Recommendations for stroke management;Preporuke za zbrinjavanje bolesnika s moždanim udarom

Neurologia Croatica

Volumn 51, Issue 1-2, 2002, Pages 41-87+127

  Demarin, Vida ^a   Lovrencic Huzjan A ^f   Seric V ^f   Vargek Solter, V ^f   Trkanjec, Z ^f   Vukovic V ^f   Lupret, V ^a   Kalousek, M ^a   DeSyo, D ^a   Kadojic D ^b   Lusic I ^c   Dikanovic M ^d   Vitas, M ^e  

^a SESTRE MILOSRDNICE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Croatia)

^b JOSIP JURAJ STROSSMAYER UNIVERSITY OF OSIJEK   (Croatia)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SPLIT   (Croatia)

^d DR JOSIP BEN EVI GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Croatia)

^e KARLOVAC GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Croatia)

^f Karlovac General Hospital ^*

Author keywords

Recommendations for management; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALTEPLASE; ANCROD; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CAPTOPRIL; CLOPIDOGREL; CORTICOSTEROID; DIPYRIDAMOLE; HEPARIN; HEPARINOID; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LABETALOL; MANNITOL; NIFEDIPINE; NIMODIPINE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PROUROKINASE; STREPTOKINASE; TICLOPIDINE; URAPIDIL; UROKINASE; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULATION; BLEEDING; BRAIN EDEMA; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIARRHEA; DISABILITY; DRUG EFFECT; DYSPEPSIA; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE; MORTALITY; NEUTROPENIA; RASH; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STROKE; TACHYCARDIA; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; VASOSPASM;

EID: 0036966621     PISSN: 03538842     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg 1984; 60: 37-41.
2. Abbott R, Yin Y, Reed D, Yano K. Risk of stroke in male cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 717-20.
3. Aboderin I, Venables G, for the PAN European Consensus Meeting on Stroke Management. Stroke management in Europe. J Intern Med 1996; 240: 173-80.
4. Adams H, Brott T, Crowell R, Furlan A et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischaemic stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1994; 25: 1901-14.
5. Adams HPJr, Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley ECJr. Predicting cerebral ischaemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: influences and clinical condition, CT results, and antifibrinolytic therapy: a report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Neurology 1987; 37: 1586-91.
6. Adams HP, Brott TG, Furlan AJ et al. Guidelines for thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke: A supplement to the guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischaemic stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Circulation 1996; 94: 1167-74.
7. Alberts MJ, Lyden PD, Zivin JA et al. Emergency brain resuscitation. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122; 622-7.
8. Alexandrov AV, Demarin V. Insonation techniques and diagnostic criteria for transcranial Doppler sonography. Acta Clin Croat 1999; 38: 97-108.
9. Alexandrov AV, Demchuk AM, Wein TH, Grotta JC. Yield of transcranial Doppler in acute cerebral ischaemia. Stroke 1999; 30: 1604-9.
10. Alexandrov AV, Demchuk AM, Felberg RA et al. High rate of complete recanalization and dramatic clinical recovery during T-PA infusion when continuously monitored with 2-MHz transcranial Doppler monitoring. Stroke 2000; 31: 610-4.
11. Allen CMC. Clinical diagnosis of the acute stroke syndrome. Q J Med 1984; 208: 515-23.
12. American-Canadian Co-operative Study Group: Persantine-Aspirin in cerebral ischemia, part II: Endpoint results. Stroke 1985; 16: 406-15.
13. Antiplatelet Trialists Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy. I. Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 1994; 308: 81-106.
14. Awad IA, Carter LP, Spetzler RF, Medina M, Williams FCJr. Clinical vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage: response to hypervolemic haemodilution and arterial hypertension. Stroke 1987; 18: 365-72.
15. Babikian VL, Feldmann E, Wechsler LR et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: Year 2000 update. J Neuroimaging 2000; 10: 101-15.
16. Barnnett H, Taylor W, Eliasziw M et al. Benefit of endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1415-25.
17. Bath PHM, Iddenden R, Bath FJ. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Stroke 2000; 31: 1770-8.
18. Bennett CL, Kiss JE, Weinberg PD et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after stenting and ticlopidine. Lancet 1998; 325: 1036-7.
19. Bennett CL, Connors JM, Carwile JM et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with clopidogrel. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1773-7.
20. Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1998; 98: 946-52.
21. Biller J, Feinberg W, Castaldo J et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1998; 97: 501-9.
22. Black PM. Hydrocephalus and vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1986; 18: 12-6.
23. Blaw G, Lagaay A, Smelt A, Westendorp R. Stroke, statins and cholesterol. A meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Stroke 1997; 28: 946-50.
24. Bogdahn U, Lau W, Hassel W, Gunreben G, Martens HG, Brawanski A. Continuous-pressure controlled, external ventricular drainage for treatment of acute hydrocephalus: evaluation of risk factors. Neurosurgery 1992; 31: 898-903.
25. Bogousslavsky J, ed. Stroke prevention by the practitioner. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999; (Suppl 4): 9.
26. Bonita R, Broad JB, Beaglehole R. Changes in stroke incidence and case-fatality in Auckland, New Zealand, 1981-1991. Lancet 1993; 342: 1470-3.
27. Bousser MG, Eschwege E, Haguenau M et al. «A.I.C.L.A:» controlled trial of aspirin and dipyridamole in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1983; 13: 5-14.
28. Bousser MG, Kittner SJ. Oral contraceptives and stroke. Cephalalgia 2000; 20: 183-9.
29. Brainin M, European Federation of Neurological Societies Task Force. Neurological acute stroke care: The role of European neurology. Eur J Neurol 1997; 4: 435-41.
30. Brainin M, Bornstein N, Boysen G, Demarin V. Acute neurological stroke care in Europe: results of the European Stroke Care Inventory. Eur J Neurol 1999; 7: 5-10.
31. Brandt T, von Kummer R, Muller-Kupper W, Hacke W. Thrombolytic therapy of acute basilar artery occlusion: variables affecting recanalization and outcome. Stroke 1996; 27: 875-81.
32. Broderick JP, Adams HP, Barsan W et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. A statement for healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1999; 30: 905-15.
33. Brott T, Reed RL. Intensive care for acute stroke in the community hospital setting. Stroke 1989; 20: 694-7.
34. Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R et al. Early haemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage. Stroke 1997; 28: 1-5.
35. Cannegiester S, Rosendaal F, Witzen A, Van Der Meer F, Vandenbroucke J, Briët E. Optimal oral anticoagulation therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 11-7.
36. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996; 348: 1329-39.
37. Castillo J, Davalos A, Marrugat J, Noya M. Timing for fever-related brain damage in acute ischaemic stroke. Stroke 1998; 29: 2455-60.
38. CAVATAS investigators. Endovascular surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1729-37.
39. Chen ZM, Sandercock P, Pan HCH et al. on behalf of the CAST and IST collaborative groups. Indications for early aspirin use in acute ischaemic stroke. A combined analysis of 40 000 randomised patients from the Chinese Acute Stroke Trial and the International Stroke Trial. Stroke 2000; 31: 1240-9.
40. Chinese Acute Stroke Trial (CAST). Randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1999; 349: 1641-9.
41. Chyatte D, Fode NC, Nichols DA, Sundt TMJr. Preliminary report: effects of high dose methylprednisolone on delayed cerebral ischaemia in patients at high risk for vasospasm after aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1987; 21: 157-60.
42. Colditz G, Bonita R, Stampfer M et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke in middle-aged women. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 937-41.
43. Collins R, Peto P, MacMahon S, Herbert P, Fiebach N, Eberlein K. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. 2. Short-term reductions in blood pressure: Overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990; 335: 827-38.
44. Demarin V, Rajković D, Hodek B. Evaluation of cerebral circulation during oral contraceptives taking. Medit J Soc Psychiatry 1986; 7: 57-61.
45. Demarin V. Doppler sonography in cerebrovascular disorders. In: Kurjak A., ed. Ultrasound in Developing Countries. Textbook for Postgraduate Students. Zagreb: Mladost, 1986: 621-42.
46. Demarin V, Štikovac M, Thaller N, eds. Doppler sonografija krvnih žila. Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1990.
47. Demarin V, Blažić-Čop N, Dordević V, Bošnjak M, Rundek T, Posavec V. Transcranial Doppler investigation in cigarette smokers. Arteries et Veines. 1991; 10: 113-9.
48. nd ed. Zagreb: Naprijed, 1992.
49. Demarin V, Podobnik-Šarkanji S, Lovrenčić-Huzjan A, Rundek T, Thaller N. Stress as a risk factor in the development of neurological diseases. Acta Clin Croat 1992; 31: 233-8.
50. Demarin V, Rundek T, Tomljanović B, Carillo-Pintos J, Masso-Estrade J. Prevention of stroke - a report from collaboration project between Zagreb and Barcelona. Neurol Croat 1992; 41: 43-50.
51. Demarin V, ed. Moždani krvotok - klinički pristup. Zagreb: Naprijed, 1994.
52. Demarin V, Rundek T, Huzjan A, Podobnik S. The accuracy of TCCD in evaluation of cerebral AV malformations. J Neuroimaging 1995, 5: 82.
53. Demarin V. Ključ za zdrave dane mozak i žile bez mane. 2. izd. Zagreb: Naprijed, 1995.
54. Demarin V. Stroke - Present state and perspectives. Editorial. Period Biol 1995, 2: 95-97.
55. Demarin V. Emerging strategies in the prevention and diagnosis of stroke. Acta Clin Croat 1997; 36 (Suppl): 7-17.
56. Demarin V et al. Priručnik iz neurologije. Demarin V, ed. Bjelovar: Prosvjeta, 1998.
57. Demarin V, Lovrenčić-Huzjan A. Estrogen replacement therapy: A review of its potential benefits in neurology. Acta Clin Croat 1998; 37: 201-6.
58. Demarin V. Učinak hormonskog nadomjesnog liječenja u neurologiji. Drugi Hrvatski konsenzus o hormonskom nadomjesnom liječenju u klimakteriju i postmenopauzi. Poreč: 1998, 35-40.
59. Demarin V. Zdravi stil življenja u prevenciji cerebrovaskularnih bolesti. In: Mirić D, Vlahović D, eds. Zdravlje i turizam. Split - Hvar: Hrvatsko kardiološko društvo-ogranak Split i Turistička Split i Turistička zajednica Splitsko-dalmatinske županije, 1998, 295-301.
60. Demarin V, Huzjan-Lovrenčić A, Bosnar M, Podobnik-Šarkanji S, Thaller N. Čimbenici rizika za razvoj ishemičnog moždanog udara. Liječ Vjesn 1999; 121 (Supl 1): 86.
61. Demarin V, Lovrenčić-Huzjan A, Šerić V et al. Recommendations for stroke menagement. Acta Clin Croat 2001; 40: 127-54.
62. Demarin V. Moždani udar. Priručnik za bolesnike i članove njihove obitelji. Koprivnica: Belupo, 2001.
63. Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C. Silvenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A. European stroke prevention study 2, dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996; 143: 1-13.
64. Diener HC. Stroke prevention. Antiplatelet and antithrombolytic therapy. Neurol Clin 2000; 19: 343-55.
65. Dikanović M. Transcranial doppler sonography for post-traumatic stress disorder. Acta Clin Croat 1999; 38: 294-8.
66. Dimitrijević J, Gavranović M, Džirlo K et al. Cerebrovascular accidents in Sarajevo during the war. Rev Neurol 1999; 155: 359-64.
67. Donnan GA, Davis SM, Chambers BR et al. Trials of streptokinase in severe acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1995; 345: 578-9.
68. Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or a minor stroke. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1261-6.
69. Dyken ML, Barnett HJM, Easton JD et al. Low-dose aspirin and stroke: «It ain't necessarily so». Stroke 1992; 23: 1395-9.
70. Einhaupl K, Diener C, Hacke W, Hennerici M, Ringelstein B. Behandlung des akuten ischämischen Insults. Dtsch Arztbl 1999; 17: 1123-30.
71. Eskridge JM, Newell DW, Pendleton GA. Transluminal angioplasty for treatment of vasospasm. Neurosurg Clin North Am 1990; 1: 387-99.
72. European Ad Hoc Consensus Group. European strategies for early intervention in stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1996; 6: 315-24.
73. European Atrial Fibrillation Study Group. Optimal oral anticoagulation therapy with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and recent cerebral ischaemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 5-10.
74. European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: Interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-90%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet 1991; 337: 1235-43.
75. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS). Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995; 273: 1421-8.
76. Feinberg W, Albers G, Barnett H, Biller J et al. Guidelines for the management of transient ischaemic attacks. From the Ad Hoc Committee on Guidelines for the Management of Transient Ischaemic Attacks of the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1994, 89: 2950-65.
77. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, Schulz G. PROACT II: Recombinant prourokinase (r-ProUK) in acute cerebral thromboembolisms. Initial Trial Results The PROACT II Investigators. Stroke 1999; 30: 234.
78. Gent M, Blakely JA, Easton JD et al. The Canadian American ticlopidine study (CATS) in thromboembolic stroke. Lancet 1989; 1: 1215-20.
79. Gillman MW, Cupples LA, Gagnon D et al. Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men. JAMA 1995; 273: 1113-7.
80. Gorelick P, Sacco R, Smith D et al. Prevention of first stroke: a review of guidelines and a multidisciplinary consensus statement from the National Stroke Association. JAMA 1999; 281: 1112-20.
81. Grau A, Buggle F, Heindl S et al. Recent infection as a risk factor for cerebrovascular ischaemia. Stroke 1995; 26: 373-9.
82. Grotta J, Pasteur W, Khwaja G et al. Elective intubation for neurologic deterioration after stroke. Neurology 1995; 45: 640-4.
83. Guglielmi G, Vinuela F, Duckwiler G et al. Endovascular treatment of posterior circulation aneurysms by electrothrombosis using electrically detachable coils. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 515-24.
84. Guiraud-Chaumeil B, Rascol A, David J et al. Prevention des recidives des accidents vasculaires cerebraux ischemiques par les anti-agregants plaquettaires. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1982; 138: 367-85.
85. Hacke W, Zeumer H, Ferbert A, Bruckmann H, Del Zoppo G. Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy improves outcome in patients with acute vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. Stroke 1988; 19: 1216-22.
86. Hacke W, Stingele R, Steiner T, Schuchardt V, Schwab S. Critical care of acute ischaemic stroke. Intensive Care Med 1995; 21: 856-62.
87. Hacke W, Schwab S, Horn M, Spranger M, DeGeorgia M, von Kummer R. Malignant middle cerebral artery territory infarction. Clinical course and prognostic signs. Arch Neurol 1996; 53: 309-15.
88. Hacke W. Intensive care in acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1997; 7(Suppl 3): 18-23.
89. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trials of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Lancet 1998; 352: 1245-51.
90. Hacke W, Kaste M, Skyhoj Olsen T, Orgogozo J-M, Bogousslavsky J. European Stroke Initiative (EUSI) Recommendations for Stroke Management. The European Stroke Initiative Writing Committee. Europ J Neurol 2000; 7: 607-23.
91. Haley EC, Kassell NF, Torner JC. A randomised controlled trial of high-dose intravenous nicardipine in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. J Neurosurg 1993; 78: 537-47.
92. Haley EC, Kassell NF, Torner JC. A randomised trial of nicardipine in subarachnoid haemorrhage: angiographic and transcranial Doppler ultrasound results: a report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. J Neurosurg 1993; 78: 548-53.
93. Hart R, Sherman D, Easton D, Cairnes J. Prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: Views and reviews. Neurology 1998; 51: 674-81.
94. Hasan D, Wijdicks EFM, Vermeulen M. Hyponatremia is associated with cerebral ischaemia in patients with aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Ann Neurol 1990; 27: 106-8.
95. Hass WK, Easton JD, Adams HP et al. A randomised trial comparing ticlopidine hydrochloride with aspirin for the prevention of stroke in high-risk individuals. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 501-7.
96. Heros RC, Zervas NT, Varsos V. Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoidal haemorrhage: an update. Ann Neurol 1983; 14: 599-608.
97. Heros RC. Surgical treatment of cerebellar infarction. Stroke 1992; 23: 937-8.
98. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Cahan LD et al. Transluminal angioplasty for treatment of intracranial arterial vasospasm. J Neurosurg 1989; 71: 648-53.
99. Hodek-Demarin V, Blažić-Čop N, Hudolin Vi, Thaller N. Ocjena stanja cerebralne cirkulacije pušača. Anali KB "Dr M. Stojanović" 1978; 17: 109-14.
100. Hodek-Demarin V, Hudolin Vi, Dordević V, Thaller N. Liquid crystal thermography and Doppler-sonography in the prevention of stroke. Medit J Soc Psychiatry 1980; 2: 123-9.
101. Holloway RG, Benesch C, Rush SR. Stroke prevention: Narrowing the evidence-practice gap. Neurology 2000; 54: 1899-1906.
102. Horner J, Massey EW. Silent aspiration following stroke. Neurology 1988; 38: 317-9.
103. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, Vittinghoff E. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998; 280: 605-13.
104. Indredavik B, Slordahl S, Bakke F, Roksetz R, Haheim L. Stroke unit treatment: Long-term effects. Stroke 1997; 28: 1861-6.
105. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group: The International Stroke Trial (IST): A randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19,435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997; 349: 1569-81.
106. Italian Acute Stroke Study Group. Haemodilution in acute stroke. Results of the Italian haemodilution trial. Lancet 1988; 8581: 318-21.
107. Kadojić D, Demarin V, Kadojić M, Mihaljević I, Barac B. Influence of prolonged stress on risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. Coll Anthropol 1999; 23: 213-9.
108. Kadojić D, Barac B. Stress as a triggering mechanism for the appearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroepidemiology 2001; 20: 45-6.
109. Kamarck TW, Everson SA, Kaplan GA et al. Exaggerated blood pressure responses during mental stress are associated with enhanced carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged Finnish men. Findings from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study. Circulation 1997; 96: 3841-8.
110. Kassell NF, Sasaki T, Colohan AR, Nazar G. Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1985; 16: 562-72.
111. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery, Part 1: Overall management results. J Neurosurg 1990; 73: 18-36.
112. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Jane JA, Haley EC, Adams HP. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery, Part 2: Surgical results. J Neurosurg 1990; 73: 37-47.
113. Kaste M, Somer H, Konttinen A. Heart type creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK MB) in acute cerebral disorders. Br Heart J 1978; 40: 802-5.
114. Kittner SJ, Bousser MG. Post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy and stroke risk. Cephalalgia 2000; 20: 208-13.
115. Kleinman Y, Korn-Lubetzki I, Elaishiv S, Abramsky O, Eliakim M. High frequncy of hemorrhagic strokes in Jerusalem during the Persial Gulf War. Neurology 1992; 42: 2225-6.
116. Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Kollen B, Lankhorst GH. Predicting disability in stroke: a critical review of the literature. Age Ageing 1996; 25: 479-89.
117. Langhorne P, Williams B, Gilcrist B. Do stroke units save lives? Lancet 1993; 342: 395-8.
118. Laupacis A, Albers G, Dalen J, Dunn M, Jacobson A, Singer D. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Chest 1998; 114: 579-89.
119. Lee I, Hennekens C, Berger K, Buring J, Manson J. Exercise and risk of stroke in male physicians. Stroke 1999; 30: 1-6.
120. Levine SR, Brust JC, Futrell N et al. Cerebrovascular complications of the use of the 'crack' form of alkaloidal cocaine. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 699-704.
121. Levy M, Gianotta S. Cardiac performance indices during hypervolemic therapy for cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg 1991; 75: 27-31.
122. Lovrenčić-Huzjan A. The role of ultrasound in diagnosing nonatherosclerotic vasculopathies of the nervous system. Acta Clin Croat 1998; 37 (Suppl 1): 68-72.
123. Lovrenčić Huzjan A, Bosnar M, Huzjan R, Demarin V. Frequency of different risk factors for ischemic stroke. Acta Clin Croat 1999; 38: 159-63.
124. Lovrenčić-Huzjan A, Bosnar-Puretić M, Vuković V et al. Correlation of color Doppler of the carotid arteries and angiographic findings in patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Acta Clin Croat 2000; 39; 215-20.
125. Lušić I, Janković S, Andelinović Š. Incidence of stroke in central Dalmatia during the war in the Republic of Croatia. Rev Neurol 1999; 29: 23-6.
126. Ljubičić M, Kuzman M, eds. Hrvatski zdravstveno statistički Ijetopis za 1998. god. Zagreb: Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo, 1999.
127. MacMahon S, Neal B. Differences between blood-pressure-lowering drugs. Lancet 2000; 356: 352-3.
128. Manson J, Stampfer M, Colditz G et al. A prospective study of aspirin use and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA 1991; 266: 521-7.
129. Manuck SB, Kaplan JR, Matthews KA. Behavioral antecedents of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1986; 6: 1-14.
130. Markus HS. A prospective follow up of thunderclap headache mimicking subarachoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991; 54: 1117-8.
131. Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial - European Study Group (MAST-E). Thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in acute ischaemic stroke. New Engl J Med 1996; 335: 145-50.
132. Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial - Italy (MAST-I) Group. Randomised controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin and combination of both in treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1995; 46: 1509-14.
133. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: rt-PA Stroke Study Group (NINDS): Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischaemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1581-7.
134. Norris J. Effect of cerebrovascular lesions on the heart. Neurol Clin 1983; 1: 87-101.
135. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators (NASCET). Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 445-53.
136. Page Y, Tardy B, Zeny F et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura related to ticlopidine. Lancet 1991; 1: 774-6.
137. Patrono C, Coller B, Dalen JE et al. Platelet-active drugs. The relationship among dose, effectiveness, and side effects. Chest 1998; 114 (Suppl): 470S-88S.
138. Patrono C, Roth GJ. Aspirin in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1996; 27: 756-60.
139. Pedersen TR, Kjeshus J, Pyorala K et al. Effect of simvastatin on ischemic signs and symptoms in the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S). Am J Cardiol 1998; 81: 333-5.
140. Pentz Vuković I, Demarin V, Grubišić G, Kuna K, Lovrenčić Huzjan A. Carotid artery intima thickness and flow velocity after discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: follow-up study. Croat Med J 2001; 42: 54-7.
141. Peto R, Gray R, Collins R et al. Randomised trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in British male doctors. Br Med J 1988; 296: 313-6.
142. Petruk KC, West M, Mohr G et al. Nimodipine treatment in poor grade aneurysm patients: results of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Neurosurg 1988; 68: 505-17.
143. Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R et al. Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoidal haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial. Br Med J 1989; 298: 636-42.
144. Plehn J, Davis B, Sacks F et al. Reduction of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction with pravastatin: The cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) study. Circulation 1999; 99: 216-33.
145. Podobnik-Šarkanji S, Demarin V, Rundek T, Lovrenčić-Huzjan A. Risk factors for carotid artery atherosclerosis. Acta Clin Croat 1995; 34: 145-55.
146. Poungvarin N, Bhoopat W, Viriyavejakul A et al. Effect of dexamethasone in primary supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1229-33.
147. PROGRESS Collaborative Group: Randomised trial of perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke of transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358: 1033-41.
148. Prospective Studies Collaboration: Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure and stroke. 13,000 strokes in 450,000 people in 45 prospective cohorts. Lancet 1995; 346: 1647-53.
149. Qureshi AD, Janardhan V, Bennet SE, Luft AR, Hopkins LN, Guterman LR. Who should be screened for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis? Experience from the Western New York Stroke Screening Program. J Neuroimaging 2001; 11: 105-11.
150. Rajshekar V, Harbaugh RE. Results of routine ventriculostomy with external ventricular drainage for acute hydrocephalus following subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1992; 115: 8-14.
151. Reith J, Jorgensen H, Pedersen P et al. Body temperature in acute stroke: relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality and outcome. Lancet 1996; 347: 422-5.
152. Rieke K, Schwab S, Krieger D et al. Decompressive surgery in space-occupying hemispheric infarction. Results of an open, prospective trial. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 1576-87.
153. Ringleb PA, Bertram M, Keller E, Hacke W. Hypertension in patients with cerebrovascular accidents, to treat or not to treat? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 2179-281.
154. Ronning O, Guldvog B. Stroke units versus general medical wards. I. Twelve and eighteen-month survival. A randomised, controlled trial. Stroke 1998; 29: 58-62.
155. Rundek T, Demarin V, Niederkorn K et al. Prevalence of intracranial emboli signals in patients with carotid and cardiac disease. Acta Clin Croat 1995; 34: 137-43.
156. Sacco R, Elkind M, Boden-Albala B et al. The protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on ischaemic stroke. JAMA 1999; 281: 53-60.
157. Saito I, Segawa H, Shiokawa Y, Taniguchi M, Tsusumi K. Middle cerebral artery occlusion: Correlation of computed tomography and angiography with clinical outcome. Stroke 1987; 18: 863-8.
158. SALT Collaborative Group. Swedish aspirin low-dose trial (SALT) of 75 mg aspirin as secondary prophylaxis after cerebrovascular ischaemic events. Lancet 1991; 228: 1345-9.
159. Samsa GP, Matchar DB. Have randomised controlled trials of neuroprotective drugs been underpowered?: An illustration of three statistical principles. Stroke 2001; 32: 669-74.
160. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease. The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-9.
161. Scandinavian Stroke Study Group. Multicenter trial of haemodilution in acute ischaemic stroke: results in the total patient population. Stroke 1987; 18: 691-9.
162. Schenk MJ. Is psychological stress a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease? Neuroepidemiology 1997; 16: 174-9.
163. Schwab S, Schwarz S, Spranger M, Keller E, Betram M, Hacke W. Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 1998; 29: 2461-6.
164. Schwartz SM, Petitti DB, Sincovich DA et al. Stroke and use of low-dose oral contraceptives in young women. A pooled analysis of two US studies. Stroke 1998; 29: 2277-84.
165. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of various stroke types by treatment of isolated systolic hypertension. International Stroke Society's Second World Congress of Stroke; Washington, DC; September 1992.
166. SHEP Cooperative Research Group: Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program/SHEP/. JAMA 1991; 365: 3255-64.
167. Shepherd J, Cobbe S, Ford I et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1301-7.
168. Sherman D, for the STAT Writers Group. Defibrinogenation with Viprinex (ancrod) for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Stroke 1999; 30: 234.
169. Soloman RA, Post KD, McMurty JG. Depression of circulating blood volume in patients after subarachnoidal haemorrhage: implications for the treatment of symptomatic vasospasm. Neurosurgery 1984; 15: 354-61.
170. Stand T. Evaluation of long-term outcome and safety after haemodilution therapy in acute ischaemic stroke. Stroke 1992; 23: 657-62.
171. Steering Committee of the Physician's Health Study Research Group. Final report of the ongoing physicians health study. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 129-35.
172. Stroke Units Trialists Collaboration. A systematic review of the randomised trials of organised impatient (stroke unit) care after stroke. Br Med J 1997; 314: 1151-9.
173. Swanson R. Intravenous heparin for acute stroke. What can we learn from the megatrials? Neurology 1999; 52: 1746-50.
174. Taylor W, Miller JD, Todd NV. Long-term outcome following anterior cerebral artery ligation for ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms. J Neurosurg 1991; 74: 51-4.
175. Tellez H, Bauer R. Dexamethasone as treatment in cerebrovascular disease, 1: a controlled study in intracerebral haemorrhage. Stroke 1973; 4: 541-6.
176. The Haemodilution in Stroke Study Group. Hypervolemic haemodilution treatment of acute stroke. Results of a randomised multicenter trial using pentastarch. Stroke 1989; 20: 312-23.
177. The HOPE Investigators: Effects of an ACE inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145-53.
178. The North American Glycine Antagonist in Neuroprotection (GAIN) Investigators. Phase II Studies of the Glycine Antagonist GV150526 in Acute Stroke: The North American Experience. Stroke 2000; 31: 358-65.
179. Todd NV, Tocher JL, Jones PA, Miller JD. Outcome following aneurysm wrapping: a 10-year follow-up review of clipped and wrapped aneurysms. J Neurosurg 1989; 70: 841-6.
180. Torner JC, Kassell NF, Wallace RB, Adams HPJr. Preoperative prognostic factors for rebleeding and survival in aneurysm patients receiving antifibrinolytic therapy: report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Neurosurgery 1981; 9: 506-51.
181. Torner JC, Nibbelink DW, Burmeister LF. Statistical comparisons of end results of a randomised treatment study. In: Sahs AL, Nibbelink DW, Torner JC, eds. Aneurysmal Subarachnoidal Haemorrhage: Report of the Cooperative Study. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1981, 249-76.
182. Trkanjec Z, Demarin V. Antiplatelet therapy in secondary prevention of stroke. Acta Clin Croat 1999; 38(Suppl I): 41-3.
183. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352:837-53.
184. UK-TIA Study Group. The United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 1044-54.
185. Vargek-Solter V, Demarin V, Rundek T. Prognostic evaluation of the acute stroke. Period Biol 1995, 2: 63-6.
186. Vermuelen M, Lindsay KW, Murray GD et al. Antifibrinolytic treatment in subarachnoid haemorrhage. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 432-7.
187. von Kummer R, Allen K, Holle R et al. Acute stroke: Usefulness of early CT findings before thrombolytic therapy. Radiology 1997; 205: 327-33.
188. Wagenaar RC, Meijer OG. Effects of stroke rehabilitation (1 and 2): A critical review of the literature. J Rehabil Sci 1991; 4: 61-73 and 96-108.
189. Wagenaar RC. Effects of stroke rehabilitation. In: Kaufman T, ed. Rehabilitation of the geriatric patient. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2000, 130-4.
190. Wagner KR, Kleinholz M, de Courten-Myers GM, Myers RE. Hyperglycaemic versus normoglycaemic stroke: Topography of brain metabolites, intracellular pH, and infarct size. J Cereb Blod Flow Metab 1992; 12: 213-22.
191. Warlow CP. Epidemiology of stroke. Lancet 1997; 352 (Suppl III): 1-4.
192. WHO Collaborative Study. Cardiovascular Disease, Steroid Hormone Contraception. Ischaemic stroke and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study. Lancet 1996; 348: 498-505.
193. WHO Collaborative Study. Cardiovascular Disease, Steroid Hormone, Contraception. Haemorrhagic stroke, overall stroke risk, and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study. Lancet 1996; 348: 505-10.
194. WHO Task Force on Stroke and Other Cerebrovascular Disorders: Recommendations on stroke prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Report of the
195. Wijdicks EFM, Kerkhoff H, Van Gijn J. Long-term follow-up of 71 patients with thunderclap headache mimicking subarachoid haemorrhage. Lancet. 1988; 2: 68-70.
196. Wijdicks EFM, Vermeulen M, van Brummelen P, van Gijin J. The effect of fludrocortisone acetate on plasma volume and natriuresis in patients with aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1988; 90: 209-14.
197. Yadav J, Roubin G, King P, Ivery S, Vitek J. Angioplasty and stenting for restenosis after carotid endarterectomy, initial experience. Stroke 1996; 27: 2975-9.
198. Yu YL, Kumana CR, Lauder IJ et al. Treatment of acute cerebral haemorrhage with intravenous glycerol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Stroke 1992; 23: 967-71.
199. Zygmunt SC, Delgado-Zygmunt TJ. The haemodynamic effect of transcranial Doppler. Guided high-dose nimodipine treatment in established vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995; 135: 179-85.