Ovarian cancer: Epidemiology, biology, and prognostic factors

Seminars in Surgical Oncology

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 3-10

  Holschneider, Christine H ^a   Berek, Jonathan S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Adjunct chemotherapy; Age factors; Biological tumor markers; Breast neoplasms; CA 125 antigen; DNA repair; Female infertility; Germ line mutation; Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms; Mass screening; Mutation; Neoplasm staging; Oncogenes; Oral contraceptives; Ovarian neoplasms epidemiology etiology genetics surgery; Ovulation; Parity; Prognosis; Reoperation; Risk factors; Survival rates; Tumor suppressor genes

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; DNA REPAIR; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; FEMALE INFERTILITY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; OVARY CANCER; OVULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REOPERATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SURVIVAL RATE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CA-125 ANTIGEN; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS, HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL; FEMALE; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; MUTATION; NEOPLASM STAGING; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS; OVARIECTOMY; PROGNOSIS; REPRODUCTIVE HISTORY; RISK FACTORS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 0033936074     PISSN: 87560437     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/1098-2388(200007/08)19:1<3::AID-SSU2>3.0.CO;2-S     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Coleman MP, Esteve J, Damiecki P, et al: "Trends in cancer incidence and mortality." v. 121. Lyon, France: IARC Scientific Publications; 1993. p. 477-498.
2. Greenlee RT, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA: Cancer statistics, 2000. CA Cancer J Clin 2000;50:7-33.
3. Kliewer EV, Smith KR: Ovarian cancer mortality among immigrants in Australia and Canada. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4:453-458.
4. Yancik R: Ovarian cancer. Age contrasts in incidence, histology, disease stage at diagnosis, and mortality [Review]. Cancer 1993;71(2 Suppl):517-523.
5. Boyd J, Rubin SC: Hereditary ovarian cancer: molecular genetics and clinical implications [Review]. Gynecol Oncol 1997;64:196-206.
6. Goldberg JM, Piver MS, Jishi MF, Blumenson L: Age at onset of ovarian cancer in women with a strong family history of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1997;66:3-9.
7. Hartge P, Whittemore AS, Itnyre J, et al: Rates and risks of ovarian cancer in subgroups of white women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:760-764.
8. Lynch HT, Smyrk T: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). An updated review [Review]. Cancer 1996;78:1149-1167.
9. Frank TS, Manley SA, Olopade OI, et al: Sequence analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2: correlation of mutations with family history and ovarian cancer risk. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2417-2425.
10. Szabo CI, King MC: Population genetics of BRCA1 and BRCA2 [editorial]. Am J Hum Genet 1997;60:1013-1020.
11. Rubin SC, Blackwood MA, Bandera C, et al: BRCA1, BRCA2, and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer gene mutations in an unselected ovarian cancer population: relationship to family history and implications for genetic testing. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:670-677.
12. Levy-Lahad E, Catane R, Eisenberg S, et al: Founder BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Ashkenazi Jews in Israel: frequency and differential penetrance in ovarian cancer and in breast-ovarian cancer families. Am J Hum Genet 1997;60:1059-1067.
13. Lu KH, Cramer DW, Muto MG, et al: A population-based study of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Jewish women with epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:34-37.
14. Struewing JP, Hartge P, Wacholder S, et al: The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. New Engl J Med 1997;336:1401-1408.
15. Ford D, Easton DF, Peto J: Estimates of the gene frequency of BRCA1 and its contribution to breast and ovarian cancer incidence. Am J Hum Genet 1995;57:1457-1462.
16. Whittemore AS, Gong G, Itnyre J: Prevalence and contribution of BRCA1 mutations in breast cancer and ovarian cancer: results from three U.S. population-based case-control studies of ovarian cancer. Am J Hum Genet 1997;60:496-504.
17. Ford D, Easton DF, Bishop DT, et al: Risk of cancer in BRCA-1 mutation carriers. Lancet 1994;343(8899):692-695.
18. Ford D, Easton DP, Stratton M, et al: Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. Am J Hum Genet 1998;62:676-689.
19. Aarnio M, Mecklin JP, Aaltonen LA, et al: Lifetime risk of different cancers in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome. Int J Cancer 1995;64:430-433.
20. Statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology: genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. Adopted February 20, 1996. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:1730-1740.
21. Burke W, Daly M, Garber J, et al: Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer. II. BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cancer Genetics Studies Consortium. JAMA 1997;277:997-1003.
22. Tobacman JK, Greene MH, Tucker MA, et al: Intra-abdominal carcinomatosis after prophylactic oophorectomy in ovarian-cancer-prone families. Lancet 1982;2(8302):795-797.
23. Piver MS, Jishi MF, Tsukada Y, Nava G: Primary peritoneal carcinoma after prophylactic oophorectomy in women with a family history of ovarian cancer. A report of the Gilda Radner Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry. Cancer 1993;71:2751-2755.
24. Lu KH, Garber JE, Cramer DW, et al: Prophylactic oophorectomies in women at high risk for ovarian cancer [Abstract]. In Proceedings of the Society for Gynecologic Oncology 1999; Abstract 30.
25. Salazar H, Godwin AK, Daly MB, et al: Microscopic benign and invasive malignant neoplasms and a cancer-prone phenotype in prophylactic oophorectomies. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1810-1820.
26. Purdie D, Green A, Bain C, et al: Reproductive and other factors and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: an Australian case-control study. Int J Cancer 1995;62:678-684.
27. Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Booth M, et al: Pooled analysis of 3 European case-control studies of ovarian cancer: II. Age at menarche and menopause. Int J Cancer 1991;49:57-60.
28. Negri E, Franceschi S, Tzonou A, et al: Pooled analysis of 3 European case-control studies. I. Reproductive factors and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 1991;49:50-56.
29. Bristow RE, Karlan BY: Ovulation induction, infertility, and ovarian cancer risk [Review]. Fertil Steril 1996;66:499-507.
30. Whittemore AS, Harris R, Itnyre J, et al: Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: Collaborative analysis of 12 U.S. case-control studies. II. Invasive epithelial ovarian cancers in white women. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1184-1203.
31. Harris R, Whittemore AS, Itnyre J, et al: Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 U.S. case-control studies. III. Epithelial tumors of low malignant potential in white women. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1204-1211.
32. Rossing MA, Daling JR, Weiss NS, et al: Ovarian tumors in a cohort of infertile women. New Engl J Med 1994;331:771-776.
33. Cramer DW, Liberman RF, Titus-Ernstoff L, et al: Genital talc exposure and risk of ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 1999;81:351-356.
34. Doll R, Gray R, Hafner B, et al: Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years' observations on female British doctors. Br Med J 1980;280(6219):967-971.
35. Pettersson F, Fotiou S, Einhorn N, Silfversward C: Cohort study of the long-term effect of irradiation for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Second primary malignancies in the pelvic organs in women irradiated for cervical carcinoma at Radiumhemmet 1914-1965. Acta Radiol Oncol 1985;24:145-151.
36. Harlow BL, Cramer DW, Baron JA, et al: Psychotropic medication use and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7:697-702.
37. Cramer DW, Welch WR, Cassells S, Scully RE: Mumps, menarche, menopause, and ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;147:1-6.
38. Mink PJ, Folsom AR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH: Physical activity, waist-to-hip ratio, and other risk factors for ovarian cancer: a follow-up study of older women. Epidemiol 1996;7:38-45.
39. Risch HA, Jain M, Marrett LD, Howe GR: Dietary lactose intake, lactose intolerance, and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in southern Ontario (Canada). Cancer Causes Control 1994;5:540-548.
40. La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Decarli A, et al: Coffee drinking and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 1984; 33:559-562.
41. Weiss NS, Lyon JL, Krishnamurthy S, et al: Noncontraceptive estrogen use and the occurence of ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;68:95-98.
42. Risch HA, Howe GR: Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Bio Prev 1995;4:447-451.
43. Schildkraut JM, Schwingl PJ, Bastos E, et al: Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88(4 Pt 1):554-559.
44. Brinton LA, Gridley G, Persson I, et al: Cancer risk after a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:572-579.
45. Risch HA, Marrett LD, Howe GR: Parity, contraception, infertility, and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:585-597.
46. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, et al: A prospective study of reproductive factors and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer 1995;76:284-290.
47. Adami HO, Hsieh CC, Lambe M, et al: Parity, age at first childbirth, and risk of ovarian cancer. Lancet 1994;344(8932):1250-1254.
48. Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB: Lactation and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Epidemiol 1993;22:192-197.
49. Schlesselman JJ: Net effect of oral contraceptive use on the risk of cancer in women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85(5 Pt 1):793-801.
50. Gross TP, Schlesselman JJ: The estimated effect of oral contraceptive use on the cumulative risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:419-424.
51. Franceschi S, Parazzini F, Negri E, et al: Pooled analysis of 3 European case-control studies of epithelial ovarian cancer: III. Oral contraceptive use. Int J Cancer 1991;49:61-65.
52. Narod SA, Risch H, Moslehi R, et al: Oral contraceptives and the risk of hereditary ovarian cancer. New Engl J Med 1998;339:424-428.
53. Cramer DW, Harlow BL, Titus-Ernstoff L, et al: Over-the-counter analgesics and the risk of ovarian cancer. Lancet 1998; 351(9096):104-107.
54. De Palo G, Veronesi U, Camerini T, et al: Can fenretinide protect women against ovarian cancer? [letter]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:146-147.
55. Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, et al: Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, and risk of ovarian cancer. A prospective study. JAMA 1993;270:2813-2818.
56. Miracle-McMahill HL, Calle EE, Kosinski AS, et al: Tubal ligation and fatal ovarian cancer in a large prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:349-357.
57. Scully RE, Young RH, Clement PB (eds): "Tumors of the ovary, fallopian tube, and broad ligament." 3rd series. Fascicle 23. Washington, D.C.: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1998.
58. Risch HA, Marrett LD, Jain M, Howe GR: Differences in risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer by histologic type. Results of a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:363-372.
59. Horn-Ross PL, Whittemore AS, Harris R, Itnyre J: Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 U.S. case-control studies. VI. Nonepithelial cancers among adults. Epidemiol 1992;3:490-495.
60. Fathalla MF: Incessant ovulation - a factor in ovarian neoplasia? Lancet 1971;2(7716):163.
61. Bernai A, Mendez-Moran L, Fajardo-Guttierrez A, et al: Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for ovarian cancer: case-control study, Mexico City. Arch Med Res 1995;26:245-249.
62. Cramer DW, Welch WR: Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. II. Inferences regarding pathogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71:717-721.
63. Helzlsouer KJ, Alberg AJ, Gordon GB, et al: Serum gonadotropins and steroid hormones in the development of ovarian cancer. JAMA 1995;274:1926-1930.
64. Parmley TH, Woodruff JD: The ovarian mesothelioma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974;120:234-241.
65. Jacobs IJ, Kohler MF, Wiseman RW, et al: Clonal origin of epithelial ovarian carcinoma: analysis by loss of heterozygosity, p53 mutation, and X-chromosome inactivation. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:1793-1798.
66. Schorge JD, Muto MG, Welch WR, et al: Molecular evidence for multifocal papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum in patients with germline BRCA1 mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:841-845.
67. Enomoto T, Weghorst CM, Inoue M, et al: K-ras activation occurs frequently in mucinous adenocarcinomas and rarely in other common epithelial tumors of the ovary. Am J Pathol 1991; 139:777-785.
68. Berchuck A, Kamel A, Whitaker R, et al: Overexpression of HER-2/neu is associated with poor survival in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 1990;50:4087-4091.
69. Zhang XY, Pettengell R, Nasiri N, et al: Characteristics and growth patterns of human peritoneal mesothelial cells: comparison between advanced epithelial ovarian cancer and non-ovarian cancer sources. J Soc Gynecol Invest 1999;6:333-340.
70. Bristow RE, Baldwin RL, Yamada SD, et al: Altered expression of transforming growth factor-beta ligands and receptors in primary and recurrent ovarian cancer. Cancer 1999;85:658-668.
71. Punnonen R, Teisala K, Kuoppala T, et al: Cytokine production profiles in the peritoneal fluid of patients with malignant or benign ovarian tumors. Cancer 1998;83:788-796.
72. Knudson AG Jr: Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retino-blastoma. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1971;68:820-823.
73. Scully R, Chen J, Plug A, et al: Association of BRCA1 with Rad51 in mitotic and meiotic cells. Cell 1997;88:265-275.
74. Okamoto A, Sameshima Y, Yokoyama S, et al: Frequent allelic losses and mutations of the p53 gene in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:5171-5176.
75. Marks JR, Davidoff AM, Kerns BJ, et al: Overexpression and mutation of p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 1991; 51:2979-2984.
76. Nguyen HN, Averette HE, Hoskins W, et al: National survey of ovarian carcinoma. VI. Critical assessment of current International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging system. Cancer 1993;72:3007-3011.
77. Trimble EL, Kosary CA, Cornelison TL, et al: Improved survival for women with ovarian cancer [Abstract]. In Proceedings of the Society for Gynecologic Oncology 1999; Abstract 136.
78. van Nagell JR Jr, Higgins RV, Donaldson ES, et al: Transvaginal sonography as a screening method for ovarian cancer. A report of the first 1000 cases screened. Cancer 1990;65:573-577.
79. Woolas RP, Xu FJ, Jacobs IJ, et al: Elevation of multiple serum markers in patients with stage I ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1748-1751.
80. Jacobs IJ, Skates SJ, MacDonald N, et al: Screening for ovarian cancer: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 353(9160):1207-1210.
81. Barnhill DR, Kurman RJ, Brady MF, et al: Preliminary analysis of the behavior of stage I ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:2752-2756.
82. Pecorelli S, Odicino F, Maisonneuve P, et al: Carcinoma of the ovary. Annual report on the results of treatment in gynaecological cancer. J Epidemiol Biostat 1998;3:75-102.
83. Silverberg SG: Prognostic significance of pathologic features of ovarian carcinoma [Review]. Current Topics Pathol 1989; 78:85-109.
84. Vergote IB, Kaern J, Abeler VM, et al: Analysis of prognostic factors in stage I epithelial ovarian carcinoma: importance of degree of differentiation and deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy in predicting relapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:40-52.
85. Silvestrini R, Daidone MG, Veneroni S, et al: The clinical predictivity of biomarkers of stage III-IV epithelial ovarian cancer in a prospective randomized treatment protocol. Cancer 1998;82:159-167.
86. Dittrich C, Dittrich E, Sevelda P, et al: Clonogenic growth in vitro: an independent biologic prognostic factor in ovarian carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1991;9:381-388.
87. Rubin SC, Finstad CL, Wong GY, et al: Prognostic significance of HER-2/neu expression in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: a multivariate analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168(1 Pt 1):162-169.
88. Kohler MF, Kerns BJM, Humphrey PA, et al: Mutation and overexpression of p53 in early-stage ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:643-650.
89. Rubin SC, Benjamin I, Behbakht K, et al: Clinical and pathological features of ovarian cancer in women with germ-line mutations of BRCA1. New Engl J Med 1996;335:1413-1416.
90. Johannsson OT, Ranstam J, Borg A, Olsson H: Survival of BRCA1 breast and ovarian cancer patients: a population-based study from southern Sweden. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:397-404.
91. Thigpen T, Brady MF, Omura GA, et al: Age as a prognostic factor in ovarian carcinoma. The Gynecologic Oncology Group experience. Cancer 1993;71(2 Suppl):606-614.
92. Omura GA, Brady MF, Homesley HD, et al: Long-term follow-up and prognostic factor analysis in advanced ovarian carcinoma: the Gynecologic Oncology Group experience. J Clin Oncol 1991;9:1138-1150.
93. Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Chambers JT, et al: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer: long-term survival. Gynecol Oncol 1999;72:93-99.
94. Eisenkopp SM, Friedman RL, Wang HJ: Complete cytoreductive surgery is feasible and maximizes survival in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: a prospective study. Gynecol Oncol 1998;69:103-108.
95. Hoskins WJ, McGuire WP, Brady MF, et al: The effect of diameter of largest residual disease on survival after primary cytoreductive surgery in patients with suboptimal residual epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:974-980.
96. Chi DS, Venkatraman ES, Masson V, et al: The ability of preoperative serum CA-125 to predict optimal primary tumor cytoreduction in stage III epithelial ovarian cancer [Abstract]. In Proceedings of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists 1999; Abstract 42.
97. Nagele F, Petru E, Medl M, et al: Preoperative CA-125: an independent prognostic factor in patients with stage I epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:259-264.
98. Mogensen O: Prognostic value of CA 125 in advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1992;44:207-212.
99. Frasci G, Conforti S, Zullo F, et al: A risk model for ovarian carcinoma patients using CA 125: time to normalization renders second-look laparotomy redundant. Cancer 1996;77:1122-1130.
100. Creasman WT, Gall S, Bundy BN, et al: Second-look laparotomy in the patient with minimal residual stage III ovarian cancer (a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study). Gynecol Oncol 1989; 35:378-382.
101. Berek JS: Epithelial ovarian cancer. In Berek JS, Hacker NF (eds): "Practical gynecologic oncology." Baltimore: William & Wilkins; 1994. p. 327-376.
102. Rubin SC, Randall TC, Armstrong KA, et al: Ten-year follow-up of ovarian cancer patients after second-look laparotomy with negative findings. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:21-24.