Thermotropic columnar mesophases from N-H⋯O, and N⋯H-O hydrogen bond supramolecular mesogenes

Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford)

Volumn 28, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 1049-1105

  Beginn, Uwe ^a  

^a RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Low molecular weight organogels; N|H|O hydrogen bond mesogenes; Supramolecular mesomorphism; Thermotropic columnar mesophases

Indexed keywords

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS;

SUPRAMOLECULAR MESOGENES;

HYDROGEN BONDS;

EID: 0038475939     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00150-8     Document Type: Review

References (272)

1. Bragg L. The crystalline state, a general survey. 1966;Bell Publishers, London.
2. March N.H. Amorphous solids and the liquid state. 1985;Plenum Press, New York.
3. Saeva F.D. Liquid crystals - the fourth state of matter. 1979;Marcel Dekker, New York.
4. Kelker H., Hatz R. Handbook of liquid crystals. 1980;Verlag Chemie, Weinheim. p. 512.
5. Tschierske C. Molecular self-organization of amphotropic liquid crystals. Prog Polym Sci. 21:1996;775-882.
6. Vill V. Early history of liquid crystalline compounds. Condens Matter News. 1:1992;25-28.
7. Reinitzer F. Beiträge zur Kenntniss des cholesterins. Monatshefte Chemie. 9:1988;421-441.
8. Lehmann O. Über fliessende kristalle. Z Phys Chem. 4:1889;462-472.
9. Pershan P.S. Structures of liquid crystal phases. World scientific lecture notes in physics. vol. 23:1988;World Scientifics, Singapore. chapters 1-4.
10. Vertogen G., deJeu W.H. Thermotropic liquid crystals. 1988;Springer, Berlin.
11. Sackmann H., Demus D. Eigenschaften und strukturen thermotrop kristallin-flüssiger Zustände. Fort Chem Forsch. 12:1969;349-386.
12. Demus D., Diele S., Grande S., Sackmann H. Polymorphism in liquid crystals. 1983;Academic Press, New York.
13. de Gennes P.G., Prost J. The physics of liquid crystals. 2nd ed: 1993;Oxford Science Publications, Oxford. chapter 8.2, p. 430-45.
14. Nounesis G., Kumar S., Pfeiffer S., Shashidhar R., Garland C.W. Experimental observation of a transition between two uniaxial nematic liquid-crystal phases. Phys Rev Lett. 73:1994;565-568.
15. Vorländer D. Die Erforschung der molekularen Gestalt mit Hilfe der kristallinischen Flüssigkeiten. Z Phys Chem. 105:1923;211-254.
16. Landau L.D., Lifshitz E.M. Statistical physics. 2nd ed: 1970;Pergamon Press, Oxford. p. 402.
17. Brooks J.D., Taylor G.H. The formation of graphitizing carbons from the liquid phase. Carbon. 3:1965;185-193.
18. Zimmer J.E., White J.L. Disclinations in the carbonaceous mesophase. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 38:1977;177-193.
19. Hurt R.H., Hu Y. Thermodynamics of carbonaceous mesophase. Carbon. 37:1999;281-292.
20. Chandrasekhar S., Sadashiva B.K., Suresh K.A. Liquid crystals of disc-like molecules. Pramana. 9:1977;471-480.
21. Dubois J.C. Noveaux materiaux mésomorphes et applications. Ann Phys. 3:1978;131-138.
22. Destrade C., Bernaud M.C., Gasparaux H., Levelut A.M., Tinh N.H. Disk-like mesogens with columnar and nematic phases. Chandrasekhar S. Liquid crystals, Proceedings of the International Conference in Bangalore, 1979. 1980;29-33 Hayden, London.
23. Destrade C., Malthete J., Tinh N.H., Gasparaux H. Truxene derivatives: temperature inverted nematic-columnar sequence in disc-like mesogenes. Phys Lett. 78A:1980;82-84.
24. Billard J., Dubois J.C., Vaucher C., Levelut A.M. Structures of the two discophases of rufigallol hexa-n-octanoate. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 66:1981;435-442.
25. Raja K.S., Ramakrishnan S., Raghunathan V.A. Asymmetric discotic liquid crystals based on rufigallol. Chem Mater. 9:1997;1630-1637.
26. Piechocki C., Simon J., Skoulios A., Guillon D., Weber P. Annelides. 7. Discotic mesophases obtained from substituted metallophthalocyanines. Toward liquid crystalline one-dimensional conductors. J Amer Chem Soc. 104:1982;5245-5257.
27. Chandrasekhar S., Ranganath G.S. Discotic liquid crystals. Rep Prog Phys. 53:1990;57-84.
28. Malthete J., Collet A. Liquid crystals with a cone-shaped cyclotriveratrylene core. Noveau J Chim. 9:1985;151-153.
29. Lehn J.M., Malthete J., Levelut A.M. Tubular mesophases: liquid crystals consisting of macrocyclic molecules. J Chem Soc, Chem Commun. 1985;1794-1796.
30. Malthete J., Levelut A.M., Nguyen H.T. Phasmids: a new class of liquid crystals. J Phys Lett. L46:1985;875-880.
31. Guillon D. Columnar order in thermotropic mesophases. Struct Bond. 95:1999;42-82.
32. Ito S., Wehmeier M., Brand J.D., Kübel C., Epsch R., Rabe J.P., Müllen K. Synthesis and self-assembly of functionalized hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes. Chem Eur J. 6:2000;4327-4342.
33. Lattermann G. A liquid-crystalline cyclam derivative. Liq Cryst. 6:1989;619-625.
34. Lattermann G. Liquid crystalline azamacrocyclic derivatives. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 182B:1990;299-311.
35. Höger S., Bonrad K., Mourran A., Beginn U., Möller M. Synthesis, aggregation, and adsorption phenomena of shape-persistent macrocycles with extraannular polyalkyl substituents. J Am Chem Soc. 123:2001;5651-5659.
36. Vill V., Sauerbrei B., Fischer H., Thiem J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of discotic liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 11:1992;949-952.
37. van Doren H., Buma T.J., Kellogg R.M., Wynberg H. Carbohydrate liquid crystals even at ambient temperature. J Chem Soc, Chem Commun. 1988;460-462.
38. Lattermann G., Staufer G. Hydroxy group containing liquid crystals: columnar and cubic phases in two chain diols. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 191:1990;199-203.
39. Staufer G., Schellhorn M., Lattermann G. Cis,cis-3,5-dihydroxycyclohexyl 3,4-bis-alkoxy benzoates. Thermal behaviour and water absorption. Liq Cryst. 18:1995;519-527.
40. Chandrasekhar S. Columnar, discotic, nematic and lamellar liquid crystals: their structures and physical properties. Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W., Vill V. Handbook of liquid crystals. vol. 2b:1998;757-758 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
41. Malthete J., Levelut A.-M., Liebert L. The mesomorphism of some diamides of alkyl-substituted-1,3-diaminobenzene. Adv Mater. 4:1992;37-41.
42. Monobe H., Mima S., Shimizu Y. Carrier mobility of discotic lamellar mesophases of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis4-n-pentadecylphenylporphyrine. Chem Lett. 9:2000;1004-1005.
43. Akai T., Shimizu Y. 13C CPMAS NMR of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis4-n-dodecylphenyl-porphyrin: dynamics of aliphatic chains in discotic lamellar mesophases. Liq Cryst. 27:2000;437-441.
44. Chandrasekhar S. Columnar, discotic, nematic and lamellar liquid crystals: their structures and physical properties. Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W., Vill V. Handbook of liquid crystals. vol. 2b:1998;759-760 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
45. Levelut A.M. Structure of mesomorphic phases formed by disc-like molecules. J Chim Phys, Phys Chim Biol. 80:1983;149-161.
46. McMillan W.L. Simple molecular model for the smectic A phase of liquid crystals. Phys Rev. A4:1971;1238-1246.
47. Feldkamp G.E., Handschy M.A., Clark N.A. Mean field theory of liquid crystalline phases of disk-shaped molecules. Phys Lett. A85:1981;359-362.
48. Chandrasekhar S. Liquid crystals of disklike molecules. Brown G.H. Advances in liquid crystals. vol. 5:1982;47-78 Academic Press, New York.
49. Kats E.I., Monastyrskii M.I. Ordering in discotic liquid crystals. J Phys. 45:1984;709-714.
50. Ghose D., Bose T.R., Roy M.K., Mukherjee C.D., Saha M. A mean field model for the phase diagram of a discotic liquid crystalline system. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 154:1988;119-125.
51. Ghose D., Bose T.R., Mukherjee C.D., Roy M.K., Saha M. A molecular mean field model for a rectangular to hexagonal phase transition in discotic liquid crystals. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 173:1989;17-29.
52. Ghose D., Bose T.R., Saha T.R., Mukherjee C.D., Roy M.K., Saha M.K. A molecular mean field model for the biaxial rectangular discotic phase with herring-bone packing of tilted molecules. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 264:1995;165-180.
53. Ghose D., Bose T.R., Saha J., Mukherjee C.D., Roy M.K., Saha M. A mean field model for reentrant polymorphism. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 172:1989;1-16.
54. Destrade C., Huu Tinh N., Gasparoux G., Malthete J., Levelut A.-M. Disc-like mesogens: a classification. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 71:1981;111-135.
55. Destrade C., Mondon-Bernaud M.C., Huu Tinh N. Mesomorphic polymorphism in some disk-like compounds. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 49:1979;169-174.
56. Demus D., Richter L. Textures of liquid crystals. 1978;Verlag Chemie, Weinheim.
57. Chandrasekhar S., Ranganath G.S. Discotic liquid crystals. Rep Prog Phys. 53:1990;57-84.
58. Destrade C., Foucher P., Gasparoux H., Huu Tinh N., Levelut A.-M., Malthete J. Disk-like mesogen polymorphism. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 106:1984;121-146.
59. Yahiaoui B., Gharbi A., Kleman M., Malthete J. Phases hexagonales colonnaires thermotrope et lyotrope: défauts observés par cryofracture et caractère anomal du thermotrope. Eur Phys J. B5:1998;99-110.
60. Sackmann H., Demus D. Isomorphiebeziehungen zwischen kristallin-flüssigen Phasen. 5. Mitteilung. Z Phys Chem. 222:1963;127-142.
61. Sackmann H., Demus D. Isomorphiebeziehungen zwischen kristallin-flüssigen Phasen. 7. Mitteilung. Z Phys Chem. 222:1963;143-160.
62. 2 critical point in a binary system of successive homologs. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 7:1990;85-90.
63. Kofler L., Kofler A., Brandstätter M. Thermo-mikromethoden. 1954;Verlag Chemie, Weinheim. p. 151.
64. Suguira M., Minoda M., Fukuda T., Miyamamoto T., Watanabe J. Thermotropic liquid crystals based on chito-oligosaccharides. II. Discotic columnar liquid crystals in chitobiose octaalkanoates and chitotriose hendecaalkanoates. Liq Cryst. 12:1992;603-611.
65. Zimmermann H., Poupko R., Luz Z., Billard J. Pyramidic mesophases. Z Naturforsch. 40a:1985;149-160.
66. Zimmermann H., Poupko R., Luz Z., Billard J. Temperature dependent sign of the optical anisotropy in pyramidic mesophases. Z Naturforsch. 41a:1986;1137-1140.
67. Zimmermann H., Poupko R., Luz Z., Billard J. Tetrabenzocyclododecatetraene: a new core for mesogens exhibiting columnar mesophases. Liq Cryst. 3:1988;759-770.
68. Zimmermann H., Poupko R., Luz Z., Billard J. Optical microscopy and deuteron NMR of non-ionic amphiphiles which exhibit thermotropic and aqueous lyotropic mesophases. Liq Cryst. 6:1989;151-166.
69. Ladd M.F.C., Palmer R.A. Structure determination by X-ray crystallography. 1994;Plenum Press, New York.
70. Glusker J.P., Lewis M., Rossi M. Crystal structure analysis for chemists and biologists. 1994;VCH, Weinheim.
71. Williams C.E., May R.P., Guinier A. Small-angle scattering of X-rays and neutrons. Lifshin E. X-ray characterisation of materials. 1999;211-254 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
72. Harris K.D.M., Tremayne M., Kariuki B.M. Contemporary advances in the use of powder X-ray diffraction for structure determination. Angew Chem. 113:2001;1674-1700.
73. Günzler H., Heise H.M. IR spektroskopie. 3rd ed: 1996;VCH, Weinheim.
74. Miller R.G.J., Stace B.C. Laboratory methods in infrared spectroscopy. 2nd ed: 1972;Heyden and Sons, London. p. 129-48.
75. Leipertz A., Spiekermann M. Low- and high-temperature techniques, spectrometric determination of sample temperatures. Schrader B. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. 1995;685-688 VCH, Weinheim.
76. Geiseler G., Seidel H. Die Wasserstoffbrückenbindung. 1977;Vieweg, Braunschweig.
77. Kollman P.A., Allan L.C. Theory of the hydrogen bond. Chem Rev. 72:1972;283-303.
78. Pimentel G.C., Sederholm C.H. Correlation of infrared stretching frequencies and hydrogen bond distances in crystals. J Chem Phys. 24:1956;639-641.
79. Nakamoto K., Margoshes M., Rundle R.E. Stretching frequencies as a function of distances in hydrogen bonds. J Am Chem Soc. 77:1955;6480-6486.
80. Geiseler G. Nature and properties of the hydrogen bridge bond. Z Chem. 15:1975;417-426.
81. Michl J., Thulstrup E.W. Spectroscopy with polarized light. 2nd ed: 1995;VCH, Weinheim.
82. Kruk G., Kocot A., Wrzalik R., Vij J.K., Karthaus O., Ringsdorf H. Infrared absorption study of hexapentyloxytriphenylene: a discotic liquid crystal. Liq Cryst. 14:1993;807-819.
83. Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W., Vill V. Handbook of liquid crystals. vol. 1:1998;Weinheim, Wiley/VCH.
84. Beginn U., Möller M. Supramolecular structures with macromolecules. Reinhoudt D. Supramolecular technology. vol. 4:1999;89-176 Wiley, New York. chapter 3.
85. Pegenau A., Hegmann T., Tschierske C., Diele S. The importance of micro segregation for mesophase formation: thermotropic columnar mesophases of tetrahedral and other low-aspect-ratio organic materials. Chem Eur J. 5:1999;1643-1659.
86. Levelut A.M., Malthete J., Destrade C., Tin N.-H. Structural features of the hexagonal phase of phasmidic liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 2:1987;877-888.
87. Percec V., Schlüter D., Kwon Y.K., Blackwell J., Möller M., Slangen P.J. Dramatic stabilization of a hexagonal columnar mesophase generated from supramolecular and macromolecular columns by the semifluorination of the alkyl groups of their tapered building blocks. Macromolecules. 28:1995;8807-8818.
88. Johannson G., Percec V., Ungar G., Zhou J.P. Fluorophobic effect in the self-assembly of polymers and model compounds containing tapered groups into supramolecular columns. Macromolecules. 29:1996;646-660.
89. Donnio B., Bruce D.W. Metallomesogenes. Struct Bond. 95:1999;193-247.
90. Nguyen H.-T., Destrade C., Malthete J. Phasmids and polycatenar mesogens. Adv Mater. 9:1997;375-388.
91. Nguyen H.-T., Destrade C., Malthete J. Phasmids and polycatenar mesogens. Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W., Vill V. Handbook of liquid crystals. vol. 2b:1998;Wiley/VCH, Weinheim. chapter XII.
92. Ribeiro A.C., Cruz C., Nguyen H.T., Diele S., Heinrich B., Guillon D. Structural study of a smectic C phase of biforked molecules. Liq Cryst. 29:2002;635-640.
93. Nguyen H.T., Destrade C., Malthete J. Phasmids and polycatenar mesogens. Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W., Vill V. Handbook of liquid crystals. vol. 2b:1998;865-885 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
94. Bennett G.M., Jones B. Mesomorphism and polymorphism of some p-alkoxybenzoic and p-alkoxycinnamic acids. J Chem Soc Trans. 2:1939;420-425.
95. Weygand C., Gabler R., Hoffmann J. Chemical morphology of liquids. III. Liquid-crystal aliphatic monocarboxylic acids. Z Phys Chem Abt B. 50:1941;124-127.
96. Gray G.W., Jones B. The mesomorphic transition points of the p-n-alkoxybenzoic acids. A correction. J Chem Soc. 1953;4179-4180.
97. Gray G.W., Jones B. Mesomorphism and chemical constitution. II. The trans-p-n-alkoxycinnamic acids. J Chem Soc. 1954;1467-1470.
98. Eaborn C., Hartshorne N.A. The mesomorphism of diisobutylsilanediol. J Chem Soc. 1955;549-555.
99. Bunning J.D., Lydon J.E., Eaborn C., Jackson P.M., Goodby J.W., Gray G.W. Classification of the mesophase of diisobutylsilanediol. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans I. 78:1982;713-724.
100. Castellano J., Goldmacher J.E., Barton L.A., Kane J.S. Liquid crystals. II. Effects of terminal group substitution on the mesomorphic behavior of some benzylideneanilines. J Org Chem. 33:1968;3501-3504.
101. Paleos C.M., Tsiourvas D. Thermotropic liquid crystals formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 34:1995;1696-1712.
102. Paleos C.M., Tsiourvas D. Supramolecular hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 28:2001;1127-1161.
103. Hagler A.T., Euler E., Lifson S. Energy functions for peptides and proteins. I. Derivation of a consistent force field including the hydrogen bond from amide crystals. J Am Chem Soc. 96:1974;5319-5327.
104. Lifson S., Hagler A.T., Dauber P. Consistent force field studies of intermolecular forces in hydrogen-bonded crystals. 1. Carboxylic acids, amides, and the C=O-⋯H- hydrogen bonds. J Am Chem Soc. 101:1979;5111-5121.
105. Jorgensen W.L., Pranata J. Importance of secondary interactions in triply hydrogen bonded complexes: guanine-cytosine vs uracil-2,6-diaminopyridine. J Am Chem Soc. 112:1990;2008-2010.
106. Murray T.J., Zimmermann S.C. New triply hydrogen bonded complexes with highly variable stabilities. J Am Chem Soc. 114:1992;4010-4011.
107. Fenlon E.E., Murray T.J., Baloga M.H., Zimmermann S.C. Convenient synthesis of 2-amino-1,8-naphthyridines, building blocks for host-guest and self-assembling systems. J Org Chem. 58:1993;6625-6628.
108. Sartorius J., Schneider H.-J. An incremental empirical approach to non-covalent interactions in and with DNA. NATO ASI Series C, Math Phys Sci - Adv Study Inst. 485:1996;11-26.
109. Zimmermann S.C., Corbin P. Heteroaromatic modules for self-assembly using multiple hydrogen bonds. Struct Bond. 96:2000;63-94.
110. Beijer F.H., Kooijman H., Spek A.L., Sijbesma R.P., Meijer E.W. Self-complementarity achieved through quadruple hydrogen bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 37:1998;75-77.
111. Matsunaga Y., Miyajima N., Nakayasu Y., Sakai S., Yonenaga M. Design of novel mesomorphic compounds: N,N,N′-trialkyl-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxamides. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 61:1988;207-210.
112. Harada Y., Matsunaga Y. New mesomorphic compounds: N,N-dialkanoyl-2,4-bisalkanoyloxy-1,3-benzenediamines. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 61:1988;2739-2741.
113. Albouy P.A., Guillon D., Heinrich B., Levelut A.M., Malthete J. The measurement of the nematic order parameter by X-ray scattering reconsidered. J Phys II France. 5:1995;113-132.
114. Akopova O.B., Tyuneva G.A., Shabyshev Y.G., Erykalov L.S. Symmetrical substituted benzenes. Effect of structural changes on the discophase. J Gen Chem USSR Engl Trans. 57:1987;570-574.
115. Palmans A.R.A., Vekemans J.A.J.M., Havinga E.E., Meijer E.W. Sergeants-and-soldiers principle in chiral columnar stacks of disc-shaped molecules with C3 symmetry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 36:1997;2648-2650.
116. Brunsveld L., Lohmeijer B.G.G., Vekemans J.A.J.M., Meijer E.W. Chirality amplification in dynamic helical columns in water. Chem Commun. 2000;2305-2306.
117. van der Schoot P., Michls M.A.J., Brunsveld L., Sijbesma R.P., Ramzi A. Helical transition and growth of supramolecular assemblies of chiral discotic molecules. Langmuir. 16:2000;10076-10086.
118. Beginn U., Lattermann G. Liquid crystalline primary benzamides. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 241:1994;215-220.
119. Penfold B.R., White J.C.B. The crystal and molecular structure of benzamide. Acta Cryst. 12:1959;130-135.
120. Beginn U., Sheiko S.S., Möller M. Self-organization of 3,4,5-trisoctyloxybenzamide in solution and embedding of the aggregates into methacrylate resins. Macromol Chem Phys. 201:2000;1008-1015.
121. Chenard Y., Paiement N., Zhao Y. Oriented polymer dispersed discotic liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 27:2000;459-466.
122. Kopitzke J., Wendorff J., Glusen B. Columnar discotics in confined geometries. Liq Cryst. 27:2000;643-648.
123. Beginn U. Synthese und Charakterisierung neuer nieder-und hochmolekularer supramolekularer mesogene. Dissertation Thesis. Bayreuth/Germany; 1994.
124. Beginn U., Lattermann G. Mesogenic low molecular and polymeric hydrazides. I. Synthesis. Macromol Rep. A327:1995;985-998.
125. Beginn U., Lattermann G., Festag R., Wendorff J.H. Mesogenic low molecular and polymeric hydrazides. Part II: Mesophase characterization. Acta Polym. 47:1996;214-218.
126. Beginn U., Lattermann G. Supramolecular columnar mesophases via hydrogen bonds in main chain polyhydrazides. ACS Polym Prepr. 37:1996;70-71.
127. Beilsteins handbuch der organischen chemie, vol. E-II-10. Berlin: Springer; 1949. p. 347.
128. Beilsteins handbuch der organischen chemie, vol. E-III-10. Berlin: Springer; 1971. p. 2096.
129. Chandrasekhar S., Ranganath G.S. Discotic liquid crystals. Rep Prog Phys. 53:1990;57-84.
130. Demus D., Gloza A., Hartung H., Hauser A., Rapthel I., Wiegeleben A. New thermotropic cubic mesophases. Cryst Res Technol. 16:1981;1445-1451.
131. Shaw W.G., Brown G.H. The mesomorphic state: the mesomorphic 4,4′-dinalkoxybenzalazines. J Am Chem Soc. 81:1959;2532-2537.
132. Ungar G., Abramic D., Percec V., Heck J.A. Self-assembly of twin tapered bisamides into supramolecular columns exhibiting hexagonal columnar mesophases. Structural evidence for a microsegregated model of the supramolecular column. Liq Cryst. 21:1996;73-86.
133. Kleppinger R., Lillya C.P., Yang C. Self-assembling discotic mesogens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 34:1995;1637-1638.
134. Kleppinger R., Lillya C.P., Yang C.M. Discotic liquid crystals through molecular self-assembly. J Am Chem Soc. 119:1997;4097-4102.
135. Hirschberg J.H.K.K., Sijbesma R.P., Meijer E.W. Self-assembled polymers with columnar architecture. ACS Polym Prepr. 40:(2):1999;1134-1135.
136. Goldmann D., Janietz D., Festag R.H., Schmidt C., Wendorff J.H. New disc-shaped triarylamino-1,3,5-triazines with heteroaromatic central cores. Liq Cryst. 21:1996;619-624.
137. Goldmann D., Dietel R., Janietz D., Schmidt C., Wendorff J.H. Sheet-shaped mesogens based on 1,3,5-triazines: variation of columnar mesophases through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Liq Cryst. 24:1998;407-412.
138. Suarez M., Lehn J.M., Zimmermann S.C., Skoulios A., Heinrich B. Supramolecular liquid crystals. Self-assembly of a trimeric supramolecular disk and its self-organization into a columnar discotic mesophase. J Am Chem Soc. 120:1998;9526-9532.
139. Sautter A., Thalacker C., Würther F. Control of liquid crystallinity of diazadibenzpperylene dyes by covalent and hydrogen-bonded attachment of mesogens. Angew Chem. 113:2001;4557-4560.
140. Laughlan G., Murchie A.I.H., Norman D.G., Moore M.H., Moody P.C., Lilley D.M.J., Luisi B. The high-resolution crystal structure of a parallel-stranded guanine tetraplex. Science. 265:1994;520-523.
141. Gottarelli G., Masiero S., Mezzina E., Pieraccini S., Spada G.P., Mariani P. A new iyotropic liquid crystalline phase formed in hydrocarbon solvents by a deoxyguanosine derivative through extensive hydrogen bonding. Liq Cryst. 26:1999;965-971.
142. Kraft A., Osterod F., Peters L., Reichert A. Combining self-assembly and self-association-towards column supramolecular structures in solution and in liquid-crystalline mesophase. Polym Mater Sci Engng. 80:1999;18-19.
143. + octamer. J Am Chem Soc. 119:1997;2769-2776.
144. Andrisano V., Gottarelli G., Masiero S., Heijne E.H., Pieraccini S., Spada G.P. Enantioselective extraction of dinitrophenyl amino acids mediated by lipophilic deoxyguanosine derivatives: chiral discrimination by self-assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 38:1999;2386-2387.
145. Kanie K., Yasuda T., Ujiie S., Kato T. Thermotropic liquid-crystalline folic acid derivatives: supramolecular discotic and smectic aggregation. Chem Commun. 2000;1891-1899.
146. Kanie K., Yasuda T., Nishii M., Ujiie S., Kato T. Hydrogen-bonded lyotropic liquid crystals of folic acids: responses to environment by exhibiting different complex patterns. Chem Lett. 2001;480-481.
147. Kanie K., Yasuda T., Nishii M., Ujiie S., Kato T. Hydrogen-bonded lyotropic liquid crystals of folic acids: responses to environment by exhibiting different complex patterns. Chem Lett. 2001;480-481.
148. Brienne M.J., Gabard J., Lehn J.M., Stibor J. Macroscopic expression of molecular recognition: supramolecular liquid crystalline phases induced by association of complementary heterocyclic components. J Chem Soc, Chem Commun. 1989;1868-1870.
149. Lehn J.M. Supramolecular chemistry - molecular information and the design of supramolecular materials. Macromol Chem Macromol Symp. 69:1993;1-17.
150. Kraft A., Fröhlich R. Star-branched non-covalent complexes between carboxylic acids and a trisimidazoline base. Chem Commun. 1998;1085-1086.
151. Reichert A., Kraft A. Non covalent complexes of various acidic heterocycles with trifunctional amidine bases. ACS Polym Prepr. 40:(2):1999;1113-1114.
152. Kraft A., Reichert A., Kleppinger R. Supramolecular liquid crystals with columnar mesophases through self-assembly of carboxylic acids around a tribasic core. Chem Commun. 2000;1015-1016.
153. Lee C.J., Lee S.J., Chang J.Y. Synthesis of a polymerizable discotic liquid crystalline compound with 1,3,5-triazine core. Tetrahedron Lett. 43:2002;3863-3866.
154. Lee H.-K., Lee H., Ko Y.H., Chang Y.J., Oh N.-K., Zin W.-C., Kim K. Synthesis of a nanoporous polymer with hexagonal channels from supramolecular discotic liquid crystals. Angew Chem. 113:2001;2741-2743.
155. Würthner F., Yao S., Heise B., Tschierske C. Hydrogen bond directed formation of liquid-crystalline merocyanine dye assembly. Chem Commun. 2002;2260-2261.
156. Bernhardt H., Kresse H., Weissflog W. Construction of polycatenar mesogens exhibiting columnar phases by hydrogen-bonds. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 301:1997;25-30.
157. Kato T. Hydrogen bond systems. Demus D., Goodby J., Gray G.W., Spiess H.W., Vill V. Handbook of liquid crystals. vol. 2b:1998;Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. chapter XVIII.
158. Friot B., Boyd D., Willis K., Donnio B., Ungar G., Bruce D.W. Hydrogen-bonded polycatenar mesogens. Liq Cryst. 27:2000;605-611.
159. Willis K.E., Ungar G., Bruce D.W. Liquid crystals from hydrogen-bonded systems. ACS Polym Prepr. 40:(2):1999;1115-1116.
160. Tian Y.Q., Xu X.H., Zhao Y.Y., Tang X.Y., Li T.J., Huang X.M. Synthesis of new phasmidic liquid crystals induced by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between pyridine moieties and carboxylic acids. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 309:1998;19-27.
161. Skoulios A., Guillon D. Amphiphilic character and liquid crystallinity. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 185:1988;317-332.
162. Ungar G. Thermotropic hexagonal phases in polymers: common features and classification. Polymer. 34:1993;2050-2059.
163. Watanabe J., Ono H., Uematsu I., Abe A. Thermotropic polypeptides. 2. Molecular packing and thermotropic behaviour of poly-L-glutamates with long n-alkyl side chains. Macromolecules. 18:1985;2141-2148.
164. Watanabe J., Takashina Y. Columnar liquid crystals in polypeptides. 1. A columnar hexagonal liquid crystal observed in poly-γ-octadecyl L-glutamate. Macromolecules. 24:1991;3423-3426.
165. Ballauff M., Schmidt G.F. Rigid rod polymers with flexible side chains. 2. Observation of a novel type of layered mesophase. Macromol Chem Rapid Commun. 8:1987;93-97.
166. Ballauff M., Schmidt G.F. Rigid rod polymers having flexible side chains. 3. Structural investigations on a novel layered mesophase formed by thermotropic poly-1,4-phenylene-2,5-dialkoxyterephthalates. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 147:1987;163-177.
167. Adam A., Spiess H.-W. On the packing behaviour of alkoxy-substituted stiff macromolecules. Macromol Chem Rapid Commun. 11:1990;249-259.
168. Staudinger H. From organic chemistry to macromolecules. 1970;Wiley/Interscience, New York.
169. Ungar G., Percec V., Holerca M.N., Johansson G., Heck J.A. Heat-shrinking spherical and columnar supramolecular dendrimers. Their interconversion and dependence of their shape on molecular taper angle. Chem Eur J. 6:2000;1258-1267.
170. Balagurusamy V.S.K., Ungar G., Percec V., Johanson G. Rational design of the first spherical supramolecular dendrimers self-organized in a novel thermotropic cubic liquid-crystalline phase and the determination of their shape by X-ray analysis. J Am Chem Soc. 119:1997;1539-1555.
171. van Nunen J.L.M., Folmer B.F.B., Nolte R.J.M. Induction of liquid crystallinity by host-guest interactions. J Am Chem Soc. 119:1997;283-291.
172. Percec V., Heck J., Johansson G., Tomazos D., Kawasumi M., Chu P., Ungar G. Molecular recognition directed self-assembly of supramolecular architectures. J Macromol Sci, A: Pure Appl Chem. A31:1994;1719-1758.
173. Percec V., Ahn C.H., Ungar G., Yeardley D.J.P., Möller M., Sheiko S.S. Controlling polymer shape through self-assembly of dendritic side-groups. Nature. 391:1998;161-163.
174. Finkelmann H. Liquid crystal polymers. Angew Chem. 89:1987;840-848.
175. Fouquey C., Lehn J.M., Levelut A.M. Molecular recognition directed self-assembly of supramolecular liquid crystalline polymers from complementary chiral components. Adv Mater. 2:1990;254-257.
176. Whitesides G.M., Mathias J.P., Seto C.T. Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: a chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures. Science. 254:1991;1312-1319.
177. Castellano R.K., Rudevich D.M., Rebek J. Polycaps: reversibly formed polymeric capsules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;7132-7137.
178. Kato T. Hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals: molecular self-assembly for dynamically functional materials. Struct Bond. 96:2000;95-146.
179. Lee M., Cho B.-K., Kang Y.-S., Zin W.-C. Hydrogen-bonding-mediated formation of supramolecular rod-coil copolymers exhibiting hexagonal columnar and bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline assemblies. Macromolecules. 32:1999;8531-8537.
180. Adams J., Sänger J., Tefehne C.W., Gronski W. Liquid-crystalline/amorphous diblock and triblock copolymers-influence of morphology and microstructure on phase behavior. Macromol Chem Rapid Commun. 195:1994;879-886.
181. Stupp S.I., Radzilowski L.H. Nanophase separation in monodisperse rodcoil diblock polymers. Macromolecules. 27:1994;7747-7753.
182. Bohnert P., Finkelmann H. Liquid-crystalline side-chain AB block copolymers by direct anionic polymerization of a mesogenic methacrylate. Macromol Chem Phys. 195:1994;689-700.
183. Chen J.T., Thomas E.L., Ober C.K., Hwang S.S. Zigzag morphology of a polystyrene-b-hexyl isocyanate rod-coil block copolymer. Macromolecules. 28:1995;1688-1697.
184. Hirschberg J.H.K.K., Brunsveld L., Ramzi A., Vekemans J.A.J.M., Sijbesma R.P., Meijer E.W. Helical self-assembled polymers from cooperative stacking of hydrogen-bonded pairs. Nature. 407:2000;167-170.
185. Beijer F.H., Kooijman H., Spek A.L., Sijbesma R.P., Meijer E.W. Self-complementarity achieved through quadruple hydrogen bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 37:1998;75-77.
186. Boden N., Bushby R.J., Lu Z.-B., Eichhorn H. Discotic liquid crystalline block copolymers. 1. Side-chain discotic liquid crystalline diblock copolymers. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Technol Sect A. A332:1999;2791-2802.
187. Boden N., Bushby R.J., Eichhorn H., Lu Z.-B., Abeysekera R., Robardes A.W. Discotic liquid crystalline block copolymers. 2. Main-chain discotic liquid crystalline diblock and triblock copolymers. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 332:1999;2803-2812.
188. Israelachvili J.N., Mitchell D.J., Ninham B.W. Theory of self-assembly of hydrocarbon amphiphiles into micelles and bilayers. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans II. 72:1976;1525-1568.
189. Israelachvili J. Intermolecular and surface forces. 1985;Academic Press, London.
190. Borisch K., Tschierske C., Göring P., Diele S. Molecular design of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyhydroxy amphiphiles exhibiting columnar and cubic mesophases of the normal type. Chem Commun. 1998;2711-2712.
191. Borisch K., Diele S., Göring P., Müller H., Tschierske C. Amphiphilic N-benzoyl-1-amino-1-doxy-D-glucitol derivatives forming thermotropic lamellar, columnar and different types of cubic mesophases. Liq Cryst. 22:1997;427-433.
192. Beginn U., Keinath S., Möller M. New carbohydrate amphiphiles. I. Synthesis. Liq Cryst. 23:1997;35-41.
193. Borisch K., Diele S., Göring P., Tschierske C. Molecular design of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyhydroxy amphiphiles exhibiting columnar and cubic mesophases of the normal type. Chem Commun. 1998;2711-2712.
194. Furhop H.-J., Köning J. Stoddart J.F. Membranes and molecular assemblies: the synkinetic approach. 1994;The Royal Society of Chemistry, Oxford.
195. Terech P., Weiss R.G. Low molecular mass gelators of organic liquids and the properties of their gels. Chem Rev. 97:1997;3133-3159.
196. Russo P.S. A perspective on reversible gels and related systems. Russo P.S. ACS Symposium Series 350. 1987;1-21 American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
197. Lipowitz A. Versuche und resultate über die Löslichkeit der Harnsäure. Liebigs Ann Chem Pharm. 38:1841;348-355.
198. Zsigmondy R., Bachmann W. Ueber gallerten-ultramikroskopische studien an seifenlösungen und -gallerten. Z Chem Ind Koll. 11:1912;145-157.
199. Foster M.O., Jackson T. CLXXII. Studies in the camphane series. Part XXIV. Camphoryldithiocarbamic acid and camphorylthiocarbimide. Trans Chem Soc. 91:1907;1877-1890.
200. Hatschek F. Die gele des kamphorylphenylthiosemikarbazids mit einigen bemerkungen über gelstruktur. Z Chem Ind Koll. 11:1912;158-165.
201. Philipse A.P. The random contact equation and is implications for colloidal rods in packings, suspensions, and anisotropic powders. Langmuir. 12:1996;1127-1133.
202. Zipp G., Beginn U., Möller M., Johansson G., Percec V. Self-organization of a liquid crystalline methacrylate-monofunctionalized crown-ether compound in low-shrinkage acrylate mixtures. Macromol Chem Phys. 198:1997;2839-2852.
203. Beginn U., Zipp G., Möller M. Self-organization of liquid crystalline 3,4,5-tris11-methacryloyl-undecyl-1-oxy-4-benzyloxybenzoates in low-shrinkage methacrylate mixtures. J Polym Sci, A: Polym Chem. A38:2000;631-640.
204. Haubennestel K. BYK Gulden. Private communication; 2000.
205. Beginn U. Supramolecular templates as porogenes. Adv Mater. 10:1998;1391-1394.
206. Ono Y., Kanekiyo Y., Inoue K., Hojo J., Shinkai S. Evidence for the importance of a cationic charge in the formation of hollow fiber silica from an organic gel system. Chem Lett. 1999;23-24.
207. Gankema H., Hempenius M.A., Möller M., Johansson G., Percec V. Gel template leaching: an approach to functional nanoporous membranes. Macromol Symp. 102:1996;381-390.
208. Gankema H., Hempenius M.A., Möller M. Methacrylate resin membranes by gel-template-leaching: concept and scope. Rec Trav Chim Pays-Bas. 113:1994;241-249.
209. Hafkamp R.J.H., Kokke B.P.A., Danke I.M., Geurts H.P.M., Rowan A.E., Feiters M.C., Nolte R.J.M. Organogel formation and molecular imprinting by functionalized gluconamides and their metal complexes. Chem Commun. 1997;545-546.
210. Gu W., Lu L., Chapman G.B., Weiss R.G. Polymerized gels and reverse aerogels from methyl methacrylate or styrene and tetraoctylammoniumbromide as gelator. Chem Commun. 1997;543-544.
211. Mann B., Webb J., Williams R.J.P. Biomineralization. 1989;VCH, Weinheim.
212. Baeuerlein E. Biomineralization: from biology to biotechnology and medical application. 2000;Wiley, Weinheim.
213. 3 in the Presence of PEO-block-PMAA copolymers. Adv Mater. 9:1997;647-650.
214. Hanabusa K., Itoh A., Kimura M., Shirai H. Terephthaloyl derivatives as new gelators; excellent gelation ability and remarkable increase of gel strength by adding polymers. Chem Lett. 1999;767-768.
215. Beginn U., Zipp G., Möller M. Functional membranes containing ion-selective matrix-fixed supramolecular channels. Adv Mater. 12:2000;510-513.
216. Beginn U., Zipp G., Mourran A., Walther P., Möller M. Membranes containing oriented supramolecular transport channels. Adv Mater. 12:2000;513-516.
217. Van Nostrum C.F. Self-assembled wires and channels. Adv Mater. 8:1996;1027-1030.
218. Schoonbeek F.S., van Esch J.H., Wegewijs B., Rep D.A.B., de Haas M.P., Klapwijk T.M., Kellogg R.M., Feringa B.L. Effizienter intermolekularer ladungstransport in selbstorganisierten fasern aus mono-und bithiophenen mit zwei harnstoffeinheiten. Angew Chem. 111:1999;1486-1491.
219. Würthner F., Thalacker C., Sautter A. Hierarchical organization of functional perylene chromophores to mesoscopic superstructures by hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions. Adv Mater. 11:1999;754-758.
220. Kirsch R., Mertig M., Pompe W., Wahl R., Sadowski G., Unger E. Three-dimensional metallization of microtubules. Thin Solid Films. 305:1997;248-253.
221. Esumi K., Matsuhisa K., Torigoe K. Preparation of rodlike gold particles by UV irradiation using cationic micelles as a template. Langmuir. 11:1995;3285-3287.
222. Geiger C., Stanescu M., Chen L., Whitten D.G. Organogels resulting from competing self-assembly units in the gelator: structure, dynamics, and photophysical behavior of gels formed from cholesterol-stilbene and cholesterol-squaraine gelators. Langmuir. 15:1999;2241-2245.
223. Inoue K., Ono Y., Kanekiyo Y., Hanabusa K., Shinkai S. Preparation of new robust organic gels by in situ cross-link of a bisdiacetylene gelator. Chem Lett. 1999;429-430.
224. Pfannemüller B., Welte W. Amphiphilic properties of synthetic glycolipids based on amide linkages. I. Electron microscopic studies on aqueous gels. Chem Phys Lip. 37:1985;227-240.
225. Fuhrhop J-H. Private communication; 1999.
226. Beginn U., Tartsch B. Bis[(alkoxy)benzoyl]semicarbazides - a new class of powerful organogelators. Chem Commun. 2001;1924-1925.
227. Schade H. Die physikochemischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten des harnsäurekolloids und der übersättigten harnsäurelösungen. Z Klin Med. 93:1922;1-63.
228. Amis E.A., LaMer V.K. The gelation of brom phenol blue. Science. 90:1939;90-91.
229. Haller R. Über farbstoffgallerten. Kolloid Z. 22:1918;49-53.
230. Blow M.D., Rich A. Studies on the formation of helical deoxycholate complexes. J Am Chem Soc. 82:1960;3566-3571.
231. Schryver S.B. Investigations dealing with the phenomena of 'clot' formations. Part II. The formation of a gel from cholate solutions having many properties analogous to those of cell membranes. Proc R Soc Lond. B87:1914;366-374.
232. Oda R., Huc I., Candau S.J. Gemini surfactants as new, low molecular weight gelators of organic solvents and water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 37:1998;2689-2690.
233. Ghose U. Solubility and gelation of microcrystalline paraffin wax in mineral oil. Sci Culture Calcutta. 23:1957;251-252.
234. Abdallah D.J., Lu L., Weiss R.G. n-alkanes gel n-alkanes and many other organic liquids. Langmuir. 16:2000;352-355.
235. Abdallah D.J., Sirchio S.A., Weiss R.G. Hexatriacontane organogels. The first determination of the conformation and molecular packing af a low molecular mass organogelator in its gelled state. Langmuir. 16:2000;7558-7561.
236. Hishikawa Y., Sada K., Watanabe R., Miyata M., Hanabusa K.A. Novel class of organogelator based on N-isopropylcholamide and the first observation of fibrous colloidal aggregates. Chem Lett. 1998;795-796.
237. Hafkamp R.J.H., Feiters M.C., Nolte R.J.M. Organogels from carbohydrate amphiphiles. J Org Chem. 64:1999;412-426.
238. Demharter S., Frey H., Drechsler M., Mülhaupt R. Synthesis and gel formation of amphiphilic semicarbazones containing saccaride units. Coll Polym Sci. 273:1995;661-674.
239. Yoza K., Ono Y., Yoshihara K., Akao T., Shinmori H., Takeushi M., Shinkai S., Reinhoudt D.N. Sugar-integrated gelators of organic fluids: on their versatility as building blocks and diversity in superstructures. Chem Commun. 1998;907-908.
240. Amanokura N., Yoya K., Shinmori H., Shirai S., Reinhoudt D.N. New sugar-based gelators bearing a p-nitrophenyl chromophore: remarkably large influence of a sugar structure on the gelation ability. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans. II:1998;2585-2592.
241. Lovinger A.J., Nuckolls C., Katz T.J. Structure and morphology of helicene fibers. J Am Chem Soc. 120:1998;264-268.
242. Scartazzani R., Luisi P.L. Organogels from lecithins. J Phys Chem. 92:1988;829-833.
243. Shipunov Y.A., Shumilina E.A. Lecithin organogels: role of polar solvent and nature of intermolecular interactions. Coll J. 58:1996;123-132.
244. Shchipunov Y.A., Mezzasalma S.A., Koper G.J.M., Hoffmann H. Lecithin organogel with new rheological and scaling behavior. J Phys Chem B. 105:2001;10484-10488.
245. Kato T., Konda G., Hanabusa K. Thermoreversible self-organized gels of a liquid crystal formed by aggregation of trans-1,2-bisacylaminocyclohexane containing a mesogenic moiety. Chem Lett. 1998;193-194.
246. Hanabusa K., Kawakami A., Kimura M., Shirai H. Small molecular gelling agents to harden organic liquids: trialkyl cis-cyclohexanetricarbonamides. Chem Lett. 1997;191-192.
247. Mallet G. Combustible hydrocarbon gels. France Patent FR 1,339,637; October 11th, 1963 (CA60: P3931).
248. 2: a sustainable route to the creation of microcellular materials. Science. 286:1999;1540-1543.
249. Hotten BW. Acylurea-gelled lubricating greases. US Patent 2,698,300; Dec 28th, 1954 (CA49: P4984f).
250. Swakon EA, Brannan CG. Acyl-urea thickened greases. US Patent 2,710,839; June 14th, 1955 (CA49: 13642d).
251. van Esch J.H., Schoonbeek F.S., de Loos M., Kooijman H., Spek A.L., Kellogg R.M., Feringa B.L. Cyclic bis-urea compounds as gelators for organic solvents. Chem Eur J. 5:1999;937-950.
252. van Esch J., Kellogg R.M., Feringa B.L. Di-urea compounds as gelators for organic solvents. Tetrahedron Lett. 38:1997;281-284.
253. de Loos M., van Esch J., Kellogg R.M., Feringa B.L. Chiral recognition in bis-urea-based aggregates and organogels through cooperative interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 40:2001;613-615.
254. Hotten B.W. Metal terephthalamates. Ind Engng Chem. 49:1957;1691-1694.
255. Hanabusa K., Tanaka R., Suzuki M., Kimura M., Shirai H. Excellent gelators for organic fluids: simple bolaform amides derived from amino acids. Adv Mater. 9:1997;1095-1096.
256. Hanabusa K., Maesaka Y., Kimura M., Shirai H. Terephthaloyl derivatives as new gelators; excellent gelation ability and remarkable increase of gel strength by adding polymers. Chem Lett. 1999;767-768.
257. Beginn U., Keinath S., Möller M. New carbohydrate amphiphiles. 2. Gel formation and gel morphologies. Macromol Chem Phys. 199:1998;2379-2384.
258. Yabuuchi K., Rowan A.E., Nolte R.J.M., Kato T. Liquid-crystalline physical gels: self-aggregation of a gluconamide derivative in mesogenic molecules for the formation of anisotropic functional composites. Chem Mater. 12:2000;440-443.
259. Klug A. From macromolecule to biological molecular assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 22:1983;565-582.
260. Clavaud B., Saucier F., Barcelo L. Le béton, matériau moderne. Pour la Sci. 244:1998;32-39.
261. Chandros E.A., Miller R.D. Nanostructures: introduction. Chem Rev. 99:1999;1641-1642. and related articles in this theme issue.
262. Miller S.A., Ding J.H., Gin D.L. Nanostructured materials based on polymerizable amphiphiles. Curr Opin Coll Interf Sci. 4:1999;338-347.
263. Reppy M.A., Gray D.H., Pindzola B.A., Smithers J.L., Gin D.L. A new family of polymerizable lyotropic liquid crystals: control of feature size in cross-linked inverted hexagonal assemblies via monomer structure. J Am Chem Soc. 123:2001;363-371.
264. Engel J. Thermodynamik und kinetik von self-assembly vorgängen. Hoppe W., Bauer R.D. Biophysik. 1982;Springer, Berlin.
265. Czihak G., Langer H., Ziegler H. Biologie. 1981;Springer, Berlin.
266. Martin S.J. The biochemistry of viruses. 1978;Cambridge University Press, London.
267. Xia Y., Whitesides G.M. Soft lithography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 37:1998;550-575.
268. Terech P., Demé B., Aubouy M., Weiss R.G. Self-assembled fibrillar networks. Langmuir. 18:2002;1. and other contributions in this theme issue.
269. Schoonbeek F.S., van Esch J.H., Wegewijs B., Rep D.A.B., de Haas M.P., Klapwijk T.M., Kellogg R.M., Feringa B.L. Efficient intermolecular charge transport in self organized fibres of mono and bisthiophenes eith two urea units. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 38:1999;1394-1396.
270. Höpken J. Fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon molecules: structural components for self-organizing materials. PhD Thesis. Twente; 1991. ISBN 90-9004343-8.
271. Beginn U. Rational design of organogelators. Symposium on Organogels, November 11th-13th, Groningen, Netherland; 1999.
272. Beginn U, Tartsch B. Bissemicarbazides - New high efficient organogelators. International Symposium on Functional and Structural Polymeric Materials, BPS01, September 16th-18th, 2001, Bayreuth, Germany; 2001, Poster PI-27.