiency. Blood Rev 1988;2:239
185. Hathaway W. Clinical aspects of antithrombin III deficiency. Semin Hematol 1991;28:19
186. Bick RL. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 1992;6:1259
187. Bick RL, Baker WF. Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndromes. Hematol Pathol 1992;6:1
188. Bick RL. Disorders of Thrombosis and Hemostasis: Clinical and Laboratory Practice. Chicago: ASCP Press; 1992
189. Kendall A, Lohmann R, Dosseter J. Nephrotic syndrome. A hypercoagulable state. Arch Intern Med 1971;127:1021
190. Bick RL, McClain BJ. A comparison of the Protopath and DuPont ACA antithrombin III assays in 149 patients with DIC, deep vein thrombosis, and hereditary thrombophilia. Am J Clin Pathol 1984;82:371
191. Menache D, O'Malley JP, Schorr JB, et al. Evaluation of the safety, recovery, half-life, and clinical efficacy of antithrombin III (human) in patients with hereditary antithrombin III deficiency. Blood 1990;75:33
192. Menache D. Replacement therapy in patients with hereditary antithrombin III deficiency. Semin Hematol 1991;28:31
193. Owen J. Antithrombin II replacement therapy in pregnancy. Semin Hematol 1991;28:46
194. Vinnazer H. Antithrombin III in shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1995;1:62-66
195. Schwartz RS, Bauer KA, Rosenberg RD, et al. Clinical experience with antithrombin III concentrate in treatment of congenital and acquired deficiency of antithrombin. Am J Med 1989;87:53S
196. Tollefson DM, Majerus DW, Blank MK. Heparin cofactor II: Purification and properties of a heparin-dependent inhibitor of thrombin in human plasma. J Biol Chem 1982;257:2162
197. Sie P, Fernandez F, Caranobe C. Inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and serotonin release by antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II in the presence of standard heparin, dermatan sulfate and pentosan polysulfate. Thromb Res 1984;35:231
198. Sie P, Dupouy D, Pichon J. Constitutional heparin cofactor II deficiency associated with recurrent thrombosis. Lancet 1985;11:414
199. Anderson T, Larsen M, Abildgaard U. Low heparin cofactor II associated with abnormal crossed immunoelectrophoresis pattern in two Norwegian families. Thromb Res 1987;47;243
200. Bertina RM, Van der L IK, Engesser L, et al. Hereditary cofactor-II deficiency and the risk of development of thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1987;57:196-200
201. Chaunsumrit A, Manco-Johnson MJ, Hathaway WE. Heparin cofactor II in adults and infants with thrombosis and DIC. Am J Hematol 1989:31:109
202. Toulin P, Vitoux JF, Capron L. Heparin cofactor II in patients with deep venous thrombosis under heparin and oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Res 1988;49:479
203. Grau E, Oliver A, Felez J. Plasma and urinary heparin cofactor II levels in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Thromb Haemost 1988;60:137
204. Stenflo J. Structure and function of protein C. Semin Thromb Hemost 1984;10:109
205. Esmon CT, Esmon NL. Protein C activation. Semin Thromb Hemost 1984;10:122
206. Walker FJ. Protein S and the regulation of activated protein C. Semin Thromb Hemost 1984;10:131
207. Dahlbäck B. The protein C anticoagulant system: Inherited defects as basis for venous thrombosis. Thromb Res 1995;77:1-43
208. Griffin JH. Clinical studies on protein C. Semin Thromb Hemost 1984;10:162
209. Marlar RA, Endres-Brooks J. Recurrent thromboembolic disease due to heterozygous protein C deficiency. Thromb Haemost 1983;50:351
210. Broekmans AW. Hereditary protein C deficiency. Haemostasis 1985;15:233
211. Seligsohn U, Berger A, Abend M. Homozygous protein C deficiency manifested by massive venous thrombosis in the newborn. N Engl J Med 1984;310:559
212. Marciniak E, Wilson HO, Marlar RA. Neonatal purpura fulminans: A genetic disorder related to the absence of protein C in blood. Blood 198:65:15-20
213. Mammen EF. Inhibitor abnormalities. Semin Thromb Hemost 198;9:42
214. Reitsma PH, Poort SR, Allaart CF, Bertina RM. The spectrum of genetic defects in a panel of 40 Dutch families with symptomatic protein C deficiency type I: Heterogeneity and founder effects. Blood 199;70:890-894
215. Comp PC, Nixon R, Esmon CT. Determination of functional levels of protein C, an antithrombotic protein, using thrombin/thrombomodulin complex. Blood 198;63:15
216. Griffin JH, Bezeaud A, Evatt B. Functional and immunologic studies of protein C in thromboembolic disease. Blood 198; 62:301a
217. Miletich JP. Laboratory diagnosis of protein C. Semin Thromb Hemost 199;16:169
218. Bick RL. Hypercoagulability and thrombosis. In: Bick RL, Bennett JM, Byrnes RK, eds. Hematology: Clinical and Laboratory Practice. St. Louis: CV Mosby Publishers; 1993:155
219. Marlar RA, Sills RH, Montgomery RR. Protein C in commercial factor IX (F IX) concentrations (CONC) and its use in the treatment of "homozygous" protein C deficiency. Blood 1998;62:303
220. Pescatore P, Horellou H, Conard J, et al. Problems of oral anticoagulation in an adult with homozygous protein C deficiency and late onset of thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1993;69:311-314
221. Monagle P, Andrew M, Halton J, et al. Homozygous protein C deficiency: Description of a new mutation and successful treatment with low molecular weight heparin. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:756-761
222. Broekmans AW, Bertina RM, Locliger EA, Hofmann V, Klingemann HG. Protein C and the development of skin necrosis during anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 1983;49:251
223. Zauber NP, Stark MW. Successful warfarin anticoagulation despite protein C deficiency and a history of warfarin necrosis. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:659-660
224. Samama M, Horellou MH, Soria J, Conard J, Nicolas G. Successful progressive anticoagulation in a severe protein C deficiency and previous skin necrosis at the initiation of oral anticoagulation treatment. Thromb Haemost 1984;51:132-133 (Lett)
225. Bick RL, Kaplan H. Syndromes of thrombosis and hypercoagulability: Congenital and acquired thrombophilias. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1998;4:25-50
226. Nilsson IM, Pandofi M. Fibrinolytic response of the vascular wall. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 1970;40:231
227. Gardiner JE, McGann MA, Berridge CW. Protein S as a cofactor for activated protein C in plasma and the inactivation of purified factor VIII:C. Circulation 1984;70:205
228. De Fouw NJ, Haverkate F, Bertina RM. The cofactor role of protein S in the acceleration of whole blood clot lysis by activated protein C in vitro. Blood 1986;67:1189
229. Hackeng TM, van't Veer C, Meijers JC, Bouma BN. Human protein S inhibits prothrombinase complex activity on endothelial cells and platelets via direct interactions with factors Va and Xa. J Biol Chem 1994;269:21051-21058
230. Koppelman SJ, Hackeng TM, Sixma JJ, Bouma BM. Inhibition of the intrinsic factor X activating complex by protein S: Evidence for specific binding of protein S to factor VIII. Blood 1995;86:1062-1071
231. Gladson KH, Griffin JH, Hach V. The incidence of protein C and protein S deficiency in 139 young thrombotic patients. Thromb Haemost 1988;59:18
232. Heijboer H, Brandjes DP, Büller HR, Sturk A, ten Cate JW. Deficiencies of coagulation-inhibiting and fibrinolytic proteins in outpatients with deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1512-1516
233. Tabernero MD, Tomas JF, Alberca I, et al. Incidence and clinical characteristics of hereditary disorders associated with venous thrombosis. Am J Hematol 1991;36:249-254
234. Simmonds RE, Ireland H, Lane D, et al. Clarification of the risk for venous thrombosis associated with hereditary protein S deficiency by investigation of a large kindred with a characterized gene defect. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:8-14
235. Mahasandana C, Suvatte V, Marlar RA, et al. Neonatal purpura fulminans associated with homozygous protein S deficiency. Lancet 1990;335:61-62
236. Broekmans MA, Engesser L, Briet E. Clinical manifestations of hereditary protein S deficiency. Thromb Haemost 1985;54;57
237. Engesser L, Broekmans AW, Briet E, Brommer EJ, Bertina RM. Hereditary protein S deficiency: Clinical manifestations. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:677-682
238. Heeb M, Mosher D, Griffin MH. Activation and complexation of protein C and cleavage and decrease of protein S in plasma of patients with intravascular coagulation. Blood 1989;73:455
239. Schwarz HP, Schnemathaner G, Griffin JH. Decreased plasma levels of protein S in well-controlled type I diabetes mellitus. Thromb Haemost 1987;57:240
240. Saito M, Kumabashiri I, Jokaji H. The levels of protein C and protein S in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Thromb Res 1988;52:479
241. Comp PC, Thurnau GR, Welsh J. Functional and immunological protein S levels are decreased during pregnancy. Blood 1986;68:881
242. Huisveld IA, Hospers JEH, Meijers JCM. Oral contraceptives reduce total protein S, but not Free protein S. Thromb Res 1987;45:109
243. Vigano-D'Angelo S, D'Angelo A, Kaufman C. Protein S deficiency occurs in the nephrotic syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:42
244. D'Angelo A, Vigano-D'Angelo S, Esson CT, Comp PC. Acquired deficiencies of protein S: Protein S activity during oral anticoagulation, in liver disease, and in disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Clin Invest 1988;81:1445
245. Conlan MG, Haire WD. Low protein S in essential thrombocythemia. Am J Hematol 1989;32:88
246. Juhan-Vague I, Roul C, Alessi MC, Ardissone JP. Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients-relationship with plasma insulin. Thromb Haemost 1989:61:370
247. Nalbandian RM, Henry RL, Bick RL. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: An extended editorial. Semin Thromb Hemost 1979;5:216
248. Bick RL, Bishop RC, Shanbrom E. Fibrinolytic activity in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Pathol 1972;57:359
249. Collen D, Juhan-Vague I. Fibrinolysis and atherosclerosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 1988;14:180
250. Mansfield MO. Alterations in fibrinolysis associated with surgery and venous thrombosis. Br J Surg 1972;59:754
251. Bick RL, Thompson WB. Fibrinolytic activity: Changes induced with oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 1972;39:213
252. Marsh N. Fibrinolysis in disease. In: Bick RL, ed. Fibrinolysis. New York: John Wiley; 1981:125
253. Hedner U, Nilsson IM. Urokinase in serum in a clinical series. Acta Med Scand 1971;189:185-189
254. Stemerman MB. Vascular intimal components: Percursors of thrombosis. Prog Hemost Thromb 1974;2:1
255. Wight T. Vessel proteoglycans and thrombogenesis. Prog Hemost Thromb 1980;5:1
256. Mammen EF. Plasminogen abnormalities. Semin Thromb Hemost 1983;9:50
257. Aoki N, Moroi M, Sakata Y. Abnormal plasminogen. A hereditary molecular abnormality found in a patient with recurrent thrombosis. J Clin Invest 1978;61:1186
258. Blaisdell W. Acquired and congenital clotting syndromes. World J Surg 1990;14:664
259. Hasegawa DK, Tyler BJ, Edson JR. Thrombotic disease in three families with inherited plasminogen deficiency. Blood 1982; 60:213
260. Sartori MT, Patrassi GM, Girolami B, Girolami A. Type I plasminogen deficiency should be included among familial thrombophilias. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1997;3:218-219 Letter
261. Biasutti FD, Sulzer I, Stucki B, et al. Is plasminogen deficiency a thrombotic risk factor? A study on 23 thrombophilic patients and their family members. Thromb Haemost 1998;80:167-170
262. Kazama M, Tahara C, Suzuki Z. Abnormal plasminogen: A case of recurrent thrombosis. Thromb Res 1981;21:517
263. Bick RL. Clinical hemostasis practice: The major impact of laboratory automation. Semin Thromb Hemost 1983;9:139
264. Nilsson IM, Tengborn LA. A family with thrombosis associated with high level of tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor. Haemostasis 1984;14:24
265. Petaja M, Rasi V, Myllyla G. Familial hypofibrinolysis and venous thrombosis. Br J Haematol 1989:71:393
266. Tabernero MD, Estelles A, Vincente V. Incidence of increased plasminogen activator inhibitor in patients with deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 1989:56:565
267. Kirschstein W, Simianer S, Dempfle CE. Impaired fibrinolytic capacity and tissue plasminogen activator release in patients with restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Thromb Haemost 1989;62:772
268. de Jong E, Porte RJ, Knot EA. Disturbed fibrinolysis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1989;30:188
269. Robinson BW. Production of plasminogen activator by alveolar macrophages in normal subjects and patients with interstitial lung disease. Thorax 1988;43:508
270. Duffy MJ, O'Grady P, Devancy D. Urokinase-plasminogen activator, a marker for aggressive breast carcinomas. Cancer 1988;62:531
271. Kjaeldgaard A, Larsson B. Long-treatment with combined oral contraceptives and cigarette smoking associated with impaired activity of plasminogen activator. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 1986;65:219
272. Galajda P, Martinka E, Stasko J, Mokan M, Kubisz P. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-I (PAL-I) levels are decreased in NIDDM patients treated with insulin. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1998;4;138-139
273. Bick RL. Hypercoagulability and thrombosis. Med Clin N Am 1994;78:635
274. Bick RL, Baker WF, Jr. Anticardiolipin antibodies and thrombosis. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 1992;6:1287
275. Bick RL, Baker WF. The antiphospholipid and thrombosis syndromes. Med Clin N Am 1994;78:667
276. Baker WF Jr, Bick RL. Antiphospholipid antibodies in coronary artery disease. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:27
277. Triplett DA. Antiphospholipid-protein antibodies: Laboratory detection and clinical relevance. Thromb Res 1995;78:1-31
278. Zanon E, Simioni P, Saracino M, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies do not seem to be associated with deep vein thrombosis: A case control study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1997; 3:165-167
279. Long AA, Ginsberg J, Brill-Edwards P, et al. The relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to thrombolic disease in SLE: A cross-sectional study. Thromb Haemost 1991;66:520-524
280. Bick RL. The antiphospholipid antibody syndromes: A common multidisciplinary medical problem. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1997;3:270-283
281. Stimmler MM, Quismorio FP, McGehee WG. Anticardiolipin antibodies in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1833
282. Vaarala O, Palusuo T, Kleemola M. Anticardiolipin response in acute infections. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1986;41:8
283. Violi F, Ferro D, Quintarelli C. Dilute aPTT prolongation by antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with liver cirrhosis. Thromb Haemost 1990;63:183
284. Harrison RL, Alperin JB, Kumar D. Concurrent lupus anticoagulant and prothrombin deficiency due to phenytoin use. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987;111:719
285. Lillicrap DP, Pinto M, Benford K. Heterogeneity of laboratory test results for antiphospholipid antibodies in patients treated with chlorpromazine and other phenothiazines. Am J Clin Pathol 1990;93:771
286. Kunkel L. Acquired circulating anticoagulants. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 1992;6:1341
287. Tailan B, Roul C, Fuzibet JG. Circulating anticoagulant in patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med 1989;87:405
288. Davis S, Furie B, Griffin JH. Circulating inhibitors of blood coagulation associated with procainamide-induced lupus anticoagulants. Am J Hematol 1978;4:401
289. Jeffrey RF. Transient lupus anticoagulant with fansidar therapy. Postgrad Med 1986;62:893
290. Morgan M, Downs K, Chesterman CN, et al. Clinical analysis of 125 patients with the lupus anticoagulant. Aust NZ J Med 1993;23:125
291. Schneider MA, Nachmann RL, Jaffe EA. A clinical study of the lupus anticoagulant. Blood 1976;48:499
292. Regan MG, Lackner H, Karpatkin S. Platelet function and coagulation profile in lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1974;81:462
293. Kampe CE. Clinical syndromes associated with lupus anticoagulants. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:16
294. Hinton RC. Neurological syndromes associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:46
295. Kleinknecht D, Bobrie G, Meyer O, et al. Recurrent thrombosis and renal vascular disease in a patient with lupus anticoagulant. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:854
296. Pope JM, Canny CL, Bell DA. Cerebral ischemic events associated with endocarditis, retinal vascular disease and lupus anticoagulant. Am J Med 1991;90:299
297. Bick RL. Antiphospholipid-thrombosis syndromes: Etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Im J Hematol 1997;65:193
298. Bick RL. The antiphospholipid thrombosis (APL-T) syndromes: Characteristics and recommendations for classification and treatment. Am J Clin Pathol 1991;96:424
299. Bick RL. Lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin antibodies. Biomed Prog 1993;6:35
300. Selva-O'Callahan A, Ordi-Ros J, Monegal-Ferran F, et al. IgA anticardiolipin antibodies - relation with other antiphospholipid antibodies and clinical significance. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:282-285
301. Rosove MH, Brewer PM. Antiphospholipid thrombosis: Clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:303-308
302. Khamashita MA, Cuadrado MJ, Mujic F, et al. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;332:993-997
303. Ginsberg JS, Wells PS, Brill-Edwards P, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and venous thromboembolism. Blood 1995; 86:3685-3691
304. Bick RL, Ucar K. Hypercoagulability and thrombosis. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 1992;6:1421
305. Horellou MH, Aurousseau MH, Boffa MC, et al. Biological and clinical heterogeneity of lupus and lupus-like anticoagulant in fifty-seven patients. J Med 1987;18:199-217
306. Fleck RA, Rapaport SI, Rao LV. Anti-prothrombin antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant. Blood 1988;72:512-519
307. Moll S, Ortel TL. Monitoring warfarin therapy in patients with lupus anticoagulants. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:177-185
308. Ames PR, Tommasino C, D'Andrea G, et al. Thrombophilic genotypes in subjects with idiopathic antiphospholipid antibodies - prevalence and significance. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:46-49
309. Wasserman LR, Gilbert HS. Complications of polycythemia vera. Semin Hematol 1966;3:199-208
310. Jabaily J, Hand HJ, Laszlo J, et al. Neurologic manifestations of essential thrombocythemia. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:513-518
311. Singh AK, Wetherly-Mein G. Microvascular occlusive lesions in primary thrombocythaemia. Br J Haematol 1977; 36:553-564
312. Conley CL. Polycythemia vera. JAMA 1990;263:2481-2483
313. Cortelazzo S, Finazzi G, Ruggeri M, et al. Hydroxyurea for patients with essential thrombocythemia and a high risk of thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1132-1136
314. Group AS. Anagrelide, a therapy for thrombocythemic states: Experience in 577 patients. Am J Med 1992;92:69-76
315. Cortelazzo S, Viero P, Finazzi G, et al. Incidence and risk factors for thrombotic complications in a historical cohort of 100 patients with essential thrombocythemia. J Clin Oncol 1990;8:556-562
316. Sack GH Jr, Levin J, Bell WR. Trousseau's syndrome and other manifestations of chronic disseminated coagulopathy in patients with neoplasms: Clinical, pathophysiologic and therapeutic features. Medicine 1977;56:1-37
317. James WD. Trousseau's syndrome. Int J Dermatol 1984; 23:205-206