Synergistic action of 5-HT2a antagonists and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in neuropsychiatric disorders

Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 402-412

  Marek, Gerard J ^a   Carpenter, Linda L ^b   McDougle, Christopher J ^c   Price, Lawrence H ^b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b BUTLER HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

5 HT2Areceptors; Depression; Mirtazapine; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Olanzapine; Risperidone

Indexed keywords

SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

ANIMAL; DRUG COMBINATION; DRUG POTENTIATION; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; METABOLISM; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; DRUG SYNERGISM; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; RECEPTOR, SEROTONIN, 5-HT2A; RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 0037311477     PISSN: 0893133X     EISSN: 1740634X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300057     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Aghajanian GK, Marek GJ (1997). Serotonin induces excitatory postsynaptic potentials in apical dendrites of neocorticalpyramidal cells.Neuropharmacology36: 589-599.
2. Aghajanian GK, Marek GJ (1999). Serotonin, via 5-HT2 Areceptors, increases EPSCs in layer V pyramidal cells of prefrontal cortexby an asynchronous mode of glutamate release.Brain Res825:161-171.
3. Ansoms C, De Backer-Dierick G, Vereecken JLTM (1977). Sleep disorders in patients with severe mental depression: doubleblind placebo-controlled evaluation of the value of pipamperone(Dipiperon).Acta Psychiatr Scand55: 116-122.
4. Araneda R, Andrade R (1991). 5-Hydroxytryptamine2and 5-Hydroxytryptamine1Areceptors mediate opposing responses on membrane excitability in rat association cortex.Neuroscience40:399-412.
5. Arango V, Underwood MD, Gubbi AV, Mann JJ (1995). Localized alterations in pre- and postsynaptic serotonin binding sites inthe ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of suicide victims.Brain Res688: 121-133.
6. Arnt J, Hyttel J (1989). Facilitation of 8-OHDPAT-induced forepaw treading of rats by the 5-HT2 agonist DOI.Eur J Pharmacol161:45-51.
7. Ashby CR, Edwards E, Wang RY (1994). Electrophysiological evidence for a functional interaction between 5-HT1Aand 5-HT2Areceptors in the rat medial prefrontal cortex: aniontophoretic study.Synapse17: 173-181.
8. Bengtsson HJ, Kele J, Johansson J, Hjorth S (2000). Interaction of the antidepressant mirtazapine with a2-adrenoceptors modulating the release of 5-HT in different rat brain regionsin vivo.Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol362: 406-412.
9. Berendse HW, Groenewegen HJ (1990). Organization of the thalamostriatal projections in the rat, with special emphasis onthe ventral striatum.J Comp Neurol299: 187-228.
10. Berendse HW, Groenewegen HJ (1991). Restricted cortical termination fields of the midline and intralaminar thalamicnuclei in the rat.Neuroscience42: 73-102.
11. Berendsen HHG, Broekkamp CLE (1991). Attentuation of 5-HT-1A and 5-HT-2 but not 5-HT-1C receptor mediated behaviour inrats following chronic treatment with 5-HT receptor agonists, antagonists or anti-depressants.Psychopharmacology105: 219-224.
12. Berendsen HHG, Jenck F, Broekkamp CLE (1990). Involvement of 5-HT1C receptors in drug induced penile erections in rats.Psychopharmacology101: 57-61.
13. Bersani G, Pozzi F, Marini S, Grispini A, Pasini A, Ciani N (1990). 5-HT2 receptor antagonism in dysthymic disorder: a doubleblind placebo-controlled study with ritanserin.Acta PhysiolScand83: 244-248.
14. Birkett JT, Arranz MJ, Munro J, Osbourn S, Kerwin RW, Collier DA (2000). Association analysis of the 5-HT5A gene in depression, psychosis and antipsychotic response.Neuro Report11: 2017-2020.
15. Bogetto F, Bellino S, Vaschetto P, Ziero S (2000). Olanzapine augmentation of fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsivedisorder (OCD): a 12-week open trial.Psychiatry Res96: 91-98.
16. Bymaster FP, Calligaro DO, Falcone JF, Marsh RD, Moore NA, Tye NCet al(1996). Radioceptor binding profile of the atypicalantipsychotic olazepine.Neuro psychopharmacology14: 87-96.
17. Bymaster FP, Zhang W, Carter PA, Shaw J, Chernet E, Phebus Let al(2002). Fluoxetine, but not other selective serotonin uptakeinhibitors, increases extracellular norepinephrine and dopamineextracellular levels in prefrontal cortex.Psychopharmacology160: 353-361.
18. Carpenter LL, Jocic Z, Hall JM, Rasmussen SA, Price LH (1999). Mirtazapine augmentation in the treatment of refractorydepression.J Clin Psychiatry60: 45-49.
19. Carpenter LL, Yasmin S, Price LH (2002). A double-blind placebocontrolled study of antidepressant augmentation with mirtaza-pine.Biol Psychiatry51: 183-188.
20. Cryan JF, Lucki I (2000). Antidepressant-like behavioral effects mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine(2C) receptors.J PharmacolExp Ther295: 1120-1126.
21. Dam J, Ryde L, Svejso J, Lauge N, Lauritsen B, Bech P (1998). Morning fluoxetine plus evening mianserin versus morningfluoxetine plus evening placebo in the acute treatment of majordepression.Pharmacopsychiatry31: 48-54.
22. Davis R, Whittington R, Bryson HM (1997). Nefazodone: a review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the management ofmajor depression.Drugs53: 608-636.
23. Dawson LA, Nguyen HP, Li P (2000).In vivoeffects of the 5-HT6 antagonist SB-271046 on striatal and frontal cortex extracellularconcentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-HT, glutamateand aspartate.Br J Pharmacol130: 23-26.
24. Dawson LA, Nguyen HQ, Li P (2001). The 5-HT6 receptor antagonist SB-271046 selectively enhances excitatory neurotransmission in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus.Neuropsychopharmacology25: 662-668.
25. De Boer T (1996). The pharmacologic profile of mirtazepine.J Clin Psychiatry57: 19-25.
26. De Boer T, Nefkens F, Van Helvoirt A, Van Delft AML (1996). Differences in modulation of noradrenergic and serotonergictransmission by the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonists, mirtaza-pine, mianserin and idazoxan.J Pharmacol Exp Ther277:852-860.
27. De Haan L, Linszen DH, Gorsira R (1999). Clozapine and obsessions in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia andother psychotic disturbances.J Clin Psychiatry60: 364-365.
28. De Haan L, Bevk N, Hoogenboom B, Dingemans P, Linzen D (2002). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms during treatment witholanzapine and risperidone: a prospective study of 113 patientswith recent onset schizophrenia as related disorders.J ClinPsychiatry63: 104-107.
29. DeBerdt R (1976). Pipamperone (Dipiperon) in the treatment of behavioural disorders: a large scale multicentre evaluation.ActaPsychiatr Belg76: 157-166.
30. Delgado PL, Chamey DS, Price LH, Aghajanian GK, Landis H, Heninger GR (1990). Serotonergie function and the mechanismof antidepressant action. Reversal of antidepressant inducedremission by rapid depletion of plasma typtophan.Arch GenPsychiatry47: 411-418.
31. Delgado PL, Miller HL, Salomon RM, Licinio J, Krystal JH, Morens FAet al(1999). Tryptophan-depletion challange in depressedpatients treated with desipramine or fluoxetine: implications forthe role of serotonin in the mechanism of antidepressant action.Biol Psychiatry46: 212-220.
32. Duman RS, Heninger GR, Nestler EJ (1997). A molecular and cellular theory of depression.Arch Gen Psychiatry54:597-606.
33. Edwards JG, Anderson I (1999). Systematic review and guide to selection of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.Drugs57:507-533.
34. Eison AS, Eison MS, Torrente JR, Wright RN, Yocca FD (1990). Nefazodone: preclinical pharmacology of a new antidepressant.Psychopharmacol Bull26: 311-315.
35. Fawcett J, Barkin RL (1998). Review of the results from clinical studies on the efficacy, safety and tolerability of mirtazapine forthe treatment of patients with major depression.J Affect Disord51: 267-285.
36. Ferreri M, Lavergne F, Berlin I, Payan C, Peuch AJ (2001). Benefits from mianserin augmentation of fluoxetine in patients withmajor depression non-responders to fluoxetine alone.ActaPsychiatr Scand103: 66-72.
37. Francken JB, Jurzak M, Vanhauwe JFM, Luyten WHML, Leysen JE (1998). The human 5-HT5A/5Breceptor couples to G;/G;proteins and inhibits adenylate cyclase in HEK 293 cells.Eur J Pharmacol361: 299-309.
38. Fuster JM (1997).The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe, 3rd edn. Lippincott-Raven:Philadelphia, New York.
39. Granhoff MI, Lee L, Jackson A, Patel K, Martinez Y, Ashby CRet al(1992). The interaction of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in themedial prefrontal cortex: behavioral studies.Soc Neurosci Abstr18: 1380.
40. Grossman F, Potter WZ, Brown EA, Maislin G (1999). A doubleblind study comparing idazoxan and bupropion in bipolar depressed patients.J Affect Disord56: 237-243.
41. Haddjeri N, Blier P, de Montigny C (1997). Effects of long-term treatment with the a2-adrenoceptor antagonist mirtazepine on 5-HT neurotransmission.Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol355: 20-29.
42. Haegeman J, Duyck E (1978). A retrospective evaluation of pipamperone (Dipiperon) in the treatment of behaviouraldeviations in severely mentally handicapped.Acta PsychiatrBelg78: 393-398.
43. Healy DJ, Meador-Woodruff JH (1999). Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulation of 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 mRNA expression inrat brain.Neuropsychopharmacology21: 341-351.
44. Hoyer D, Schoeffter P, Waeber C, Palacios JM (1990). Serotonin 5-HT1D receptors.Ann NY Acad Sci600: 168-181.
45. Jacobsen FM (1995). Risperidone in the treatment of affective illness and obsessive-compulsive disorder.J Clin Psychiatry56:423-429.
46. Jenkins SW, Robinson DS, Fabre LF, Andary JJ, Messina ME, Reich LA (1990). Gepirone in the treatment of major depression.J ClinPsychopharmacol10: 77S-85S.
47. Jolly DC, Richards JB, Seiden LS (1999). Serotonergic mediation of DRL 72s behavior: receptor subtype involvement in abehavioral screen for antidepressant drugs.Biol Psychiatry45:1151-1162.
48. Kapur S, Zipursky RB, Remington G (1999). Clinical and theoretical implications of 5-HT2 and D2 receptor occupancyof clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine in schizophrenia.Am JPsychiatry156: 286-293.
49. Kehne JH, Baron BM, Carr AA, Chaney SR, Elands J, Feldman DJet al(1996). Preclinical characterization of the potential of theputative atypical antipsychotic MDL 100,907 as a potent 5-HT2Aantagonist with a favorable CNS safety profile.J Pharmacol ExpTher277: 968-981.
50. Kern U, Richter (1985). Clinical comparison of etoperidone and amitriptyline in endogenous depressive patients.Pharmacopsychiatry18: 94-95.
51. Khullar A, Chue P, Tibbo P (2001). Quetiapine and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS): case report and review of atypical antipsychotic-induced OCS.J Psychiatry Neurosci26: 55-59.
52. Kinney GG, Taber MT, Gribkoff VK (2000). The augmentation hypothesis for improvement of antidepressant therapy.MolNeurobiol21: 137-152.
53. Koran LM, Quirk T, Lorberbaum JP, Elliott M (2001). Mirtazapine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.J Clin Psychophar-macol21: 537-538.
54. Lapierre YD, Silverstone P, Reesal RT, Saxena B, Turner P, Bakish Det al(1998). A Canadian multicenter study of three fixeddoses of controlled-release ipsapirone in outpatients withmoderate to severe major depression.J Clin Psychopharmacol18: 268-273.
55. Lerer B, Macciardi F, Segman RH, Adolfsson R, Blackwood D, Blairy Set al(2001). Variability of 5-HT2C receptor cys23serpolymorphism among European populations and vulnerabilityto affective disorder.Mol Psychiatry6: 579-585.
56. Licht RW, Qvitzau S (2002). Treatment strategies in patients with major depression not responding to first-line sertraline treatment.Psychopharmacology161: 143-151.
57. Lykouras L, Zervas IM, Gournellis R, Malliori M, Rabavilas A (2000). Olanzapine and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.EurNeuropsychopharmacol10: 385-387.
58. Maes M, Libbrecht I, Van Hunsel F, Campens D, Meltzer HY (1999). Pindolol and mianserin augment the antidepressantactivity of fluoxetine in hospitalized major depressed patients, including those with treatment resistance.J Clin Psychopharmacol19: 177-182.
59. Malone RP, Cater J, Sheikh RM, Choudhury MS, Delaney MA (2001). Olanzapine versus haloperidol in children with autisticdisorder: an open pilot study.J Am Acad Child AdolescPsychiatry40: 887-894.
60. Marek GJ, Li AA, Seiden LS (1989a). Selective 5-hydroxytrypta-mine2 antagonists have antidepressant-like effects on differen-tial-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-second schedule.J Pharmacol Exp Ther250: 52-59.
61. Marek GJ, Li AA, Seiden LS (1989b). Evidence for involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine1 receptors in antidepressant-like drugeffects on differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-second behavior.J Pharmacol Exp Ther250: 60-71.
62. Marek GJ, Martin-Ruiz R, Abo A, Artigas F (2001a). Synergistic ‘antidepressant-like’ action between a highly selective 5-HT-2Aantagonist (M100907) and the SSRI fluoxetine on DRL 72-sbehavior.Soc Neurosci Abstr27: 975.8.
63. Marek GJ, Wright RA, Gewirtz JC, Schoepp DD (2001b). A major role for thalamocortical afferents in serotonergic hallucinogenreceptor function in neocortex.Neuroscience105: 113-126.
64. Marek GJ, McDougle CJ, Price LH, Seiden LS (1992). A comparison of trazodone and fluoxetine: implications for a serotonergicmechanism of antidepressant action.Psychopharmacology109:2-11.
65. Marek GJ, Seiden LS (1988). Effects of selective 5-hydroxytrypta-mine-2 and nonselective 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists on the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-second schedule.J Pharmacol Exp Ther244: 650-658.
66. Marek GJ, Seiden LS (1994). Antidepressant drug screens and the serotonin system. In: Palomo T, Archer T (eds).Strategies forStudying Brain Disorders: Depressive, Anxiety and Drug AbuseDisorders.Farrand Press: London. Vol 1, pp 23-40.
67. Martin JR, Bos M, Jenck F, Moreau J, Mutel V, Sleight AJet al(1998). 5-HT2C receptor agonists: pharmacological characteristics and therapeutic potential.J Pharmacol Exp Ther286:913-924.
68. Martin P, Waters N, Carlsson A, Carlsson ML (1997). The apparent antipsychotic action of the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907in a mouse model of schizophrenia is counteracted by ritanserin.J Neural Transm104: 561-564.
69. Matthes H, Boschert U, Amlaiky N, Grailhe R, Plassat J-L, Muscatelli Fet al(1993). Mouse 5-hydroxytryptamine5Aand 5-hydroxytryptamine5Breceptors define a new family of serotoninreceptors: cloning, functional expression, and chromosomallocalization.Mol Pharmacol43: 313-319.
70. Matussek VN, Benkert O, Fidetzis K, Flach D, Hermann HU, Kaumeier Set al(1976). Wirkung des Anthracenderivatsdanitracen (WA 335-BS) im vergleich zu amitriptylin biedepressiven patienten.Arzneim Forsch (Drug Res)26: 1160.
71. McDougle CJ, Barr LC, Goodman WK, Pelton GH, Aronson SC, Anand Aet al(1995a). Lack of efficacy of clozapinemonotherapy in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder.AmJ Psychiatry152: 1812-1814.
72. McDougle CJ, Fleischmann RL, Epperson CN, Wasylink S, Leckman JF, Price LH (1995b). Risperidone addition influvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: threecases.J Clin Psychiatry56: 526-528.
73. McDougle CJ, Epperson CN, Pelton GH, Wasylink S, Price LH (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidoneaddition in serotonin reuptake inhibition-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder.Arch Gen Psychiatry57: 794-801.
74. McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, Lee NC, Heninger GR, Price LH (1994). Haloperidol addition to fluvoxamine-refractoryobsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics.Arch GenPsychiatry51: 302-308.
75. McDougle CJ, Holmes JP, Carlson DC, Pelton GH, Cohen DJ, Price LH (1998). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone in adults with autistic disorder and other pervasivedevelopmental disorders [see comments].Arch Gen Psychiatry55: 633-641.
76. McDougle CJ, Naylor ST, Cohen DJ, Aghajanian GK, Heninger GR, Price LH (1996). Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free adults with autistic disorder.Arch Gen Psychiatry53:993-1000.
77. Millan MJ, Gobert A, Rivet JM, Adhumeau-Auclair A, Cussac D, Newman-Tanredi Aet al(2000). Mirtazapine enhances fronto-cortical dopaminergic and corticolimbic adrenergic, but notserotonergic, transmission by blockade of alpha2-adrenergic andserotonin2C receptors: a comparison with citaloporam.Eur JNeurosci12: 1079-1095.
78. Niswender CM, Herrick-Davis K, Dilley GE, Meltzer HY, Overholser JC, Stockmeier CAet al(2001). RNA editing of the human serotonin 5-HT2C receptor: alterations in suicide and implications for serotonergic pharmacotherapy.Neuropsychopharmacology24: 478-491.
79. Noordhuizen GJM (1977). Treating severe maladjustment with pipamperone (Dipiperon).Acta Psychiatr Belg77:754-760.
80. Nordstrom A-L, Farde L, Halldin C (1993). High 5-HT2receptor occupancy in clozapine treated patients demonstrated by PET.Psychopharmacology110: 365-367.
81. Nyberg S, Eriksson B, Oxenstierna G, Halldin C, Farde L (1999). Suggested minimal effective dose of risperidone based on PET-measured D2 and 5-HT2A receptor occupancy in schizophreniapatients.Am J Psychiatry156: 869-875.
82. O’Connor M, Silver H (1998). Adding risperidone to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor improves chronic depression.J ClinPsychopharmacol18: 89-90.
83. Osman OT, Rudorfer MV, Potter WZ (1989). Idazoxan: a selective a2-antagonist and effective sustained antidepressantin two bipolar depressed patients.Arch Gen Psychiatry46:958-959.
84. Ostroff RB, Nelson JC (1999). Risperidone augmentation of SSRIs in major depression.J Clin Psychiatry60: 256-259.
85. Perez V, Soler J, Puigdemont D, Alvarez E, Artigas F (1999). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of pindololaugmentation in depressive patients resistant to serotoninreuptake inhibitors.Arch Gen Psychiatry56: 375-379.
86. Pinder RM, Fink M (1982). Mianserin.Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry18: 70-101.
87. Pineyro G, Blier P (1999). Autoregulation of serotonin neurons: role in antidepressant drug action.Pharmacol Rev. TheAmerican Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Vol. 51:533-591.
88. Posey DJ, Guenin KD, Kohn AE, Swiezy NB, McDouble CJ (2001). A naturalistic open-label study of mirtazapine in autistic andother pervasive developmental disorders.J Child AdolescPsychopharmacol11: 267-277.
89. Potenza MN, Holmes JP, Kanes SJ, McDougle CJ (1999). Olanzapine treatment of children, adolescents, and adults withpervasive developmental disorders: an open-label pilot study.JClin Psychopharmacol19: 37-44.
90. Potter WZ, Grossman F, Dawkins K, Manji HK (1994). Initial clinical psychopharmacological studies of alpha-2 adrenoceptorantagonists in volunteers and depressed patients. In: Montgomery SA, Corn TH (eds).Psychopharmacology of Depression, VolBritish Association for Psychopharmacology Monograph No. 13.Oxford University Press: New York.
91. Poyurovsky M, Dorfman-Etrog P, Hermesh H, Munitz H, Tollefson GD, Weizman A (2000). Beneficial effect of olanzapine inschizophrenic patients with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Int Clin Psychopharmacol15: 169-173.
92. Puller IA, Carney SL, Colvin EM, Lucaites VL, Nelson DL, Wedley S (2000). LY367265, an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptaminetransporter and 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor antagonist: acomparison with the antidepressant, nefazodone.Eur J Pharmacol407: 39-46.
93. Ravizza L, Barzega G, Bellino S, Bogetto F, Maina G (1996). Therapeutic effect and safety of adjunctive risperidone inrefractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Psychopharmacol Bull32: 677-682.
94. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network (2002). A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of risperidone in children with autistic disorder.N Engl J Medicine(in press).
95. Richelson E (2001). Pharmacology of antidepressants.Mayo Clin Proceed76: 511-527.
96. Richelson E, Nelson A (1984). Antagonism by antidepressants of neurotransmitter receptors of normal human brainin vitro.JPharmacol Exp Ther230: 94-102.
97. Richelson E, Souder T (2000). Binding of antipsychotic drugs to human brain receptors focus on newer generation compounds. Life Sci68: 29-39.
98. Robinson DS, Rickels K, Feighner J, Fabre LF, Gammans RE, Shrotriya RCet al(1990). Clinical effects of the 5-HT1Apartial agonists in depression: a composite analysis of buspirone in thetreatment of depression.J Clin Psychopharmacol10: 67S-76S.
99. Rollema H, Clarke T, Sprouse JS, Schulz DW (1996). Combined administration of a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1D antagonistand a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor synergistically increases 5-HTrelease in guinea pig hypothalamusin vivo.J Neurochem67: 437-439.
100. Saxena S, Wang D, Bystritsky A, Baxter Jr LR (1996). Risperidone augmentation of SRI treatments for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder.J Clin Psychiatry57: 303-306.
101. Schmidt CJ, Fox CB, Harms JF, Wylie P, Seeger TF, Guanowsky Vet al(2001). CP-646,781: a potent dual SSRI/5-HT2A receptoragonist.Soc Neurosci Abstr27: 665-717.
102. Schotte A, Janssen PFM, Gommeren W, Luyten WHML, Van Gompel P, Lesage ASet al(1996). Risperidone compared withnew and reference antipsychotic drugs:in vitroandin vivoreceptor binding.Psychopharmacology124: 57-73.
103. Schreiber R, Brocco M, Audinot V, Gobert A, Veiga S, Millan MJ (1995). (1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4 iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane)-in-duced head-twitches in the rat are mediated by 5-hydroxy-tryptamine(5-HT)2A receptors: modulation by novel 5-HT2A/2Cantagonists, D1 antagonists and 5-HT1A agonists.J PharmacolExp Ther273: 101-112.
104. Shelton RC, Tollefson GD, Tohen M, Stahl S, Gannon KS, Jacobs TGet al(2001). A novel augmentation strategy for treatingresistant major depression.Am J Psychiatry158: 131-134.
105. Sprouse JS, Reynolds LS, Braselton JP, Rollema H, Zorn SH (1999). Comparison of the novel antipsychotic ziprasidone withclozapine and olanzapine: inhibition of dorsal raphe cell firingand the role of 5-HT1A receptor activation.Neuropsychopharmacology21: 622-631.
106. Standal JE (1977). Pizotifen as an antidepressant.Acta Physiol Scand56: 276-279.
107. Stein DJ, Bouwer MB, Hawkridge S, Emsley RA (1997). Risperidone augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders.J Clin Psychiatry58:119-122.
108. Stockmeier CA, Shapiro LA, Dilley GE, Kolli TN, Fredman L, Raj Kowska Get al(1998). Increase in serotonin-1A autoreceptors inthe midbrain of suicide victims with major depression—postmortem evidence for decreased serotonin activity.J Neurosci18:7394-7401.
109. Stoll AL, Haura G (2000). Tranylcypromine plus risperidone for treatment-refractory major depression.J Clin Psychopharmacol20: 495-496.
110. Su HS, Bentivoglio M (1990). Thalamic midline cell populations projecting to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus in the rat. JComp Neurol297: 582-593.
111. Talvik-Lofti M, Nyberg S, Nordstrom AL, Ito H, Halldin C, Brunner Fet al(2000). High 5-HT2A receptor occupancy inM100907-treated schizophrenia patients.Psychopharmacology148: 400-403.
112. Tanaka E, North RA (1993). Actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine on neurons of the rat cingulate cortex.J Neurophysiol69:1749-1757.
113. Tandon R, Harrigan E, Zorn SH (1997). Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic with unique pharmacology and therapeuticpotential.J Serotonin Res4: 159-177.
114. van Hemert JCJ (1975). Pipamperone (Dipiperon, R3345) in troublesome mental retardates: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study with long-term follow-up.Acta PhysiolScand52: 237-245.
115. Van Renynghe de Voxvrie G, De Bie M (1976). Character neuroses and behavioural disorders in children: their treatment withpipamperone (Dipiperon): a clinical study.Acta Psychiatr Belg76: 688-694.
116. Vickers SP, Easton N, Malcolm CS, Allen NH, Porter RH, Bickerdike MJet al(2001). Modulation of 5-HT2Areceptor-mediated head-twitch behavior in the rat by5-HT2Creceptor agonists.Pharmacol Biochem Behav69:643-652.
117. Wander TJ, Nelson A, Okazaki H, Richelson E (1986). Antagonism by antidepressants of serotonin S1and S2receptors of normalhuman brainin vitro. Eur J Pharmacol132: 115-121.
118. Weiss EL, Potenza MN, McDougle CJ, Epperson CN (1999). Olanzapine addition to obsessive-compulsive disorder refractory to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: an open-labelcase series.J Clin Psychiatry60: 524-527.
119. Willins DL, Meltzer HY (1997). Direct injection of 5-HT2A receptor agonists into the medial prefrontal cortex producesa head-twitch response in rats.J Pharmacol Exp Ther282:699-706.