Human herpesvirus 8 infection

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 85-91

  Jenson, Hal B ^a,b  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF THE KING S DAUGHTERS   (United States)

^b Department of Pediatrics ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL TRANSFORMATION; CLONAL ANERGY; CONTACT INHIBITION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; FEVER; HUMAN; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; LONG TERMINAL REPEAT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; SEROCONVERSION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRUS 8, HUMAN; HUMANS; INFANT; SARCOMA, KAPOSI;

EID: 0037304436     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008480-200302000-00014     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Russo JJ, Bohenzky RA, Chien MC, et al.: Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:14862-14867.
2. Gao SJ, Kingsley L, Hoover DR, et al.: Seroconversion to antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related latent nuclear antigens before the development of Kaposi's sarcoma. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:233-241.
3. Gao X, Tajima M, Sairenji T: Nitric oxide downregulates Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in epithelial cell lines. Virology 1999, 258:375-381.
4. Renne R, Zhong W, Herndier B, et al.: Lytic growth of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in culture. Nat Med 1996, 2:342-346.
5. Arvanitakis L, Mesri EA, Nador RG, et al.: Establishment and characterization of a primary effusion (body cavity-based) lymphoma cell line (BC-3) harboring Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) in the absence of Epstein-Barr virus. Blood 1996, 88:2648-2654.
6. Boshoff C: Kaposi's sarcoma. Coupling herpesvirus to angiogenesis [news; comment]. Nature 1998, 391:24-25.
7. Picchio GR, Sabbe RE, Gulizia RJ, et al.: The KSHV/HHV8-infected BCBL-1 lymphoma line causes tumors in SCID mice but fails to transmit virus to a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell graft. Virology 1997, 238:22-29.
8. Flore O, Rafii S, Ely S, et al.: Transformation of primary human endothelial cells by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nature 1998, 394:588-592.
9. Moses AV, Fish KN, Ruhl R, et al.: Long-term infection and transformation of dermal microvascular endothelial cells by human herpesvirus 8. J Virol 1999, 73:6892-6902.
10. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al.: Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994, 266:1865-1869.
11. Cesarman E, Knowles DM: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: a lymphotropic human herpesvirus associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease [published erratum appears in Semin Diagn Pathol 1997, 14:161-162]. Semin Diagn Pathol 1997, 14:54-66.
12. Chang Y, Moore PS: Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus and its role in KS. Infect Agents Dis 1996, 5:215-222.
13. Boshoff C, Schulz TF, Kennedy MM, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infects endothelial and spindle cells. Nat Med 1995, 1:1274-1278.
14. Chang Y, Ziegler J, Wabinga H, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa. Uganda Kaposi's Sarcoma Study Group. Arch Intern Med 1996, 156:202-204.
15. Dupin N, Grandadam M, Calvez V, et al.: Herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in patients with Mediterranean Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet 1995, 345:761-762.
16. Lebbe C, de Cremoux P, Rybojad M, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma and new herpesvirus. Lancet 1995, 345:1180.
17. Moore PS, Chang Y: Detection of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with and without HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:1181-1185.
18. Schalling M, Ekman M, Kaaya EE, et al.: A role for a new herpes virus (KSHV) in different forms of Kaposi's sarcoma. Nat Med 1995, 1:707-708.
19. Miller G, Rigsby MO, Heston L, et al.: Antibodies to butyrate-inducible antigens of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in patients with HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1292-1297.
20. Parravicini C, Lauri E, Baldini L, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and multiple myeloma. Science 1997, 278:1969-1970.
21. Simpson GR, Schulz TF, Whitby D, et al.: Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus infection measured by antibodies to recombinant capsid protein and latent immunofluorescence antigen. Lancet 1996, 348:1133-1138.
22. Gao SJ, Kingsley L, Li M, et al.: KSHV antibodies among Americans, Italians and Ugandans with and without Kaposi's sarcoma. Nat Med 1996, 2:925-928.
23. Gao SJ, Moore PS: Molecular approaches to the identification of unculturable infectious agents. Emerg Infect Dis 1996, 2:159-167.
24. Cesarman E, Moore PS, Rao PH, et al.: In vitro establishment and characterization of two acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma cell lines (BC-1 and BC-2) containing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like (KSHV) DNA sequences. Blood 1995, 86:2708-2714.
25. Nador RG, Cesarman E, Knowles DM, et al.: Herpes-like DNA sequences in a body-cavity-based lymphoma in an HIV-negative patient. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:943.
26. Nador RG, Cesarman E, Chadburn A, et al.: Primary effusion lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity associated with the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Blood 1996, 88:645-656.
27. Pastore C, Gloghini A, Volpe G, et al: Distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus sequences among lymphoid malignancies in Italy and Spain. Br J Haematol 1995, 91:918-920.
28. Karcher DS, Alkan S: Herpes-like DNA sequences, AIDS-related tumors, and Castleman's disease. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:797-798; discussion 798-799.
29. Carbone A, Gloghini A, Zagonel V, et al.: Expression of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 in nonendemic Burkitt's lymphomas. Blood 1996, 87:1202-1204.
30. Cesarman E, Nador RG, Aozasa K, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in non-AIDS related lymphomas occurring in body cavities. Am J Pathol 1996, 149:53-57.
31. Ansari MQ, Dawson DB, Nador R, et al.: Primary body cavity-based AIDS-related lymphomas. Am J Clin Pathol 1996, 105:221-229.
32. Karcher DS, Alkan S: Human herpesvirus-8-associated body cavity-based lymphoma in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a unique B-cell neoplasm. Hum Pathol 1997, 28:801-808.
33. Okada T, Katano H, Tsutsumi H, et al.: Body-cavity-based lymphoma in an elderly AIDS-unrelated male. Int J Hematol 1998, 67:417-422.
34. Ascoli V, Mastroianni CM, Galati V, et al.: Primary effusion lymphoma containing human herpesvirus 8 DNA in two AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma. Hematologica 1998, 83:8-12.
35. Mansour G, Charlotte F, Calvez V, et al.: AIDS-related primary lymphoma of the pleural cavity. A case report. Acta Cytol 1998, 42:371-373.
36. Jones D, Ballestas ME, Kaye KM, et al.: Primary-effusion lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma in a cardiac-transplant recipient. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:444-449.
37. Lankester KJ, Lishman S, Ayliffe U, et al.: Primary effusion lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma in an HIV-infected man. Int J STD AIDS 1998, 9:616-618.
38. Hsi ED, Foreman KE, Duggan J, et al.: Molecular and pathologic characterization of an AIDS-related body cavity-based lymphoma, including ultrastructural demonstration of human herpesvirus-8: a case report [published erratum appears in Am J Surg Pathol 1998, 22:910]. Am J Surg Pathol 1998, 22:493-499.
39. Gaidano G, Parsa NZ, Tassi V, et al.: In vitro establishment of AIDS-related lymphoma cell lines: phenotypic characterization, oncogene and tumor suppressor gene lesions, and heterogeneity in Epstein-Barr virus infection. Leukemia 1993, 7:1621-1629.
40. Arvanitakis L, Yaseen N, Sharma S: Latent membrane protein-1 induces cyclin D2 expression, pRb hyperphosphorylation, and loss of TGF-beta 1-mediated growth inhibition in EBV-positive B cells. J Immunol 1995, 155:1047-1056.
41. Carbone A, Cilia AM, Gloghini A, et al.: Establishment and characterization of EBV-positive and EBV-negative primary effusion lymphoma cell lines harbouring human herpesvirus type-8. Br J Haematol 1998, 102:1081-1089.
42. Drexler HG, Uphoff CC, Gaidano G, et al.: Lymphoma cell lines: in vitro models for the study of HHV-8+ primary effusion lymphomas (body cavity-based lymphomas). Leukemia 1998, 12:1507-1517.
43. Katano H, Sata T: An attractive relation of human herpesvirus-8 with multi-centric Castleman's disease [editorial; comment]. Intern Med 1999, 38:221-222.
44. Chadburn A, Cesarman E, Nador RG, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus sequences in benign lymphoid proliferations not associated with human immunodeficiency virus. Cancer 1997, 80:788-797.
45. Gessain A, Sudaka A, Briere J, et al.: Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes-like virus (human herpesvirus type 8) DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman's disease: is there any relevant association in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients? Blood 1996, 87:414-416.
46. Soulier J, Grollet L, Oksenhendler E, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman's disease. Blood 1995, 86:1276-1280.
47. Rettig MB, Ma HJ, Vescio RA, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of bone marrow dendritic cells from multiple myeloma patients. Science 1997, 276:1851-1854.
48. Said JW, Tasaka T, de Vos S, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus type 8 encephalitis in HIV-positive and -negative individuals. AIDS 1997, 11:1119-1122.
49. Chauhan D, Bharti A, Raje N, et al.: Detection of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus DNA sequences in multiple myeloma bone marrow stromal cells. Blood 1999, 93:1482-1486.
50. Raje N, Gong J, Chauhan D, et al.: Bone marrow and peripheral blood dendritic cells from patients with multiple myeloma are phenotypically and functionally normal despite the detection of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus gene sequences. Blood 1999, 93:1487-1495.
51. Gao SJ, Alsina M, Deng JH, et al.: Antibodies to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in patients with multiple myeloma. J Infect Dis 1998, 178:846-849.
52. Brousset P, Meggetto F, Attal M, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and multiple myeloma. Science 1997, 278:1972-1973.
53. MacKenzie J, Sheldon J, Morgan G, et al.: HHV-8 and multiple myeloma in the UK. Lancet 1997, 350:1144-1145.
54. Marcelin AG, Dupin N, Bouscary D, et al.: HHV-8 and multiple myeloma in France. Lancet 1997, 350:1144.
55. Masood R, Zheng T, Tupule A, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and multiple myeloma. Science 1997, 278:1970-1971.
56. Whitby D, Boshoff C, Luppi M, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and multiple myeloma. Science 1997, 278:1971-1972.
57. Olsen SJ, Tarte K, Sherman W, et al.: Evidence against KSHV infection in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Virus Res 1998, 57:197-202.
58. Corbellino M, Pizzuto M, Bestetti G, et al.: Absence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus DNA sequences in multiple myeloma. Blood 1999, 93:1110-1111.
59. Tisdale JF, Stewart AK, Dickstein B, et al.: Molecular and serological examination of the relation of human herpesvirus 8 to multiple myeloma: orf 26 sequences in bone marrow stroma are not restricted to myeloma patients and other regions of the genome are not detected. Blood 1998, 92:2681-2687.
60. Moore PS, Gao SJ, Dominguez G, et al.: Primary characterization of a herpesvirus agent associated with Kaposi's sarcoma. J Virol 1996, 70:549-558.
61. Klein G: Epstein-Barr virus strategy in normal and neoplastic B cells. Cell 1994, 77:791-793.
62. Biesinger B, Muller-Fleckenstein I, Simmer B, et al.: Stable growth transformation of human T lymphocytes by herpesvirus saimiri. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992, 89:3116-3119.
63. Staskus KA, Zhong W, Gebhard K, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression in endothelial (spindle) tumor cells. J Virol 1997, 71:715-719.
64. Rainbow L, Platt GM, Simpson GR, et al.: The 222- to 234-kilodalton latent nuclear protein (LNA) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) is encoded by orf73 and is a component of the latency-associated nuclear antigen. J Virol 1997, 71:5915-5921.
65. Sturzl M, Blasig C, Schreier A, et al.: Expression of HHV-8 latency-associated T0.7 RNA in spindle cells and endothelial cells of AIDS-associated, classical and African Kaposi's sarcoma. Int J Cancer 1997, 72:68-71.
66. Davis DA, Humphrey RW, Newcomb FM, et al.: Detection of serum antibodies to a Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-specific peptide. J Infect Dis 1997, 175:1071-1079.
67. Reed JA, Nador RG, Spaulding D, et al.: Demonstration of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus cyclin D homolog in cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma by coiorimetric in situ hybridization using a catalyzed signal amplification system. Blood 1998, 91:3825-3832.
68. Dupin N, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, et al.: Absence of a link between human herpesvirus 8 and pemphigus. Br J Dermatol 1999, 141:159-160.
69. Linderoth J, Rambech E, Dictor M: Dominant human herpesvirus type 8 RNA transcripts in classical and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Pathol 1999, 187:582-587.
70. Sturzl M, Hohenadl C, Zietz C, et al.: Expression of K13/v-FLIP gene of human herpesvirus 8 and apoptosis in Kaposi's sarcoma spindle cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999, 91:1725-1733.
71. Orenstein JM, Alkan S, Blauvelt A, et al.: Visualization of human herpesvirus type 8 in Kaposi's sarcoma by light and transmission electron microscopy. AIDS 1997, 11:F35-F45.
72. Sturzl M, Ascherl G, Blasig C, et al.: Expression of the human herpesvirus 8-encoded viral macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gene in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions. AIDS 1998, 12:1105-1106.
73. Blasig C, Zietz C, Haar B, et al.: Monocytes in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions are productively infected by human herpesvirus 8. J Virol 1997, 71:7963-7968.
74. Parravinci C, Corbellino M, Paulli M, et al.: Expression of a virus-derived cytokine, KSHV vIL-6, in HIV-seronegative Castleman's disease. Am J Pathol 1997, 151:1517-1522.
75. Staskus KA, Sunday R, Miller G, et al.: Cellular tropism and viral interleukin-6 expression distinguish human herpesvirus 8 involvement in Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. J Virol 1999, 73:4181-4187.
76. Kirshner JR, Staskus K, Haase A, et al.: Expression of the open reading frame 74 (G-protein-coupled receptor) gene of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus: implications for KS pathogenesis. J Virol 1999, 73:6006-6014.
77. Zhong W, Wang H, Herndier B, et al.: Restricted expression of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genes in Kaposi sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:6641-6646.
78. Sunday R, Lin SF, Staskus K, et al.: Kinetics of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression. J Virol 1999, 73:2232-2242.
79. Teruya-Feldstein J, Zauber P, Setsuda JE, et al.: Expression of human herpesvirus-8 oncogene and cytokine homologues in an HIV-seronegative patient with multicentric Castleman's disease and primary effusion lymphoma [published erratum appears in Lab Invest 1999, 79:835]. Lab Invest 1998, 78:1637-1642.
80. Zoeteweij JP, Eyes ST, Orenstein JM, et al.: Identification and rapid quantification of early- and late-lytic human herpesvirus 8 infection in single cells by flow cytometric analysis: characterization of antiherpesvirus agents. J Virol 1999, 73:5894-5902.
81. Gao Y, Smith PR, Karran L, et al.: Induction of an exceptionally high-level, nontranslated, Epstein-Barr virus-encoded polyadenylated transcript in the Burkitt's lymphoma line Daudi J Virol 1997, 71:84-94.
82. Arvanitakis L, Geras-Raaka E, Varma A, et al.: Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation. Nature 1997, 385:347-350.
83. Bais C, Santomasso B, Coso O, et al.: G-protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator [published erratum appears in Nature 1998, 392:210]. Nature 1998, 391:86-89.
84. Boshoff C, Moore PS: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: a newly recognized pathogen [review]. AIDS Clin Rev 1997, 323-347.
85. Sarid R, Sato T, Bohenzky RA, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional bcl-2 homologue. Nat Med 1997, 3:293-298.
86. Lee WK, Kim SM, Sim YS, et al.: B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from cancer patients. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1998, 34:97-100.
87. Muralidhar S, Pumfery AM, Hassani M, et al.: Identification of kaposin (open reading frame K12) as a human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) transforming gene [published erratum appears in J Virol 1999, 73:2568]. J Virol 1998, 72:4980-4988.
88. Lagunoff M, Majeti R, Weiss A, et al.: Deregulated signal transduction by the K1 gene product of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:5704-5709.
89. Zong JC, Metroka C, Reitz MS, et al.: Strain variability among Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genomes: evidence that a large cohort of United States AIDS patients may have been infected by a single common isolate. J Virol 1997, 71:2505-2511.
90. Nicholas J, Zong JC, Alcendor DJ, et al.: Novel organizational features, captured cellular genes, and strain variability within the genome of KSHV/HHV8. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1998, 79-88.
91. Poole LJ, Zong JC, Ciufo DM, et al.: Comparison of genetic variability at multiple loci across the genomes of the major subtypes of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus reveals evidence for recombination and for two distinct types of open reading frame K15 alleles at the right-hand end. J Virol 1999, 73:6646-6660.
92. Zong JC, Ciufo DM, Alcendor DJ, et al.: High-level variability in the ORF-K1 membrane protein gene at the left end of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome defines four major virus subtypes and multiple variants or clades in different human populations. J Virol 1999, 73:4156-4170.
93. Hayward GS: KSHV strains: the origins and global spread of the virus. Semin Cancer Biol 1999, 9:187-199.
94. Cheng EH, Nicholas J, Bellows DS, et al.: A Bcl-2 homolog encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus, human herpesvirus 8, inhibits apoptosis but does not heterodimerize with Bax or Bak. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:690-694.
95. Nicholas J, Ruvolo V, Zong J, et al.: A single 13-kilobase divergent locus in the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genome contains nine open reading frames that are homologous to or related to cellular proteins. J Virol 1997, 71:1963-1974.
96. Thome M, Schneider P, Hofmann K, et al.: Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors. Nature 1997, 386:517-521.
97. Kledal TN, Rosenkilde MM, Coulin F, et al.: A broad-spectrum chemokine antagonist encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Science 1997, 277:1656-1659.
98. Geras-Raaka E, Arvanitakis L, Bais C, et al.: Inhibition of constitutive signaling of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor by protein kinases in mammalian cells in culture. J Exp Med 1998, 187:801-806.
99. Dairaghi DJ, Fan RA, McMaster BE, et al.: HHV8-encoded vMIP-1 selectively engages chemokine receptor CCR8. Agonist and antagonist profiles of viral chemokines. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:21569-21574.
100. Endres MJ, Garlisi CG, Xiao H, et al.: The Kaposi's sarcoma-related herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded chemokine vMIP-1 is a specific agonist for the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)8. J Exp Med 1999, 189:1993-1998.
101. Sozzani S, Luini W, Bianchi G, et al.: The viral chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-II is a selective Th2 chemoattractant. Blood 1998, 92:4036-4039.
102. Li M, Lee H, Guo J, et al.: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor. J Virol 1998, 72:5433-5440.
103. Zimring JC, Goodbourn S, Offermann MK: Human herpesvirus 8 encodes an interferon regulatory factor (IRF) homolog that represses IRF-1-mediated transcription. J Virol 1998, 72:701-707.
104. Inagi R, Okuno T, Ito M, et al.: Identification and characterization of human herpesvirus 8 open reading frame K9 viral interferon regulatory factor by a monoclonal antibody. J Hum Virol 1999, 2:63-71.
105. Burysek L, Yeow WS, Pitha PM: Unique properties of a second human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor (vIRF-2). J Hum Virol 1999, 2:19-32.
106. Roan F, Zimring JC, Goodbourn S, et al.: Transcriptional activation by the human herpesvirus-8-encoded interferon regulatory factor. J Gen Virol 1999, 80:2205-2209.
107. Pitha PM, Au WC, Lowther W, et al.: Role of the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) in virus-mediated signaling and regulation of cell growth [review]. Biochimie 1998, 80:651-658.
108. Baillargeon J, Deng JH, Hettler E, et al.: Seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection among blood donors from Texas. Ann Epidemiol 2001, 11:512-518.
109. Kedes DH, Operskalski E, Busch M, et al.: The seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus): distribution of infection in KS risk groups and evidence for sexual transmission. Nat Med 1996, 2:918-924.
110. Belec L, Tevi-Benissan C, Mohamed AS, et al.: Enhanced detection of human herpesvirus-8 and cytomegalovirus in semen of HIV-seropositive asymptomatic heterosexual men living in Central Africa. AIDS 1998, 12:674-676.
111. Zhang JX, Chen HL, Zong YS, et al.: Epstein-Barr virus expression within keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Med Virol 1998, 55:227-233.
112. Blackbourn DJ, Ambroziak J, Lennette E, et al.: Infectious human herpesvirus 8 in a healthy North American blood donor. Lancet 1997, 349:609-611.
113. Lin SF, Sunday R, Heston L, et al.: Identification, expression, and immunogenicity of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded small viral capsid antigen. J Virol 1997, 71:3069-3076.
114. Chatlynne LG, Lapps W, Handy M, et al.: Detection and titration of human herpesvirus-8-specific antibodies in sera from blood donors, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, and Kaposi's sarcoma patients using a whole virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood 1998, 92:53-58.
115. Zhu L, Wang R, Sweat A, et al.: Comparison of human sera reactivities in immunoblots with recombinant human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 proteins associated with the latent (ORF73) and lyric (ORFs 65, K8.1A, and K8.1B) replicative cycles and in immunofluorescence assays with HHV-8-infected BCBL-1 cells. Virology 1999, 256:381-392.
116. Lennette ET, Blackbourn DJ, Levy JA: Antibodies to human herpesvirus type 8 in the general population and in Kaposi's sarcoma patients. Lancet 1996, 348:858-861.
117. Angeloni A, Heston L, Uccini S, et al.: High prevalence of antibodies to human herpesvirus 8 in relatives of patients with classic Kaposi's sarcoma from Sardinia. J Infect Dis 1998, 177:1715-1718.
118. Rezza G, Lennette ET, Giuliani M, et al.: Prevalence and determinants of anti-lytic and anti-latent antibodies to human herpesvirus-8 among italian individuals at risk of sexually and parenterally transmitted infections. Int J Cancer 1998, 77:361-365.
119. Perna AM, Bonura F, Vitale F, et al.: Antibodies to human herpes virus type 8 (HHV8) in general population and in individuals at risk for sexually transmitted diseases in Western Sicily. Int J Epidemiol 2000, 29:175-179.
120. Calabro ML, Sheldon J, Favero A, et al.: Seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 in several regions of Italy. J Hum Virol 1998, 1:207-213.
121. Antman K, Chang Y: Kaposi's sarcoma. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1027-1038.
122. Gessain A, Mauclere P, van Beveren M, et al.: Human herpesvirus 8 primary infection occurs during childhood in Cameroon, Central Africa. Int J Cancer 1999, 81:189-192.
123. Sitas F, Newton R, Boshoff C: Increasing probability of mother-to-child transmission of HHV-8 with increasing maternal antibody titer for HHV-8. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:1923.
124. Wilkinson D, Sheldon J, Gilks CF, et al.: Prevalence of infection with human herpesvirus 8/Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus in rural South Africa. S Afr Med J 1999, 89:554-557.
125. Zhang YJ, Davis TL, Wang XP, et al.: Distinct distribution of rare US genotypes of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in South Texas: Implications for KSHV epidemiology. J Infect Dis 2001, 183:125-129.
126. Martin JN, Ganem DE, Osmond DH, et al.: Sexual transmission and the natural history of human herpesvirus 8 infection. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:948-954.
127. Melbye M, Cook PM, Hjalgrim H, et al.: Risk factors for Kaposi's-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) seropositivity in a cohort of homosexual men, 1981-1996. Int J Cancer 1998, 77:543-548.
128. Blauvelt A, Herndier BG, Orenstein JM: Propagation of a human herpesvirus from AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:1837-1839.
129. Kasolo FC, Mpabalwani E, Gompels UA: Infection with AIDS-related herpesviruses in human immunodeficiency virus-negative infants and endemic childhood Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa. J Gen Virol 1997, 78:847-855.
130. Mayama S, Cuevas LE, Sheldon J, et al.: Prevalence and transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in Ugandan children and adolescents. Int J Cancer 1998, 77:817-820.
131. Rezza G, Tchangmena OB, Andreoni M, et al.: Prevalence and risk factors for human herpesvirus 8 infection in northern Cameroon. Sex Transm Dis 2000, 27:159-164.
132. Cattani P, Capuano M, Cerimele F, et al.: Human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence and evaluation of nonsexual transmission routes by detection of DNA in clinical specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative patients from central and southern Italy, with and without Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Microbiol 1999, 37:1150-1153.
133. Lyall EG, Patton GS, Sheldon J, et al.: Evidence for horizontal and not vertical transmission of human herpesvirus 8 in children born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999, 18:795-799.
134. Whitby D, Luppi M, Sabin C, et al.: Detection of antibodies to human herpesvirus 8 in Italian children: evidence for horizontal transmission. Br J Cancer 2000, 82:702-704.
135. Biggar RJ, Whitby D, Marshall V, et al.: Human herpesvirus 8 in Brazilian Amerindians: a hyperendemic population with a new subtype. J Infect Dis 2000, 181:1562-1568.
136. Andreoni M, El-Sawaf G, Rezza G, et al.: High seroprevalence of antibodies to human herpesvirus-8 in Egyptian children: evidence of nonsexual transmission. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999, 91:465-469.
137. Tedeschi R, Caggiari L, Silins I, et al.: Seropositivity to human herpesvirus 8 in relation to sexual history and risk of sexually transmitted infections among women. Int J Cancer 2000, 87:232-235.
138. Plancoulaine S, Abel L, van Beveren M, et al.: Human herpesvirus 8 transmission from mother to child and between siblings in an endemic population. Lancet 2000, 356:1062-1065.
139. Bourboulia D, Whitby D, Boshoff C, et al.: Serologic evidence for mother-to-child transmission of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection. JAMA 1998, 280:31-32.
140. Pauk J, Huang ML, Brodie SJ, et al.: Mucosal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in men. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:1369-1377.
141. Vieira J, Huang ML, Koelle DM, et al.: Transmissible Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in saliva of men with a history of Kaposi's sarcoma. J Virol 1997, 71:7083-7087.
142. Andreoni M, Sarmati L, Nicastri E, et al.: Primary human herpesvirus 8 infection in immunocompetent children. JAMA 2002, 287:1295-1300. A study that showed the clinical manifestations of primary HHV8 infection in healthy children. Of eight children with a febrile illness of unknown origin, seven cases were associated with a maculopapular rash.
143. Jenson HB, McClain KL, Leach CT, et al.: Evaluation of human herpesvirus type 8 infection in childhood Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Am J Hematol 2000, 64:237-241. The first study to suggest a higher prevalence of HHV8 infection among children in the United States.
144. Baillargeon J, Leach CT, Deng JH, et al.: High prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in south Texas children. J Med Virol 2002, 67:542-548. A study of HHV8 infection among children in the United States that showed 26% seroprevalence among a cohort of children in South Texas with an mean age of 7.9 years (range 1-13 years). Human herpesvirus 8 antibodies were detected using IFA (26%) and ORF65 (17.1%).
145. Leach CT, Frantz C, Head DR, et al.: Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) associated with small non-cleaved cell lymphoma in a child with AIDS. Am J Hematol 1999, 60:215-221.
146. Leach CT, Koo FC, Kuhls TL, et al.: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in children along the Texas-Mexico border and associated risk factors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000, 62:656-661.
147. Oksenhendler E, Cazals-Hatem D, Schulz TF, et al.: Transient angiolymphoid hyperplasia and Kaposi's sarcoma after primary infection with human herpesvirus 8 in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:1585-1590. A report of primary HHV8 infection in an HIV-infected adult who developed transient angiolymphoid hyperplasia with transient fever, arthralgia, cervical lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly.
148. Luppi M, Barozzi P, Schulz TF, et al.: Bone marrow failure associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection after transplantation. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:1378-1385. A report of two cases of primary HHV8 infection in two patients who each received a kidney from the same HHV8 seropositive cadaveric donor; one recipient developed HHV8 viremia and KS, and the other developed bone marrow failure with plasmacytosis.