Protection against ionizing radiation by antioxidant nutrients and phytochemicals

Toxicology

Volumn 189, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 1-20

  Weiss, Joseph F ^a   Landauer, Michael R ^b  

^a U S DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY   (United States)

^b ARMED FORCES RADIOBIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Ionizing radiation; Phytochemicals; Radioprotectors; Therapeutics; Vitamins

Indexed keywords

2 ALPHA DEXTRO GLUCOPYRANOSYLMETHYL 2,5,7,8 TETRAMETHYLCHROMAN 6 OL; ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALLOPURINOL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL DERIVATIVE; ALPHA TOCOPHERYLPHOSPHATE DIPOTASSIUM; AMIFOSTINE; AMINOTHIOL; ANTIMUTAGENIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; CAFFEINE; CLASTOGEN; CYSTEINE; DEXTRO ALPHA TOCOPHERYLSUCCINATE; GENISTEIN; GLUTAMINE; GLUTATHIONE; HERBACEOUS AGENT; MELATONIN; MERCAPTAMINE; PLANT EXTRACT; RADIOPROTECTIVE AGENT; SELENIUM DERIVATIVE; SPERMIDINE; SPERMINE; THIOL DERIVATIVE; TROLOX C; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG METABOLISM; HUMAN; IONIZING RADIATION; LETHALITY; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LOW ENERGY RADIATION; MODULATION; MOUTH INFLAMMATION; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION INJURY; RADIATION PROTECTION; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; TERATOGENESIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0038680223     PISSN: 0300483X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00149-5     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. Abraham S.K., Sarma L., Kesavan P.C. Protective effects of chlorogenic acid, curcumin and beta-carotene against gamma-radiation-induced in vivo chromosomal damage. Mutat. Res. 303:1993;109-112.
2. Agarwal O.P., Nagaratnam A. Radioprotective property of flavonoids in mice. Toxicon. 19:1981;201-204.
3. Ainsworth E.J., Afzal S.M., Crouse D.A., Hanson W.R., Fry R.J. Tissue responses to low protracted doses of high LET radiations or photons: early and late damage relevant to radio-protective countermeasures. Adv. Space Res. 9:1989;299-313.
4. Araujo M.C., Dias F.L., Takahashi C.S. Potentiation by turmeric and curcumin of gamma-radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutag. 19:1999;9-18.
5. Azzi A., Stocker A. Vitamin E: non-antioxidant roles. Prog. Lipid Res. 39:2000;231-255.
6. Bacq Z.M., Herve A., Lecomte J., Fischer P., Blavier J., Dechamps G., Le Bihan H., Rayet P. Protection contre le rayonnement X par la β-mercaptoethylamine. Arch. Int. Physiol. 59:1951;442-447.
7. Badr F.M., El Habit O.H., Harraz M.M. Radioprotective effect of melatonin assessed by measuring chromosomal damage in mitotic and meiotic cells. Mutat. Res. 444:1999;367-372.
8. Batist G., Reynaud A., Katki A.G., Travis E.L., Shoemaker M.C., Greene R.F., Myers C.E. Enzymatic defense against radiation damage in mice. Effect of selenium and vitamin E depletion. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35:1986;601-606.
9. Ben-Amotz A., Rachmilevich B., Greenberg S., Sela M., Weshler Z. Natural beta-carotene and whole body irradiation in rats. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 35:1996;285-288.
10. Ben-Amotz A., Yatziv S., Sela M., Greenberg S., Rachmilevich B., Shwarzman M., Weshler Z. Effect of natural beta-carotene supplementation in children exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 37:1998;187-193.
11. Blumenthal M. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. 1998;1-685 American Botanical Council, Integrative Medicine Communications, Austin, TX.
12. Blumenthal R.D., Lew W., Reising A., Soyne D., Osorio L., Ying Z., Goldenberg D.M. Anti-oxidant vitamins reduce normal tissue toxicity induced by radio-immunotherapy. Int. J. Cancer. 86:2000;276-280.
13. Booth C., Hargreaves D.F., O'Shea J.A., Potten C.S. In vivo administration of genistein has no effect on small intestinal epithelial proliferation and apoptosis, but a modest effect on clonogen survival. Cancer Lett. 144:1999;169-175.
14. Borek C., Ong A., Mason H., Donahue L., Biaglow J.E. Selenium and vitamin E inhibit radiogenic and chemically induced transformation in vitro via different mechanisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83:1986;1490-1494.
15. Brown P.E. Mechanism of action of aminothiol radioprotectors. Nature. 213:1967;363-364.
16. Brown D.Q., Graham W.J., Mackensie L.J., Pittock J.W., Shaw L. Can WR-2721 be improved upon. Pharmacol. Ther. 39:1988;157-168.
17. Brown J., Byers T., Thompson K., Eldridge B., Doyle C., Williams A.M. Nutrition during and after cancer treatment: a guide for informed choices by cancer survivors. CA Cancer J. Clin. 51:2001;153-187.
18. Bump E.A., Brown J.M. Role of glutathione in the radiation response of mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol. Ther. 47:1990;117-136.
19. Bump E.A., Malaker K. Radioprotectors: Chemical, Biological and Clinical Perspective. 1998;1-431 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
20. Byers T. What can randomized controlled trials tell us about nutrition and cancer prevention. CA Cancer J. Clin. 49:1999;353-361.
21. Capizzi R.L., Oster W. Chemoprotective and radioprotective effects of amifostine: an update of clinical trials. Int. J. Hematol. 72:2000;425-435.
22. Castillo J., Benavente-Garcia O., Lorente J., Alcaraz M., Redondo A., Ortuno A., Del Rio J.A. Antioxidant activity and radioprotective effects against chromosomal damage induced in vivo by X-rays of flavan-3-ols (Procyanidins) from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera): comparative study versus other phenolic and organic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:2000;1738-1745.
23. Cekan E., Slanina P., Pergman K., Tribukait B. Effects of dietary supplementation with selenomethionine on the teratogenic effect of ionizing radiation in mice. Acta Radiol. 24:1985;459-463.
24. Cekan E., Tribukait B., Vokal-Borek H. Protective effect of selenium against ionizing radiation-induced malformations in mice. Acta Radiol. 24:1985;267-271.
25. Chow C.K. Interrelationships of cellular antioxidant defense systems. Chow C.K. Cellular Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms. II:1988;217-237 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
26. Dauer M., Coon J.M. Failure of rutin and related flavonoids to influence mortality following acute whole body X-irradiation. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 79:1952;702-707.
27. Delanian S., Balla-Mekias S., Lefaix J.L. Striking regression of chronic radiotherapy damage in a clinical trial of combined pentoxifylline and tocopherol. J. Clin. Oncol. 17:1999;3283-3290.
28. DeMaria D., Falchi A.M., Venturino P. Adjuvant radiotherapy of the pelvis with or without reduced glutathione: a randomized trial in patients operated on for endometrial cancer. Tumori. 78:1992;374-376.
29. Diamond A.M., Dale P., Murray J.L., Grdina D.J. The inhibition of radiation-induced mutagenesis by the combined effects of selenium and the aminothiol WR-1065. Mutat. Res. 23:1996;147-154.
30. Dion M.W., Hussey D.H., Osborne J.W. The effect of pentoxifylline on early and late radiation injury following fractionated irradiation in C3H mice. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 17:1989;101-107.
31. Duffield-Lillico A.J., Reid M.E., Turnbull B.W., Combs G.F., Slate E.H., Fischbach L.A., Marshall J.R., Clark L.C. Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 11:2002;630-639.
32. Emerit I., Oganesian N., Sarkisian T., Arutyunyan R., Pogosian A., Asrian K., Levy A., Cernjavski L. Clastogenic factors in the plasma of Chernobyl accident recovery workers: anticlastogenic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract. Radiat. Res. 144:1995;198-205.
33. Emerit I., Oganesian N., Arutyunyian R., Pogossian A., Sarkisian T., Cernjavski L., Levy A., Feingold J. Oxidative stress-related clastogenic factors in plasma of Chernobyl liquidators: protective effects of antioxidant plant phenols, vitamins and oligoelements. Mutat. Res. 377:1997;239-246.
34. Emerit I., Quastel M., Goldsmith J., Merkin L., Levy A., Cernjavski L., Alaoui-Youssefi A., Pogosian A., Riklis E. Clastogenic factors in the plasma of children exposed at Chernobyl. Mutat. Res. 373:1997;47-54.
35. Empey L.R., Papp J.D., Jewell L.D., Fedorak R.N. Mucosal protective effects of vitamin E and misoprostol during acute radiation-induced enteritis in rats. Dig. Dis. Sci. 37:1992;205-214.
36. Epperly M., Bray J., Kraeger S., Zwacka R., Engelhardt J., Travis E., Greenberger J. Prevention of late effects of irradiation lung damage by manganese superoxide dismutase gene therapy. Gene Ther. 5:1998;196-208.
37. Farooqui Z., Kesavan P.C. Radioprotection by caffeine pre- and post treatment in the bone marrow chromosomes of mice given whole-body γ-irradiation. Mutat. Res. 269:1992;225-230.
38. Federal Register, 31 May, 2002, Vol. 67, No. 105, p. 37988-37998. New Drug and Biological Drug Products; Evidence Needed to Demonstrate Effectiveness of New Drugs When Human Efficacy Studies Are Not Ethical or Feasible. Food and Drug Administration. 21 CFR Parts 314 and 601.
39. Floersheim G.L., Bieri A. Further studies on selective radioprotection by organic zinc salts and synergism of zinc aspartate with WR 2721. Br. J. Radiol. 63:1990;468-475.
40. Floersheim G.L., Chiodetti N., Bieri A. Differential radioprotection of bone marrow and tumour cells by zinc aspartate. Br. J. Radiol. 61:1988;501-508.
41. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. 2000;1-529 National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
42. Foye W.O. Radioprotective drugs. Wolff M.E. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry. 1981;11-45 Wiley, New York.
43. Friedenthal E., Mendecki J., Davis L., Seifter E. The role of vitamin A and analogues in prevention of radiation toxicity during radiotherapy of cancer. Jacobs M.M. Vitamins and Minerals in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. 1991;275-278 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
44. Fukutake M., Takahashi M., Ishida K., Kawamura H., Sugimura T., Wakabayashi K. Quantification of genistein and genistin in soybeans and soybean products. Food Chem. Toxicol. 34:1996;457-461.
45. Gaziev A.I., Podlutsky A.J., Panfilov B.M., Bradbury R. Dietary supplements of antioxidants reduce hprt mutant frequency in splenocytes of aging mice. Mutat. Res. 338:1995;77-86.
46. Gaziev A.I., Sologub G.R., Fomenko L.A., Zaichkina S.I., Kosyakova N.I., Bradbury R.J. Effect of vitamin-antioxidant micronutrients on the frequency of spontaneous and in vitro gamma-ray-induced micronuclei in lymphocytes of donors: the age factor. Carcinogenesis. 17:1996;493-499.
47. George K.C., Hebbar S.A., Kale S.P., Kesavan P.C. Caffeine protects mice against whole-body lethal dose of gamma-irradiation. J. Radiol. Prot. 19:1999;171-176.
48. Gerschman R., Gilbert D.L., Nye S.W., Dwyer P., Fenn W.O. Oxygen poisoning and x-irradiation: a mechanism in common. Science. 119:1954;623-626.
49. Gong Y.F., Huang Z.J., Qiang M.Y., Lan F.X., Bai G.A., Mao Y.X., Ma X.P., Zhang F.G. Suppression of radioactive strontium absorption by sodium alginate in animals and human subjects. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 4:1991;273-282.
50. Grachev S.A., Sverdlov A.G., Nikanorova N.G., Timoshenko S.L. Increased efficacy of radiation protection against fission neutrons using unithiol (Russian). Radiats. Biol. Radioecol. 39:1999;258-260.
51. Grdina D.J., Wright B.J., Carnes B.A. Protection by WR-151327 against late-effect damage from fission-spectrum neutrons. Radiat. Res. 128:1991;S124-S127.
52. Grdina D.J., Kataoka Y., Basic I., Perrin J. The radioprotector WR-2721 reduces neutron-induced mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in mouse splenocytes when administered prior to or following irradiation. Carcinogenesis. 13:1992;811-814.
53. Grdina D.J., Kataoka Y., Murley J.S. Amifostine: mechanisms of action underlying cytoprotection and chemoprevention. Drug Metab. Drug Interact. 16:2000;237-279.
54. Gu Y., Hasegawa T., Kim H., Suzuki I., Mori T., Yamamoto Y. Study of the radioprotective effects of TMG on teratogenic malformations in irradiated mice (Japanese). Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi. 60:2000;845-855.
55. Harapanhalli R.S., Narra V.R., Yaghmai V., Azure M.T., Goddu S.M., Howell R.W., Rao D.V. Vitamins as radioprotectors in vivo. II. Protection of vitamin A and soybean oil against radiation damage caused by internal radionuclides. Radiat. Res. 139:1994;115-122.
56. Hasegawa T., Takahashi T., Inada Y., Yamada C., Tanaka Y. Reparative effects of sodium alginate (Alloid G) on radiation stomatitis (Japanese). Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi. 49:1989;1047-1051.
57. Hebbar S.A., Mitra A.K., George K.C., Verma N.C. Caffeine ameliorates radiation-induced skin reactions in mice but does not influence tumour radiation response. J. Radiol. Prot. 22:2002;63-69.
58. Hehr T., Hoffmann W., Bamberg M. Role of sodium selenite as an adjuvant in radiotherapy of rectal carcinoma (German). Med. Klin. 92:(Suppl. 3):1997;48-49.
59. Held K.D., Biaglow J.E. Mechanisms for the oxygen radical-mediated toxicity of various thiol-containing compounds in cultured mammalian cells. Radiat. Res. 139:1994;15-23.
60. Holwitt E.A., Koda E., Swenberg C.E. Enhancement of topoisomerase I-mediated unwinding of supercoiled DNA by the radioprotector WR-33278. Radiat. Res. 124:1990;107-109.
61. Huang E.Y., Leung S.W., Wang C.J., Chen H.C., Sun L.M., Fang F.M., Yeh S.A., Hsu H.C., Hsiung C.Y. Oral glutamine to alleviate radiation-induced oral mucositis: a pilot randomized trial. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 46:2000;535-539.
62. Inano H., Onoda M. Radioprotective action of curcumin extracted from Curcuma longa LINN: inhibitory effect of formation of urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, tumorigenesis, but not mortality, induced by gamma-ray irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 53:2002;735-743.
63. Jacobs A.J., Rankin R.A., Srinivasan V., Weiss J.F. Effects of vitamin E and selenium on glutathione peroxidase activity and survival of irradiated mice. Broerse J.J., Barendsen G.W., Kal H.B., van der Kogel A.J. Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Radiation Research. 1983;D5-D15 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Amsterdam.
64. Jaiswal S.K., Bordia A. Radio-protective effect of garlic Allium sativum Linn. in albino rats. Indian J. Med. Sci. 50:1996;231-233.
65. Jarrett D.J. Medical Management of Radiological Casualties. AFRRI Special Publications 99-2. 1999;1-141 Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD.
66. Jha M.N., Bedford J.S., Cole W.C., Edwards-Prasad J., Prasad K.N. Vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopheryl succinate) decreases mitotic accumulation in gamma-irradiated human tumor, but not in normal, cells. Nutr. Cancer. 35:1999;189-194.
67. Jha M.N., Bamburg J.R., Bernstein B.W., Bedford J.S. Caffeine eliminates gamma-ray-induced G2-phase delay in human tumor cells but not in normal cells. Radiat. Res. 157:2002;26-31.
68. Kagerud A., Peterson H.I. Tocopherol in irradiation of experimental neoplasms. Influence of dose and administration. Acta Radiol. Oncol. 20:1981;97-100.
69. Kagerud A., Holm G., Larsson H., Peterson H.I. Tocopherol and local X-ray irradiation of two transplantable rat tumors. Cancer Lett. 5:1978;123-129.
70. Karbownik M., Reiter R.J. Antioxidative effects of melatonin in protection against cellular damage caused by ionizing radiation. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 225:2000;9-22.
71. Kennedy A.R. Prevention of radiation transformation in vitro. Prasad K.N. Vitamins, Nutrition and Cancer. 1984;166-179 Karger, Basel.
72. Kennedy A.R. Chemopreventive agents: protease inhibitors. Pharmacol. Ther. 78:1998;167-209.
73. Kennedy M., Bruninga K., Mutlu E.A., Losurdo J., Choudhary S., Keshavarzian A. Successful and sustained treatment of chronic radiation proctitis with antioxidant vitamins E and C. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96:2001;1080-1084.
74. Key T.J., Sharp G.B., Appleby P.N., Beral V., Goodman M.T., Soda M., Mabuchi K. Soya foods and breast cancer risk: a prospective study in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Br. J. Cancer. 81:1999;1248-1256.
75. Kiremidjian-Schumacher L., Roy M. Effect of selenium on the immunocompetence of patients with head and neck cancer and on adoptive immunotherapy of early and established lesions. Biofactors. 14:2001;161-168.
76. Klimberg V.S., Souba W.W., Dolson D.J., Salloum R.M., Hautamaki R.D., Plumley D.A., Mendenhall W.M., Bova F.J., Khan S.R., Hackett R.L., Bland K.I., Copeland E.M. Prophylactic glutamine protects the intestinal mucosa from radiation injury. Cancer. 66:1990;62-68.
77. Koch C.J. The mechanisms of radiation protection by non-protein sulfhydryls: glutathione, cysteine, and cysteamine. Bump E.A., Malaker K. Radioprotectors: Chemical, Biological and Clinical Perspective. 1998;25-52 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
78. Kojima S., Ishida H., Takahashi M., Yamaoka K. Elevation of glutathione induced by low-dose gamma rays and its involvement in increased natural killer activity. Radiat. Res. 157:2002;275-280.
79. Konings A.W., Damen J., Trieling W.B. Protection of liposomal lipids against radiation induced oxidative damage. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med. 35:1979;343-350.
80. Konopacka M., Widel M., Rzeszowska-Wolny J. Modifying effect of vitamin C, E and beta-carotene against gamma-ray-induced DNA damage in mouse cells. Mutat. Res. 417:1998;85-94.
81. Kordysh E.A., Emerit I., Goldsmith J.R., Merkin L., Quastel M., Bolotin A., Friger M. Dietary and clastogenic factors in children who immigrated to Israel from regions contaminated by the Chernobyl accident. Arch. Environ. Health. 56:2001;320-326.
82. Koyama S., Kodama S., Suzuki K., Matsumoto T., Miyazaki T., Watanabe M. Radiation-induced long-lived radicals which cause mutation and transformation. Mutat. Res. 421:1998;45-54.
83. Krizala J., Stoklasova A., Kovarova H., Ledvina M. The effect of gamma irradiation and cystamine on superoxide dismutase activity in the bone marrow and erythrocytes of rats. Radiat. Res. 91:1982;507-515.
84. Krolak, J.M., May, H., Hoover, R.L., Weiss, J.F., 1986. Effect of nutritional supplements on postirradiation survival of mice. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hanford Life Science Symposium: Radiation Protection - A Look to the Future (abstract), Richland, WA.
85. Kumar K.S., Vaishnav Y.N., Weiss J.F. Radioprotection by antioxidant enzymes and enzyme mimetics. Pharmacol. Ther. 39:1988;301-309.
86. Kumar S.S., Devasagayam T.P., Jayashree B., Kesavan P.C. Mechanism of protection against radiation-induced DNA damage in plasmid pBR322 by caffeine. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 77:2001;617-623.
87. Kumar K.S., Srinivasan V., Toles R., Jobe L., Seed T.M. Nutritional approaches to radioprotection: vitamin E. Military Med. 167:(Suppl. 1):2002;57-59.
88. Kuna P., Volenec K., Vodicka I., Dostal M. Radioprotective and hemodynamic effects of WR-2721 and cystamine in rats: time course studies. Neoplasma. 30:1983;349-357.
89. Lamartiniere C.A., Cotroneo M.S., Fritz W.A., Wang J., Mentor-Marcel R., Elgavish A. Genistein chemoprevention: timing and mechanisms of action in murine mammary and prostate. J. Nutr. 132:2002;552S-558S.
90. Lamson D.W., Brignall M.S. Antioxidants in cancer therapy; their actions and interactions with oncologic therapies. Altern. Med. Rev. 4:1999;304-329.
91. Landauer M.R., Davis H.D., Dominitz J.A., Weiss J.F. Comparative behavioral toxicity of four sulfhydryl radioprotective compounds in mice: WR-2721, cysteamine, diethyldithiocarbamate and N-acetylcysteine. Pharmacol. Ther. 39:1988;97-100.
92. Landauer M.R., Davis H.D., Kumar K.S., Weiss J.F. Behavioral toxicity of selected radioprotectors. Adv. Space Res. 12:1992;273-283.
93. Landauer M.R., Srinivasan V., Shapiro A., Takimoto C., Seed T.M. Protection against lethal irradiation by genistein. Int. J. Toxicol. 19:2000;37.
94. Landauer M.R., Castro C.A., Benson K.A., Hogan J.B., Weiss J.F. Radioprotective and locomotor responses of mice treated with nimodipine alone and in combination with WR-151327. J. Appl. Toxicol. 21:2001;25-31.
95. Landauer, M.R., Srinivasan, V., Seed, T.M. Genistein treatment protects mice from ionizing radiation injury. J. Appl. Toxicol., in press.
96. Lefaix J.L., Delanian S., Vozenin M.C., Leplat J.J., Tricaud Y., Martin M. Striking regression of subcutaneous fibrosis induced by high doses of gamma rays using a combination of pentoxifylline and alpha-tocopherol: an experimental study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 43:1999;839-847.
97. Lehnert S. Radioprotection of mouse intestine by inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 5:1979;825-833.
98. Letur-Konirsch H., Guis F., Delanian S. Uterine restoration by radiation sequelae regression with combined pentoxifylline-tocopherol: a phase II study. Fertil. Steril. 77:2002;1219-1226.
99. MacVittie T.J., Weiss J.F., Browne D. Advances in the Treatment of Radiation Injuries. 1996;1-249 Pergamon, Oxford.
100. Maisin J.R. Bacq and Alexander Award lecture-chemical radioprotection: past, present and future prospects. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 73:1998;443-450.
101. Malaker K. Clinical experience with radioprotectors. Bump E.A., Malaker K. Radioprotectors: Chemical, Biological and Clinical Perspective. 1998;373-410 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
102. Malick M.A., Roy R.M., Sternberg J. Effect of vitamin E on post-irradiation death in mice. Experientia. 34:1978;1216-1217.
103. Mates J.M., Perez-Gomez C., Nunez de Castro I., Asenjo M., Marquez J. Glutamine and its relationship with intracellular redox status, oxidative stress and cell proliferation/death. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 34:2002;439-458.
104. Matsubara J. Metallothionein induction: a measure of radioprotective action. Health Phys. 55:1988;433-436.
105. McClain D.E., Kalinich J.F., Ramakrishnan N. Trolox inhibits apoptosis in irradiated MOLT-4 lymphocytes. FASEB J. 9:1995;1345-1354.
106. Mettler F.A., Voelz G.L. Major radiation exposure - what to expect and how to respond. New Engl. J. Med. 346:2002;1554-1561.
107. Milas L., Hunter N., Stephens L.C., Peters L.J. Inhibition of radiation carcinogenesis in mice by S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)-ethylphosphorothioic acid. Cancer Res. 44:1984;5567-5569.
108. Mitchell J.B., Biaglow J.E., Russo A. Role of glutathione and other endogenous thiols in radiation protection. Pharmacol. Ther. 39:1988;269-274.
109. Mitchell J.L., Rupert J., Leyser A., Judd G.G. Mammalian cell polyamine homeostasis is altered by the radioprotector WR1065. Biochem. J. 335:1998;329-334.
110. Monig H., Messerschmidt O., Streffer C. Chemical radioprotection in mammals and in man. Scherer E., Streffer C., Trott K.-R. Radiation Exposure and Occupational Risks. 1990;97-143 Springer, Berlin.
111. Moulder J.E. Report on an interagency workshop on the radiobiology of terrorism: molecular and cellular biology of moderate dose (1-10 Sv) radiation and potential mechanisms of radiation protection (Bethesda, Maryland, 17-18 December, 2001). Radiat. Res. 158:2002;118-124.
112. Murray D. Aminothiols. Bump E.A., Malaker K. Radioprotectors: Chemical, Biological and Clinical Perspective. 1998;53-109 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
113. Murray D., McBride W.H. Radioprotective agents. fourth ed Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 20:1996;963-1006 Wiley, New York, NY.
114. Mutlu-Turkoglu U., Erbit Y., Oztezcan S., Olgac V., Toker G., Uysal M. The effect of selenium and/or vitamin E treatments on radiation-induced intestinal injury in rats. Life Sci. 66:2000;1905-1913.
115. Myers C.E., Katki A., Travis E. Effect of tocopherol and selenium on defenses against reactive oxygen species and their effect on radiation sensitivity. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 393:1982;419-425.
116. Nagano J., Kono S., Preston D.L., Moriwaki H., Sharp G.B., Koyama K., Mabuchi K. Bladder-cancer incidence in relation to vegetable and fruit consumption: a prospective study of atomic-bomb survivors. Int. J. Cancer. 86:2000;132-138.
117. Nair C.K.K., Parida D.K., Nomura T. Radioprotectors in radiotherapy. J. Radiat. Res. 42:2001;21-37.
118. Neta R. Insights into the mechanisms of radiation damage and radioprotection through their modulation by cytokines. Environ. Health Perspect. 105:(Suppl. 6):1997;1463-1465.
119. Neta R. The promise of molecular epidemiology in defining the association between radiation and cancer. Health Phys. 79:2000;77-84.
120. Noaman E., Zahran A.M., Kamal A.M., Omran M.F. Vitamin E and selenium administration as a modulator of antioxidant defense system: biochemical assessment and modification. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 86:2002;55-64.
121. Oberley T.D., Oberley L.W. Antioxidant enzyme levels in cancer. Histol. Histopathol. 12:1997;525-535.
122. Ohara M., Lu H., Shiraki K., Ishimura Y., Uesaka T., Katoh O., Watanabe H. Radioprotective effects of miso (fermented soy bean paste) against radiation in B6C3F1 mice: increased small intestinal crypt survival, crypt lengths and prolongation of average time to death. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci. 50:2001;83-86.
123. Okunieff P. Interactions between ascorbic acid and the radiation of bone marrow, skin, and tumor. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54:1991;1281S-1283S.
124. Oldini C., Malusardi G., Grossi L., Chiarelli G. Role of beta-carotene in the prevention of genotoxic damage in patients undergoing radiotherapy. Monitoring by the micronucleus test in exfoliative cells of the oral cavity (Italian). Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital. 12:1992;435-441.
125. Palayoor S.T., Langley R.E., Coleman C.N., Bump E.A. Modulation of radiation-induced apoptosis. Bump E.A., Malaker K. Radioprotectors: Chemical, Biological and Clinical Perspective. 1998;275-297 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
126. Paranich A.V., Oleksieiev S.M., Tarabrin M.B., Godonu Z., Savchenko G.V., Traore M. Comparison of the effectiveness of oil and water solutions of alpha-tocopherol as radiation protection agent (Ukrainian). Fiziol. Zh. 39:1993;89-91.
127. Parshad R., Sanford K.K., Price F.M., Steele V.E., Tarone R.E., Keloff G.J., Boone C.W. Protective action of plant polyphenols on radiation-induced chromatid breaks in cultured human cells. Anticancer Res. 18:1998;3263-3266.
128. Patt H.M., Tyree E.B., Straube R.L., Smith D.E. Cysteine protection against X-irradiation. Science. 110:1949;213-214.
129. Peter R.U., Gottlober P. Management of cutaneous radiation injuries: diagnostic and therapeutic principles of the cutaneous radiation syndrome. Military Med. 167:(Suppl. 1):2002;110-112.
130. Prasad K.N., Kumar A., Kochupillai V., Cole W.C. High doses of multiple antioxidant vitamins: essential ingredients in improving the efficacy of standard cancer therapy. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 18:1999;13-25.
131. Ramakrishnan N.N., Wolfe W.W., Catravas G.N. Radioprotection of hematopoietic tissues in mice by lipoic acid. Radiat. Res. 130:1992;360-365.
132. Redlich C.A., Rockwell S., Chung J.S., Sikora A.G., Kelley M., Mayne S.T. Vitamin A inhibits radiation-induced pneumonitis in rats. J. Nutr. 128:1998;1661-1664.
133. Reiter R.J., Tan D.X. Melatonin: an antioxidant in edible plants. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 957:2002;341-344.
134. Ricks R.C., Berger M.E., O'Hara F.M. The Medical Basis for Radiation-Accident Preparedness: The Clinical Care of Victims. 2002;1-374 Parthenon Publishing Group, Boca Raton, FL.
135. Rodemann H.P., Hehr T., Bamberg M. Relevance of the radioprotective effect of sodium selenite (German). Med. Klin. 94:(Suppl. 3):1999;39-41.
136. Roy R.M., Petrella M., Shateri H. Effects of administering tocopherol after irradiation on survival and proliferation of murine lymphocytes. Pharmacol. Ther. 39:1988;393-395.
137. Sakamoto K., Sakka M. Reduced effect of irradiation on normal and malignant cells irradiated in vivo in mice pretreated with vitamin E. Br. J. Radiol. 46:1973;538-540.
138. Salganik R.I. The benefits and hazards of antioxidants: controlling apoptosis and other protective mechanisms in cancer patients and the human population. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 20:2001;464S-472S.
139. Sandstrom B.E., Carlsson J., Marklund S.L. Selenite-induced variation in glutathione peroxidase activity of three mammalian cell lines: no effect on radiation-induced cell killing or DNA strand breakage. Radiat. Res. 117:1989;318-325.
140. Santoso J.T., Lucci J.A., Coleman R.L., Hatch S., Wong P., Miller D., Mathis J.M. Does glutamine supplementation increase radioresistance in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol. Oncol. 71:1998;359-363.
141. Sarma L., Kesavan P.C. Protective effects of vitamins C and E against gamma-ray-induced chromosomal damage in mouse. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 63:1993;759-764.
142. Satyamitra M., Devi P.U., Murase H., Kagiya V.T. In vivo radioprotection by alpha-TMG: preliminary studies. Mutat. Res. 479:2001;53-61.
143. Savoye C., Swenberg C., Hugot S., Sy D., Sabattier R., Charlier M., Spotheim-Maurizot M. Thiol WR-1065 and disulphide WR-33278, two metabolites of the drug Ethyol (WR-2721), protect DNA against fast neutron-induced strand breakage. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 71:1997;193-202.
144. 226Ra contaminated mice. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med. 36:1979;379-386.
145. Schreurs W.H., Odink J., . Egger R.J., Wedel M., Bruning P.F. The influence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on the vitamin status of cancer patients. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 55:1985;425-432.
146. Scott M.D., Meshnick S.R., Eaton J.W. Superoxide dismutase amplifies organismal sensitivity to ionizing radiation. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;2498-2501.
147. Seifter E., Rettura G., Padawer J., Stratford F., Weinzweig J., Demetriou A.A., Levenson S.M. Morbidity and mortality reduction by supplemental vitamin A or β-carotene in CBA mice given total body γ-radiation. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 73:1984;1167-1177.
148. Seifter E., Mendecki J., Holtzman S., Kanofsky J.D., Friedenthal E., Davis L., Weinzweig J. Role of vitamin A and beta carotene in radiation protection: relation to antioxidant properties. Pharmacol. Ther. 39:1988;357-365.
149. Shimoi K., Masuda S., Furogori M., Esaki S., Kinae N. Radioprotective effect of antioxidative flavonoids in gamma-ray irradiated mice. Carcinogenesis. 15:1994;2669-2672.
150. Shirai M. Studies on the treatment of radiation sickness by glutathione (Japanese). Nagoya Igakkai Zasshi. 54:1941;183-192.
151. Singh S.P., Abraham S.K., Kesavan P.C. In vivo radioprotection with garlic extract. Mutat. Res. 345:1995;147-153.
152. Son E.W., Cho C.K., Rhee D.K., Pyo S. Inhibition of gamma-irradiation induced adhesion molecules and NO production by alginate in human endothelial cells. Arch. Pharmacal. Res. 24:2001;466-471.
153. Sorenson J.M. Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn chelates offer a medicinal chemistry approach to overcoming radiation injury. Curr. Med. Chem. 9:2002;639-662.
154. Souba W.W., Klimberg V.S., Hautamaki R.D., Mendenhall E.H., Bova F.C., Howard R.J., Bland K.I., Copeland E.M. Oral glutamine reduces bacterial translocation following abdominal radiation. J. Surg. Res. 48:1990;1-5.
155. Srinivasan V., Dubois A. Nutritional support of irradiated intestine. Dubois A., King G.L., Livengood D.R. Radiation and the Gastrointestinal Tract. 1995;201-213 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
156. Srinivasan V., Weiss J.F. Radioprotection by vitamin E: Injectable vitamin E administered alone or with WR-3689 enhances survival of irradiated mice. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 23:1992;841-845.
157. Srinivasan V., Jacobs A.J., Simpson S.A., Weiss J.F. Radioprotection by vitamin E: effects on hepatic enzymes, delayed type hypersensitivity and postirradiation survival of mice. Meyskens F.L., Prasad K.N. Modulation and Mediation of Cancer by Vitamins. 1983;119-131 Karger, Basel.
158. Srinivasan V., Kumar K.S., Weiss J.F. Radioprotection by metals: Zinc. Chapman J.D., Dewey W.C., Whitmore G.F. Radiation Research: A Twentieth-Century Perspective, Congress Abstracts. I:1991;369 Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
159. Srinivasan V., Weiss J.F., Kumar S. Radioprotection by misoprostol (PGE1 methyl analog) in combination with vitamin E, selenomethionine and WR-3689. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 400B:1997;791-797.
160. 2. Cerutti P., Nygaard O.F., Simic M.G. Anticarcinogenesis and Radiation Protection. 1987;355-360 Plenum Press, New York.
161. Stelzer K.J., Koh W.-J., Kurtz H., Greer B.E., Griffin T.W. Caffeine consumption is associated with decreased severe late toxicity after radiation to the pelvis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 30:1994;411-417.
162. Sun J., Chen Y., Li M., Ge Z. Role of antioxidant enzymes on ionizing radiation resistance. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 24:1998;586-593.
163. Sweeney T.R. A Survey of Compounds from the Antiradiation Drug Development Program of the U.S. Army Medical Research Development Command. 1979;1-851 Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC.
164. Swenberg C.E., Landauer M.R., Weiss J.F. Radiomodification by caffeine alone and in combination with phosphorothioates: in vivo and cell-free studies. Radioprotection. 32:(C1):1997;127-131.
165. Troll W., Wiesner R., Shellabarger C.J., Holtzman S., Stone J.P. Soybean diet lowers breast tumor incidence in irradiated rats. Carcinogenesis. 1:1980;469-472.
166. Uma Devi P., Prasanna P.G. Radioprotective effect of combinations of WR-2721 and mercaptopropionylglycine on mouse bone marrow chromosomes. Radiat. Res. 124:1990;165-170.
167. Uma Devi P., Thomas B. Bone marrow cell protection and modification of drug toxicity by combination of protectors. Pharmacol. Ther. 39:1988;213-214.
168. Uma Devi P., Ganasoundari A., Rao B.S.S., Srinivasan K.K. In vivo radioprotection by Ocimum flavinoids: survival of mice. Radiat. Res. 151:1999;74-78.
169. Uma Devi P., Ganasoundari A., Vrinda B., Srinivasan K.K., Unnikrishnan M.K. Radiation protection by the ocimum flavonoids orientin and vicenin: mechanisms of action. Radiat. Res. 154:2000;455-460.
170. Umegaki K., Itoh T., Ichikawa T. Effect of vitamin E on chromosomal damage in bone marrow cells of mice having received low dose of X-ray irradiation. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 64:1994;249-252.
171. Vijayalaxmi, Reiter R.J., Herman T.S., Meltz M.L. Melatonin and radioprotection from genetic damage: in vivo/in vitro studies with human volunteers. Mutat. Res. 371:1996;221-228.
172. Vijayalaxmi, Meltz M.L., Reiter R.J., Herman T.S., Kumar K.S. Melatonin and protection from whole-body irradiation: survival studies in mice. Mutat. Res. 425:1999;21-27.
173. Weiss J.F. Pharmacologic approaches to protection against radiation-induced lethality and other damage. Environ. Health Perspect. 105:(Suppl. 6):1997;1473-1478.
174. Weiss J.F., Kumar K.S. Antioxidant mechanisms in radiation injury and radioprotection. Chow C.K. Cellular Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms. II:1988;163-189 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
175. Weiss J.F., Landauer M.R. Radioprotection by antioxidants. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 899:2000;44-60.
176. Weiss J.F., Srinivasan V., Jacobs A.J., Rankin W.A. Effect of sulfur compounds on radiation-induced suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity to oxazolone in mice. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 25:1984;235.
177. Weiss J.F., Simic M.G. Perspectives in Radioprotection. Pharmacol. Ther. 39:1988;1-414.
178. Weiss J.F., Kumar K.S., Walden T.L., Neta R., Landauer M.R., Clark E.P. Advances in radioprotection through the use of combined agent regimens. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 57:1990;709-722.
179. Weiss J.F., Srinivasan V., Kumar K.S., Landauer M.R. Radioprotection by metals: selenium. Adv. Space Res. 12:1992;223-231.
180. Weiss J.F., Srinivasan V., Kumar K.S., Landauer M.R., Patchen M.L. Radioprotection by selenium compounds. Favier A.E., Neve J., Fauve P. Trace Elements and Free Radicals in Oxidative Diseases. 1994;211-222 AOCS Press, Champaign, IL.
181. Weiss J.F., Landauer M.R., Gunter-Smith P.J., Hanson W.R. Effect of radioprotective agents on survival after acute intestinal radiation injury. Dubois A., King G.L., Livengood D.R. Radiation and the Gastrointestinal Tract. 1995;183-199 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
182. Weiss J.F., Landauer M.R., Hogan J.B., Gunter-Smith P.J., Benson K.A., Neta R., Hanson W.R. Modification of radiation-induced gastrointestinal and hematopoietic injury in mice by combinations of agents: effects of indomethacin and caffeine. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 400B:1997;865-872.
183. Whanger P.D. Selenocompounds in plants and animals and their biological significance. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 21:2002;223-232.
184. Willson R.L. Free radical protection: why vitamin E, not vitamin C, beta-carotene or glutathione. Ciba Found. Symp. 101:1983;19-44.
185. Worthington, H.V., Clarkson, J.E., Eden, O.B., 2002. Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD001973.
186. Wu L.J., Randers-Pehrson G., Xu A., Waldren C.A., Geard C.R., Yu Z., Hei T.K. Targeted cytoplasmic irradiation with alpha particles induces mutations in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;4959-4964.
187. Xue C., Yu G., Hirata T., Terao J., Lin H. Antioxidative activities of several marine polysaccharides evaluated in a phosphatidylcholine-liposomal suspension and organic solvents. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 62:1998;206-209.
188. Yamaoka K., Kojima S., Takahashi M., Nomura T., Iriyama K. Change of glutathione peroxidase synthesis along with that of superoxide dismutase synthesis in mice spleens after low-dose X-ray irradiation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1381:1998;265-270.
189. Yuhas J.M., Storer J.B. Chemoprotection against three modes of radiation death in the mouse. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med. 15:1969;233-237.
190. Ziegler D.M., Duffel M.W., Pulsen L.L. Studies on the nature and regulation of the cellular thio: disulphide potential. Ciba Found. Symp. 72:1979;191-204.