A review of p53 expression and mutation in human benign, low malignant potential, and invasive epithelial ovarian tumors

Cancer

Volumn 97, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 389-404

  Kmet, Leanne M ^a   Cook, Linda S ^a,b   Magliocco, Anthony M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b Division of Epidemiology   (Canada)

Author keywords

DNA sequence analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Ovarian neoplasms; p53 gene; p53 protein

Indexed keywords

DNA; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PROTEIN P53;

BENIGN TUMOR; CANCER GRADING; CANCER STAGING; DNA SEQUENCE; FEMALE; FEMALE GENITAL TRACT TUMOR; GENE MUTATION; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OVARY DISEASE; OVARY TUMOR; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

CARCINOMA; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENES, P53; HUMANS; MUTATION; NEOPLASM STAGING; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53;

EID: 0037439444     PISSN: 0008543X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11064     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Muir CS, Nectoux J. International patterns of cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, editors. Cancer epidemiology and prevention, 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996:141-167.
2. Daly M, Obrams GI. Epidemiology and risk assessment for ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol. 1998;25:255-264.
3. Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1998. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute, 2001.
4. Holschneider CH, Berek JS, Ovarian cancer: epidemiology, biology and prognostic factors. Semin Surg Oncol. 2000;19:3-10.
5. Kuo DY-S, Jones JG, Runowicz CD. Diseases of the ovary and fallopian tubes. In: Scott JR, Di Saia PJ, Hammond CB, Spellacy WN, editors. Danforth's obstetrics & gynecology. 8th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999:865-908.
6. Woods DB, Vousden KH. Regulation of p53 function. Exp Cell Res. 2001;264:56-66.
7. Ryan KM, Phillips AC, Vousden KH. Regulation and function of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2001;13:332-337.
8. Levine AJ. p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell. 1997;88:323-331.
9. Sigal A, Rotter V. Oncogenic mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor: the demons of the guardian of the genome. Cancer Res. 2000;60:6788-6793.
10. Steele RJ, Thompson AM, Hall PA, Lane DP. The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Br J Surg. 1998;85:1460-1467.
11. Levine AJ, Perry ME, Chang A, et al. The 1993 Walter Hubert Lecture: the role of the p53 tumour-suppressor gene in tumorigenesis. Br J Cancer. 1994;69:409-416.
12. Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollstein M, Harris CC. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res. 1994;54:4855-4878.
13. Heintz AP, Odicino F, Maisonneuve P, et al. Carcinoma of the ovary. J Epidemiol Biostat. 2001;6:107-138.
14. Anreder MB, Freeman SM, Merogi A, Halabi S, Marrogi AJ. p53, c-erbB2, and PCNA status in benign, proliferative and malignant ovarian surface epithelial neoplasms: a study of 75 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1999;123:310-316.
15. Athanassiadou P, Petrakakou E, Sakelariou V, et al. Expression of p53, bcl-2 and heat shock protein (hsp72) in malignant and benign ovarian tumours. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1998;7:225-231.
16. Darai E, Walker-Combrouze F, Mlika-Cabanne N, Feldmann G, Madelenat P, Scoazec JY. Expression of p53 protein in borderline epithelial ovarian tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 39 cases. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1998;19:144-149.
17. Chan WY, Cheung KK, Schorge JO, et al. Bcl-2 and p53 protein expression, apoptosis, and p53 mutation in human epithelial ovarian cancers. Am J Pathol. 2000;156:409-417.
18. Berchuck A, Kohler MF, Hopkins MP, et al. Overexpression of p53 is not a feature of benign and early-stage borderline epithelial ovarian tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;52:232-236.
19. Eltabbakh GH, Belinson JL, Kennedy AW, et al. p53 overexpression is not an independent prognostic factor for patients with primary ovarian epithelial cancer. Cancer. 1997;80:892-898.
20. Eccles DM, Brett L, Lessells A, et al. Overexpression of the p53 protein and allele loss at 17p13 in ovarian carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 1992;65:40-44.
21. Eltabbakh GH, Belinson JL, Kennedy AW, Biscotti CV, Casey G, Tubbs RR. p53 and HER-2/neu overexpression in ovarian borderline tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;65:218-224.
22. Harlozinska A, Bar JK. Relationship between p53 and c-erbB-2 overexpression in tissue sections and cyst fluid cells of patients with ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol. 1994;15:223-229.
23. Harlozinska A, Bar JK, Sedlaczek P, Gerber J. Expression of p53 protein and Ki-67 reactivity in ovarian neoplasms. Correlation with histopathology. Am J Clin Pathol. 1996;105:334-340.
24. Henriksen R, Strang P, Wilander E, Backstrom T, Tribukait B, Oberg K. p53 expression in epithelial ovarian neoplasms: relationship to clinical and pathological parameters, Ki-67 expression and flow cytometry. Gynecol Oncol. 1994;53:301-306.
25. Ioakim-Liossi A, Karakitsos P, Aroni K, et al. P53 protein expression and DNA ploidy in common epithelial tumors of the ovary. Acta Cytol. 1997;41:1714-1718.
26. Kappes S, Milde-Langosch K, Kressin P, et al. p53 mutations in ovarian tumors, detected by temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis, direct sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Int J Cancer. 1995;64:52-59.
27. Kohlberger PD, Kieback DG, Mian C, et al. Numerical chromosomal aberrations in borderline, benign, and malignant epithelial tumors of the ovary: correlation with p53 protein overexpression and Ki-67. J Soc Gynecol Inuestig. 1997;4:262-264.
28. Kuwata T, Kitagawa M, Takemura T, Hirokawa K. Proliferative activity and p53 over-expression of ovarian epithelial tumors. Gen Diagn Pathol. 1995;141:131-139.
29. Klemi PJ, Takahashi S, Joensuu H, Kiilholma P, Narimatsu E, Mori M. Immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein in borderline and malignant serous ovarian tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1994;13:228-233.
30. Morita K, Ono Y, Fukui H, et al. Incidence of P53 and K-ras alterations in ovarian mucinous and serous tumors. Pathol Int. 2000;50:219-223.
31. Palazzo JP, Monzon F, Burke M, et al. Overexpression of p21WAF1/CIP1 and MDM2 characterizes serous borderline ovarian tumors. Hum Pathol. 2000;31:698-704.
32. Saegusa M, Machida D, Okayasu I. Loss of DCC gene expression during ovarian tumorigenesis: relation to tumour differentiation and progression. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:571-578.
33. Nijman HW, Kenemans P, Poort-Keesom RJ, et al. Influence of chemotherapy on the expression of p53, HER-2/neu and proliferation markers in ovarian cancer. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1999;83:201-206.
34. Teh M, Lee YS. An immunohistochemical study of p53 protein in ovarian mucinous neoplasms. Pathology. 1996;28:217-219.
35. van Haaften-Day C, Russell P, Boyer CM, et al. Expression of cell regulatory proteins in ovarian borderline tumors. Cancer. 1996;77:2092-2098.
36. Zheng J, Benedict WF, Xu HJ, et al. Genetic disparity between morphologically benign cysts contiguous to ovarian carcinomas and solitary cystadenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:1146-1153.
37. Zwahlen D, Tschan MP, Grob TJ, et al. Differential expression of p73 splice variants and protein in benign and malignant ovarian tumours. Int J Cancer. 2000;88:66-70.
38. Dong Y, Walsh MD, McGuckin MA, et al. Reduced expression of retinoblastoma gene product (pRB) and high expression of p53 are associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer. 1997;74:407-415.
39. Kiyokawa T. Alteration of p53 in ovarian cancer: its occurrence and maintenance in tumor progression. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1994;13:311-318.
40. Inoue M, Fujita M, Enomoto T, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 in gynecologic tumors. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;102:665-670.
41. Porter PL, Gown AM, Kramp SG, Coltrera MD. Widespread p53 overexpression in human malignant tumors. An immunohistochemical study using methacarn-fixed, embedded tissue. Am J Pathol. 1992;140:145-153.
42. Buttitta F, Marchetti A, Gadducci A, et al. p53 alterations are predictive of chemoresistance and aggressiveness in ovarian carcinomas: a molecular and immunohistochemical study. Br J Cancer. 1997;75:230-235.
43. Caduff RF, Svoboda-Newman SM, Ferguson AW, Johnston CM, Frank TS. Comparison of mutations of Ki-RAS and p53 immunoreactivity in borderline and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23:323-328.
44. Diebold J, Baretton G, Felchner M, et al. bcl-2 expression, p53 accumulation, and apoptosis in ovarian carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol. 1996;105:341-349.
45. Gershenson DM, Deavers M, Diaz S, et al. Prognostic significance of p53 expression in advanced-stage ovarian serous borderline tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 1999;5:4053-4058.
46. Ferrandina G, Fagotti A, Salerno MG, et al. p53 overexpression is associated with cytoreduction and response to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999;81:733-740.
47. Khalifa MA, Lacher DA, Lage JM, et al. Immunohistochemical assessment of proliferation markers and altered gene expression in archival specimens of ovarian epithelial tumors. Cancer Detect Prev. 1997;21:532-539.
48. Katabuchi H, Tashiro H, Cho KR, Kurman RJ, Hedrick Ellenson L. Micropapillary serous carcinoma of the ovary: an immunohistochemical and mutational analysis of p53. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1998;17:54-60.
49. Koshiyama M, Konishi I, Mandai M, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 protein and 72 kDa heat shock protein (HSP72) expression in ovarian carcinomas. Correlation with clinicopathology and sex steroid receptor status. Virchows Arch. 1995;425:603-609.
50. Kihana T, Tsuda H, Teshima S, Okada S, Matsuura S, Hirohashi S. High incidence of p53 gene mutation in human ovarian cancer and its association with nuclear accumulation of p53 protein and tumor DNA aneuploidy. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1992;83:978-984.
51. Kupryjanczyk J, Bell DA, Yandell DW, Scully RE, Thor AD. p53 expression in ovarian borderline tumors and stage I carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;102:671-676.
52. Kuhn W, Marx D, Meidel A, et al. Borderline tumors of the ovary: a clinico-pathologic and immunohistochemical study of 54 cases. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 1998;24:437-445.
53. Lee JH, Kang YS, Park SY, et al. p53 mutation in epithelial ovarian carcinoma and borderline ovarian tumor. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1995;85:43-50.
54. Miliaras D. Volume-corrected mitotic index and p53 immunoreactivity in borderline and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1999;21:425-429.
55. Otis CN, Krebs PA, Quezado MM, et al. Loss of heterozygosity in P53, BRCA1, and estrogen receptor genes and correlation to expression of p53 protein in ovarian epithelial tumors of different cell types and biological behavior. Hum Pathol. 2000;31:233-238.
56. Marcelli AR, Demopoulos RI, Goswami S, Mittal KR. Comparison of p53 and MIB1 expression in benign and borderline areas of ovarian serous tumors. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996;15:39-44.
57. Ravid A, Barschack I, Hirsh-Yechezkel G, et al. Immunohistochemical analyses of sporadic and familial (185delAG carriers) ovarian cancer in Israel. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36:1120-1124.
58. Skomedal H, Kristensen GB, Abeler VM, Borresen-Dale AL, Trope C, Holm R. TP53 protein accumulation and gene mutation in relation to overexpression of MDM2 protein in ovarian borderline tumours and stage I carcinomas. J Pathol. 1997;181:158-165.
59. Schuyer M, Henzen-Logmans SC, van der Burg ME, et al. Genetic alterations in ovarian borderline tumours and ovarian carcinomas. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1999;82:147-150.
60. Anttila MA, Kosma VM, Hongxiu J, et al. p21/WAF1 expression as related to p53, cell proliferation and prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999;79:1870-1878.
61. Auer G, Einhorn N, Nilsson B, Silfversward C, Sjovall K. Biological malignancy grading in early-stage ovarian carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 1996;35:93-98.
62. Ayhan A, Tuncer ZS. p53 expression in ovarian carcinoma with regard to second-look findings. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1998;19:501-502.
63. Baekelandt M, Kristensen GB, Nesland JM, Trope CG, Holm R. Clinical significance of apoptosis-related factors p53, Mdm2, and Bcl-2 in advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2061.
64. Bosari S, Viale G, Radaelli U, Bossi P, Bonoldi E, Coggi G. p53 accumulation in ovarian carcinomas and its prognostic implications. Hum Pathol. 1993;24:1175-1179.
65. Daidone MG, Benini E, Valentinis B, et al. p53 expression, DNA content and cell proliferation in primary and synchronous metastatic lesions from ovarian surface epithelial-stromal tumours. Eur J Cancer. 1996;32A:1388-1393.
66. Daponte A, Guidozi F, Tiltman AJ, Marineanu A, Taylor L. p53 as a prognostic factor for stage III serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Anticancer Res. 1999;19:2387-2389.
67. Eliopoulos AG, Kerr DJ, Herod J, et al. The control of apoptosis and drug resistance in ovarian cancer: influence of p53 and Bcl-2. Oncogene. 1995;11:1217-1228.
68. Gadducci A, Ferdeghini M, Buttitta F, et al. Preoperative serum antibodies against the p53 protein in patients with ovarian and endometrial cancer. Anticancer Res. 1996;16:3519-3523.
69. Gadducci A, Ferdeghini M, Buttitta F, et al. Assessment of the prognostic relevance of serum anti-p53 antibodies in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;72:76-81.
70. Geisler JP, Geisler HE, Miller GA, Wiemann MC, Zhou Z, Crabtree W. p53 and bcl-2 in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: their value as prognostic indicators at a median follow-up of 60 months. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;77:278-282.
71. Goff BA, Shy K, Greer BE, Muntz HG, Skelly M, Gown AM. Overexpression and relationships of HER-2/neu, epidermal growth factor receptor, p53, Ki-67, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in epithelial ovarian cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1996;17:487-492.
72. Goff BA, Ries JA, Els LP, Coltrera MD, Gown AM. Immunophenotype of ovarian cancer as predictor of clinical outcome: evaluation at primary surgery and second-look procedure. Gynecol Oncol. 1998;70:378-385.
73. Harlozinska A, Bar J, Montenarh M. Analysis of the immunoreactivity of three anti-p53 antibodies and estimation of the relations between p53 status and MDM2 protein expression in ovarian carcinomas. Anticancer Res. 2000;20:1049-1056.
74. Hartmann LC, Podratz KC, Keeney GL, et al. Prognostic significance of p53 immunostaining in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:64-69.
75. Herod JJ, Eliopoulos AG, Warwick J, Niedobitek G, Young LS, Kerr DJ. The prognostic significance of Bcl-2 and p53 expression in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1996;56:2178-2184.
76. Jacobs IJ, Kohler MF, Wiseman RW, et al. Clonal origin of epithelial ovarian carcinoma: analysis by loss of heterozygosity, p53 mutation, and X-chromosome inactivation. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84:1793-1798.
77. Kamura T, Sakai K, Kaku T, et al. Comparison of p53 and CD44 variant 6 expression between paired primary and recurrent ovarian cancer: an immunohistochemical analysis. Oncol Rep. 1999;6:97-101.
78. Klemi PJ, Pylkkanen L, Kiilholma P, Kurvinen K, Joensuu H. p53 protein detected by immunohistochemistry as a prognostic factor in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer. 1995;76:1201-1208.
79. Kohler MF, Kerns BJ, Humphrey PA, Marks JR, Bast RC Jr., Berchuck A. Mutation and overexpression of p53 in early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81:643-650.
80. Kowalski LD, Kanbour AI, Price FV, et al. A case-matched molecular comparison of extraovarian versus primary ovarian adenocarcinoma. Cancer. 1997;79:1587-1594.
81. Laframboise S, Chapman W, McLaughlin J, Andrulis IL. p53 mutations in epithelial ovarian cancers: possible role in predicting chemoresistance. Cancer J. 2000;6:302-308.
82. Lavarino C, Pilotti S, Oggionni M, et al. p53 gene status and response to platinum/paclitaxel-based chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:39363945.
83. Levesque MA, Katsaros D, Yu H, et al. Mutant p53 protein overexpression is associated with poor outcome in patients with well or moderately differentiated ovarian carcinoma. Cancer. 1995;75:1327-1338.
84. Lianidou ES, Levesque MA, Katsaros D, et al. Immunofluorometric assay of p53 protein versus sequencing of p53 exons 5 to 9 for the detection of p53 abnormalities in ovarian carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 1999;19:749-756.
85. Marchetti M, Chiarelli S, Mazzer S, Wabersich J, Onnis A. Predictive value of p53 protein in ovarian cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1997;18:53-56.
86. Marks JR, Davidoff AM, Kerns BJ, et al. Overexpression and mutation of p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 1991;51:2979-2984.
87. Montenarh M, Harlozinska A, Bar JK, Kartarius S, Gunther J, Sedlaczek P. p53 autoantibodies in the sera, cyst and ascitic fluids of patients with ovarian cancer. Int J Oncol. 1998;13:605-610.
88. Newcomb EW, Sosnow M, Demopoulos RI, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Sorich J, Speyer JL. Expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27KIP1 is a new prognostic marker associated with survival in epithelial ovarian tumors. Am J Pathol. 1999;154:119-125.
89. Ramus SJ, Bobrow LG, Pharoah PD, et al. Increased frequency of TP53 mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 ovarian tumours. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;25:91-96.
90. Reles A, Schmider A, Press MF, et al. Immunostaining of p53 protein in ovarian carcinoma: correlation with histopathological data and clinical outcome. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1996;122:489-494.
91. Renninson J, Baker BW, McGown AT, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of mutant p53 protein in epithelial ovarian cancer using polyclonal antibody CMI: correlation with histopathology and clinical features. Br J Cancer. 1994;69:609-612.
92. Righetti SC, Della Torre G, Pilotti S, et al. A comparative study of p53 gene mutations, protein accumulation, and response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1996;56:689-693.
93. Röhlke P, Milde-Langosch K, Weyland C, Pichlmeier U, Jonat W, Loning T. p53 is a persistent and predictive marker in advanced ovarian carcinomas: multivariate analysis including comparison with Ki67 immunoreactivity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1997;123:496-501.
94. Sarhanis P, Redman C, Perrett C, et al. Epithelial ovarian cancer: influence of polymorphism at the glutathione S-transferase GSTM1 and GSTT1 loci on p53 expression. Br J Cancer. 1996;74:1757-1761.
95. Sato S, Kigawa J, Minagawa Y, et al. Chemosensitivity and p53-dependent apoptosis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer. 1999;86:1307-1313.
96. Schildkraut JM, Bastos E, Berchuck A. Relationship between lifetime ovulatory cycles and overexpression of mutant p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:932-938.
97. Schneider J, Centeno M, Jimenez E, Rodriguez-Escudero FJ, Romero H. Correlation of MDR1 expression and oncogenic activation in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 1997;17:2147-2151.
98. Sengupta PS, McGown AT, Bajaj V, et al. p53 and related proteins in epithelial ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36:2317-2328.
99. Sheridan E, Silcocks P, Smith J, Hancock BW, Goyns MH. P53 mutation in a series of epithelial ovarian cancers from the U.K., and its prognostic significance. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A:1701-1704.
100. Shimizu M, Nikaido T, Toki T, Shiozawa T, Fujii S. Clear cell carcinoma has an expression pattern of cell cycle regulatory molecules that is unique among ovarian adenocarcinomas. Cancer. 1999;85:669-677.
101. Silvestrini R, Daidone MG, Veneroni S, et al. The clinical predictivity of biomarkers of stage III-IV epithelial ovarian cancer in a prospective randomized treatment protocol. Cancer. 1998;82:159-167.
102. Soslow RA, Slomovitz BM, Saqi A, Baergen RN, Caputo TA. Tumor suppressor gene, cell surface adhesion molecule, and multidrug resistance in Müllerian serous carcinomas: clinical divergence without immunophenotypic differences. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;79:430-437.
103. Teneriello MG, Ebina M, Linnoila RI, et al. p53 and Ki-ras gene mutations in epithelial ovarian neoplasms. Cancer Res. 1993;53:3103-3108.
104. Tewari KS, Kyshtoobayeva AS, Mehta RS, et al. Biomarker conservation in primary and metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;78:130-136.
105. Viale G, Maisonneuve P, Bonoldi E, et al. The combined evaluation of p53 accumulation and of Ki-67 (MIB1) labeling index provides independent information on overall survival of ovarian carcinoma patients. Ann Oncol. 1997;8:469-476.
106. Webb PM, Green A, Cummings MC, Purdie DM, Walsh MD, Chenevix-Trench G. Relationship between number of ovulatory cycles and accumulation of mutant p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:1729-1734.
107. Wen WH, Reles A, Runnebaum IB, et al. p53 mutations and expression in ovarian cancers: correlation with overall survival. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1999;18:29-41.
108. Werness BA, Jobe JS, DiCioccio RA, Piver MS. Expression of the p53 induced tumor suppressor p21waf1/cip1 in ovarian carcinomas: correlation with p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1997;16:149-155.
109. Werness BA, Freedman AN, Piver MS, Romero-Gutierrez M, Petrow E. Prognostic significance of p53 and p21waf1/cip1) immunoreactivity in epithelial cancers of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 1999;75:413-418.
110. van der Zee AG, Hollema H, Suurmeijer AJ, et al. Value of P-glycoprotein, glutathione S-transferase pi, c-erbB-2, and p53 as prognostic factors in ovarian carcinomas. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:70-78.
111. McMenamin ME, O'Neill AJ, Gaffney EF. Extent of apoptosis in ovarian serous carcinoma: relation to mitotic and proliferative indices, p53 expression, and survival. Mol Pathol. 1997;50:242-246.
112. Ben-Hur H, Gurevich P, Huszar M, et al. Apoptosis and apoptosis-related proteins in the epithelium of human ovarian tumors: immunohistochemical and morphometric studies. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1999;20:249-253.
113. Levesque MA, Katsaros D, Massobrio M, et al. Evidence for a dose-response effect between p53 (but not p21WAF1/Cip1) protein concentrations, survival, and responsiveness in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:3260-3270.
114. Anttila MA, Ji H, Juhola MT, Saarikoski SV, Syrjanen KJ. The prognostic significance of p53 expression quantitated by computerized image analysis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1999;18:42-51.
115. DiCioccio RA, Werness BA, Peng R, Allen HJ, Piver MS. Correlation of TP53 mutations and p53 expression in ovarian tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1998;105:93-102.
116. Fujita M, Enomoto T, Inoue M, et al. Alteration of the p53 tumor suppressor gene occurs independently of K-ras activation and more frequently in serous adenocarcinomas than in other common epithelial tumors of the human ovary. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1994;85:1247-1256.
117. Kim JW, Cho YH, Kwon DJ, et al. Aberrations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1995;57:199-204.
118. Kupryjanczyk J, Bell DA, Dimeo D, Beauchamp R, Thor AD, Yandell DW. p53 gene analysis of ovarian borderline tumors and stage I carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 1995;26:387-392.
119. Milner BJ, Allan LA, Eccles DM, et al. p53 mutation is a common genetic event in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1993;53:2128-2132.
120. Mazars R, Pujol P, Maudelonde T, Jeanteur P, Theillet C. p53 mutations in ovarian cancer: a late event? Oncogene. 1991;6:1685-1690.
121. McManus DT, Murphy M, Arthur K, Hamilton PW, Russell SE, Toner PG. p53 mutation, allele loss on chromosome 17p, and DNA content in ovarian carcinoma. J Pathol. 1996;179:177-182.
122. Mok C, Tsao S, Knapp RC, Fishbaugh PM, Lau CC. Unifocal origin of advanced human epithelial ovarian cancers. Cancer Res. 1992;52:5119-5122.
123. Naito M, Satake M, Sakai E, et al. Detection of p53 gene mutations in human ovarian and endometrial cancers by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1992;83:1030-1036.
124. Niwa K, Itoh M, Murase T, et al. Alteration of p53 gene in ovarian carcinoma: clinicopathological correlation and prognostic significance. Br J Cancer. 1994;70:1191-1197.
125. Okamoto A, Sameshima Y, Yokoyama S, et al. Frequent allelic losses and mutations of the p53 gene in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 1991;51:5171-5176.
126. Sakamoto T, Nomura N, Mori H, Wake N. Poor correlation with loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 17p and p53 mutations in ovarian cancers. Gynecol Oncol. 1996;63:173-179.
127. Schuyer M, van Staveren IL, Klijn JG, et al. Sporadic CDKN2 (MTS1/p16ink4) gene alterations in human ovarian tumours. Br J Cancer. 1996;74:1069-1073.
128. Sheridan E, Hancock BW, Goyns MH. High incidence of mutations of the p53 gene detected in ovarian tumours by the use of chemical mismatch cleavage. Cancer Lett. 1993;68:83-89.
129. Shigemasa K, Tanimoto H, Parham GP, Parmley TH, Ohama K, O'Brien TJ. Cyclin D1 overexpression and p53 mutation status in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Soc Gynecol Inuestig. 1999;6:102-108.
130. Sood AK, Skilling JS, Buller RE. Ovarian cancer genomic instability correlates with p53 frameshift mutations. Cancer Res. 1997;57:1047-1049.
131. Suzuki M, Saito S, Saga Y, Ohwada M, Sato I. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 6q27 and p53 mutations in epithelial ovarian cancer. Med Oncol. 1998;15:119-123.
132. Tavassoli M, Steingrimsdottir H, Pierce E, et al. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 5q in ovarian cancer is frequently accompanied by TP53 mutation and identifies a tumour suppressor gene locus at 5q13.1-21. Br J Cancer. 1996;74:115-119.
133. Tworek H, Peng R, Fetzer S, et al. Mutation analysis of BRCA1, TP53, and KRAS2 in ovarian and related pelvic tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1999;112:105-118.
134. Wertheim I, Muto MG, Welch WR, Bell DA, Berkowitz RS, Mok SC. p53 gene mutation in human borderline epithelial ovarian tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86:1549-1551.
135. Smith-Sorensen B, Kaern J, Holm R, Dorum A, Trope C, Borresen-Dale AL. Therapy effect of either paclitaxel or cyclophosphamide combination treatment in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and relation to TP53 gene status. Br J Cancer. 1998;78:375-381.
136. Provencher DM, Lounis H, Fink D, Drouin P, Mes-Masson AM. Discordance in p53 mutations when comparing ascites and solid tumors from patients with serous ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol. 1997;18:167-174.
137. Hall PA, Lane DP. p53 in tumour pathology: can we trust immunohistochemistry? - Revisited! J Pathol. 1994;172:1-4.
138. Chapman WB. Developments in the pathology of ovarian tumors. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2001;13:53-59.
139. Kosary CL. FIGO stage, histology, histologic grade, age, and race as prognostic factors in determining survival for cancers of the female gynecological system: an analysis of 1973-87 SEER cases of cancers of the endometrium, cervix, ovary, vulva and vagina. Semin Surg Oncol. 1994;10:31-46.
140. Ortiz BH, Ailawadi M, Colitti C, et al. Second primary or recurrence? Comparative patterns of p53 and K-ras mutations suggest that serous borderline ovarian tumors and subsequent serous carcinomas are unrelated tumors. Cancer Res. 2001;61:7264-7267.