Risk variable clustering in the insulin resistance syndrome: The Framingham Offspring Study

Diabetes

Volumn 46, Issue 10, 1997, Pages 1594-1600

  Meigs, James B ^a   D'Agostino Sr , Ralph B ^b   Wilson, Peter W F ^d   Cupples, L Adrienne ^c   Nathan, David M ^a   Singer, Daniel E ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b Boston University   (United States)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d NATIONAL HEART LUNG AND BLOOD INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINISM; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTHESIS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN RESPONSE; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0030840420     PISSN: 00121797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2337/diacare.46.10.1594     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Reaven GM: Insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: does it exist and can it be measured? Am J Med 74:3-17, 1983
2. National Diabetes Data Group: Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, 1995
3. Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Jarrett RJ, Keen H: Coronary heart disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance: the Whitehall study. Lancet i:1373-1376, 1980
4. Jarrett RJ, McCartney P, Keen H: The Bedford Survey: ten year mortality rates in newly diagnosed diabetics, borderline diabetics and normoglycaemic controls and risk indices for coronary heart disease in borderline diabetics. Diabetologia 22:79-84, 1982
5. Burchfiel CM, Hamman RF, Marshall JA, Baxter J, Kahn LB, Amirani JJ: Cardiovascular risk factors and impaired glucose tolerance: the San Luis Valley diabetes study. Am J Epidemiol 131:57-70, 1990
6. Haffner SM, Stern MP, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Patterson JK: Cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prediabetic individuals: does the clock for coronary heart disease start ticking before the onset of diabetes? JAMA 263:2893-2898, 1990
7. McPhillips JB, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL: Cardiovascular disease risk factors prior to the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a community of older adults. Am J Epidemiol 131:443-453, 1990
8. Jarrett RJ: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease - chicken, egg, or neither? Diabetologia 26:99-102, 1984
9. Stern MP: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the "Common Soil" hypothesis. Diabetes 44:369-374, 1995
10. Reaven GM: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:1595-1607, 1988
11. Stern MP, Haffner SM: Body fat distribution and hyperinsulinemia as risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 6:123-130, 1986
12. Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP: Prospective analysis of the insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 41:715-722, 1992
13. Zavaroni I, Bonora E, Pagliara M, Dall'Aglio E, Luchetti L, Buonanno G, Bonati PA, Bergonzani M, Gnudi L, Passen M, Reaven G: Risk factors for coronary artery disease in healthy persons with hyperinsulinemia and normal glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 320:502-506, 1989
14. Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Mitchell BD, Stern MP: Hyperinsulinemia: the key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 34:416-422, 1991
15. Mykkanen L, Kuusisto J, Pyorala K, Laakso M: Cardiovascular disease risk factors as predictors of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in elderly subjects. Diabetologia 36:553-559, 1993
16. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Watson RL, Sharrett AR, Brancati FL, Heiss G: A metabolic syndrome in whites and African-Americans. Diabetes Care 19:414-418, 1996
17. Wilson PWF, Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB: Coronary disease risk factor clusters: prevalence and impact on 16 year incidence of CHD in Framingham Offspring. Circulation 93 (Suppl.):6, 1996
18. Hansen BC: Obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance: implications from molecular biology, epidemiology, and experimental studies in humans and animals. Diabetes Care 18 (Suppl. 2):A2-A9, 1995
19. Kannel WB, Feinleib M, McNamara JR, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP: An investigation of coronary heart disease in families: the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Epidemiol 110:281-290, 1979
20. National Institutes of Health: Health implications of obesity. Ann Intern Med 103:1073-1077, 1985
21. Spiegelman D, Isreal RG, Bouchard C, Willett WC: Absolute fat mass, percent body fat, and body-fat distribution: which is the real determinant of blood pressure and serum glucose? Am J Clin Nutr 55:1033-1044, 1992
22. Young TK, Gelskey DE: Is noncentral obesity metabolically benign? implications for prevention from a population survey. JAMA 275:1939-1941, 1995
23. Pouliot MC, Despres J, Lemieux S, Moorjani S, Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Nadeau A, Lupien PJ: Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter best simple anthropomorphic indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am J Card 73:460-468, 1994
24. Joint Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The fifth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC V). Arch Intern Med 153:154-183, 1993
25. Cupples LA, D'Agostino RB: Section 34: some risk factors related to the annual incidence of cardiovascular disease and death using pooled repeated biennial measurements: Framingham Heart Study, 30-year followup. In The Framingham Study: an epidemiological investigation of cardiovascular disease. Kannel W, Wolf P, Garrison R. Eds. Washington D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988
26. World Health Organization: WHO Expert Committee on Diabetes mellitus: Second Report. Geneva, World Health Org., 1980 (Tech. Rep. Ser. no. 646)
27. Laakso M: How good a marker is insulin level for insulin resistance? Am J Epidemiol 137:959-965, 1993
28. Anderson RL, Hamman RF, Savage PJ, Saad MF, Laws A, Kades WG, Sands RE, Cefalu W: Exploration of simple insulin sensitivity measures derived from frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance (FSIGT) tests. Am J Epidemiol 142:724-732, 1996
29. National Cholesterol Education Program: Second Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, 1993 (Publication no. 93-3095 ed.)
30. McNamara JR, Schaefer EJ: Automated enzymatic standardized lipid analyses for plasma and lipid lipoprotein fractions. Clin Chim Acta 166:1-8, 1987
31. Warnick GR, Benderson J, Albers JJ: Dextran sulfate-magnesium precipitation procedure for quantitation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Clin Chem 28:1379-1382, 1982
32. SAS Institute: SAS/STAT User's Guide. Version 6. 4th ed. Cary, NC, SAS Institute, 1989
33. Cureton EE, D'Agostino RB: Factor Analysis: An Applied Approach. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawerence Erlbaum Associates, 1983
34. Saad MF, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Nelson RG, Charles MA, Bennett PH: A twostep model for development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 90:229-235, 1991
35. Lillioja S, Mott DM, Spraul M, Ferraro R, Foley JE, Ravussin E, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Bogardus C: Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329:1988-1992, 1993
36. Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Gaskill SP, Stem MP: Decreased insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance are independently related to the 7-year risk of NIDDM in Mexican-Americans. Diabetes 44:1386-1391, 1995
37. Polonsky KS, Sturis J, Bell GI: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a genetically programmed failure of the β cell to compensate for insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 334:777-783, 1996
38. Haffner S, Miettinen H, Gaskill SP, Stern MP: Decreased insulin action and insulin secretion predict the development of impaired glucose tolerance. Daibetologia 39:1201-1207, 1996
39. Mitrakou A, Kelley D, Mokan M, Veneman T, Pangburn T, Reilly J, Gerich J: Role of reduced suppression of glucose production and diminished early insulin release in impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 326:22-29, 1992
40. Haffner SM, Mykkanen L, Valdez RA, Stern MP, Holloway DL, Monterrosa A, Bowsher RR: Disproportionately increased proinsulin levels are associated with the insulin resistance syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:1806-1810, 1994
41. Haffner SM, Mykkanen L, Valdez RA, Stern MP: Evaluation of two insulin assays in insulin resistance syndrome (Syndrome X). Arterioscler Thromb 14:1430-1437, 1994
42. Jarrett RJ: In defense of insulin: a critique of syndrome X. Lancet 340:469-471, 1992
43. Haffner SM: Insulin and blood pressure: fact or fantasy? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:541-543, 1993
44. Ferrannini E, Buzzigoli G, Bonadonna R, Giorico MA, Graziadei L, Pedrinelli R, Brandi L, Bevilacqua S: Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 317:350-357, 1987
45. Falkner B, Hulman D, Tannebaum J, Kushner H: Insulin resistance and blood pressure in young black men. Hypertension 16:706-711, 1990
46. Mbanya JCN, Thomas TH, Wilkinson R, Alberti KGMM, Taylor R: Hypertension and hyperinsulinemia: a relation in diabetics but not in essential hypertension. Lancet i:733-734, 1988
47. Saad MF, Lillioja S, Nyomba BL, Castillo C, Ferraro R, DeGregorio M, Ravussin E, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Howard BV, Bogardus C: Racial differences in the relationship with blood pressure and insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 324:733-739, 1991
48. Haffner SM, Ferrannini E, Hazuda HP, Stem MP: Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prehypertensive individuals. Hypertension 20:38-45, 1992
49. Muller DC, Elahi D, Pratley RE, Tobin JD, Andres R: An epidemiological test of the hyperinsulinemia-hypertension hypothesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:544-548, 1993
50. Reaven GM, Lithell H, Landsberg L: Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities: the role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system. N Engl J Med 334:374-381, 1996
51. Modan M, Halkin H, Almog S, Lusky A, Eshkil A, Shefi M, Shitrit A, Fuchs A: Hyperinsulinemia: a link between hypertension, obesity and glucose intolerance. J Clin Invest 75:809-817, 1985
52. Tappy L, Bovet P, Jequier E, Shamlaye C, Darioli R, Burnand B: Relationship of fasting insulin concentrations with blood pressure in a represenative sample of the adult population of the Seychelles. Int J Obes 15:669-675, 1991
53. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E: Insulin Resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14:173-194, 1991
54. Gordon T: Hazards in the use of the logistic function with special reference to data from prospective cardiovascular studies. J Chron Dis 27:97-102, 1974
55. Edwards KL, Austin MA, Newman B, Mayer E, Krauss RM, Selby JV: Multivariate analysis of the insulin resistance syndrome in women. Arterioscler Thromb 14:1940-1945, 1994
56. Wingard D, VonMuhlen D, Barrett-Connor E, Kritz-Silverstein D: Factor analysis of proposed components of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes 45 (Suppl. 2):137A, 1996
57. Haffner SM, Mykkanen L, Robbins D, Valdez R, Miettinen H, Howard BV, Stern MP, Bowsher R: A preponderance of small dense LDL is associated with specific insulin, proinsulin, and components of the insulin resistance syndrome in non-diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 38:1328-1336, 1995
58. Juhan-Vague I, Alessi MC, Vague P: Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels: a possible link between insulin resistance and atherothrombosis. Diabetologia 34:457-462, 1991
59. Hatcher L: A Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS System For Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. Cary, NC, SAS Institute, Inc., 1994
60. Bentler PM: EQS Structural Equations Program. Los Angeles, CA, BMDP Statistical Software, 1989
61. Bentler PM, Bonett DG: Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psych Bull 88:588-606, 1980