Nutrition in children with preterminal chronic renal failure. Myth or important therapeutic aid?

Pediatric Nephrology

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 111-120

  Wingen, Anne Margaret ^a   Mehls, Otto ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ESSEN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Children; Chronic renal failure; Diet; Energy; Lipids; Progression; Protein

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANGIOTENSIN; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; CHOLESTEROL; CREATININE; CYTOKINE; FAT; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FISH OIL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ICOSANOID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; LEPTIN; LIPID; LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID; OXYGEN; PHOSPHATE; PROBUCOL; PROTEIN; RENIN; STEROID; TRACE ELEMENT; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CALORIC INTAKE; CHILD GROWTH; CHILD NUTRITION; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CLINICAL STUDY; DETERIORATION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIET THERAPY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FOOD COMPOSITION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN RESTRICTION; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; UREMIA;

EID: 0036942958     PISSN: 0931041X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00467-001-0747-4     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (1973) Energy and protein requirements. In: Report of a joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee (ed) WHO Technical Report Series No 522. WHO, Geneva
2. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (1985) Energy and protein requirements. In: Report of a joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series No 724. WHO, Geneva
3. Committee on Dietary Allowances (1989) Recommended dietary allowances. National Academy of Science, Washington D.C.
4. Deutsche Gesellsehaft für Ernährung (1991) Empfehlungen für die Nährstoffzufuhr. Umschau, Frankfurt/Main
5. Kersting M, Sichert-Hellert W, Alexy U, Manz F, Schöch G (1998) Macronutrient intake of 1 to 18 year old German children and adolescents. Z Ernährungswiss 37:252-259
6. Kersting M, Chahda C, Schöch G (1997) Die Optimierte Mischkost als Grundlage für die pädiatrische Präventionberatung. Kinderarzt 27:899-904
7. US Department of Agriculture (1992) The food guide pyramid. In: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Home and garden bulletin no 252. Washington, D.C.
8. Dolocek T, Olson MB, Caggiula A, Dwyer JT, Milas NC, Gillis BP, Hartman JA, DiChiro JT (1995) Registered dietician time requirements in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. J Am Diet Assoc 95:1307-1312
9. Levey AS, Adler S, Caggiula AW, England BK, Greene T, Hunsicker LG, Kusek JW, Rogers NL, Teschan PE, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group (1996) Effects of dietary protein restriction on the progression of advanced renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Am J Kidney Dis 27:652-663
10. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group, Levey AS, Adler S, Caggiula AW, England BK, Greene T, Hunsicker LG, Kusek JW, Rogers NL, Teschan PE (1996) Effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of moderate renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:2616-2626
11. Wingen A-M, Fabian-Bach C, Schaefer F, Mehls O for the European Study Group of Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood (1997) Randomised multicentre study of a low-protein diet on the progression of chronic renal failure in children. Lancet 349:1117-1123
12. Coyne T, Olson M, Bradham K, Garcon M, Gregory P, Scherch L (1995) Dietary satisfaction correlated with adherence in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. J Am Diet Assoc 95:1301-1306
13. Duane WC (1999) Effects of soy bean protein and very low dietary cholesterol on serum lipids, biliary lipids, and fecal sterols in humans. Metabolism 48:489-494
14. Dusseldorp M von, Schneede J, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Thomas CMG, Boer Ed, Staveren WA von (1999) Risk of persistent cobalamin deficiency in adolescents fed a macrobiotic diet in early life. Am J Clin Nutr 69:664-671
15. Stevenson FT, Kaysen GA (1999) Hyperlipidemia and renal disease: the use of animal models in understanding pathophysiology and approaches to treatment. Wien Klin Wochenschr 111:307-314
16. Kist-van Holthe tot Echten JE, Nauta J, Boerma GJM, Hop WCJ, Noordzij CM, Wolff ED (1992) Protein restriction affects fat intake and serum lipids in children with chronic renal failure. Miner Electrolyte Metab 18:207-211
17. Olson RE (2000) Is it wise to restrict fat in the diets of children? J Am Diet Assoc 100:28-32
18. Alexy U, Kersting M, Sichert-Hellert W, Manz F, Schöch G (1999) Macronutrient intake of 3- to 36-month-old German infants and children: Results of the DONALD Study. Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study. Ann Nutr Metab 43:14-22
19. Prentice AM, Lucas A, Vasquez-Velasquez L, Davies PS, Whitehead RG (1988) Are current dietary guidelines for young children a prescription for overfeeding? Lancet 8619:1066-1069
20. Akeson PM, Axelsson IE, Raiha NC (1998) Growth and nutrient intake in three- to twelve-month-old infants fed human milk or formulas with varying protein concentrations. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 26:1-8
21. Ikizler TA, Hakim RM (1996) Nutrition in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 50:343-357
22. Kopple JD (1999) Pathophysiology of protein-energy wasting in chronic renal failure. J Nutr 129:247S-251S
23. Mitch WE, Maroni BJ (1999) Factors causing malnutrition in patients with chronic uremia. Am J Kidney Dis 33:176-179
24. Ruley EJ, Bock GH, Kerzner B, Abbott AW, Majd M, Chatoor I (1989) Feeding disorders and gastroesophageal reflux in infants with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 3:424-429
25. Arnold WC, Danford D, Holliday MA (1983) Effects of caloric supplementation on growth in children with uremia. Kidney Int 24:205-209
26. Holliday MA (1972) Calorie deficiency in children with uremia: effect upon growth. Pediatrics 50:590-597
27. Zadik Z, Frishberg Y, Drukker A, Blachar Y, Lotan D, Levi S, Reifen R (1998) Excessive dietary protein and suboptimal caloric intake have a negative effect on the growth of children with chronic renal disease before and during growth hormone therapy. Metabolism 47:264-268
28. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Takaishi M (1966) Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity and weight velocity: British children, part II. Arch Dis Child 41:613-635
29. Georgi M, Schaefer F, Wühl E, Schärer K (1996) Körpergröße und Gewicht bei gesunden Schulkindern in Heidelberg. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 144:813-824
30. Liu YX, Wikland KA, Karlberg J (2000) New reference for the age at childhood onset of growth and secular trend in the timing of puberty in Sweden. Acta Paediatr 89:637-643
31. Cole TJ (2000) Secular trends in growth. Proc Nutr Soc 59:317-324
32. Hoppa RD, Garlie TN (1998) Secular changes in growth of Toronto children during the last century. Ann Hum Biol 25:553-561
33. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS (2000) Secular trends in height among children during 2 decades: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154:155-161
34. Eddy AA, McCulloch L, Liu E, Adams J (1991) A relationship between proteinuria and acute tubulointerstitial disease in rats with experimental nephrotic syndrome. Am J Pathol 138:1111-1123
35. Keane WF (2000) Proteinuria: its clinical importance and role in progressive renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 35:S97-S105
36. Perna A, Remuzzi G (1996) Abnormal permeability to proteins and glomerular lesions: a meta-analysis of experimental and human studies. Am J Kidney Dis 27:34-41
37. Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G (2000) The role of protein traffic in the progression of renal diseases. Annu Rev Med 51:315-327
38. Brenner BM, Meyer TW, Hostetter TH (1982) Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N Engl J Med 307:652-659
39. Brenner BM, Lawler EV, Mackenzie HS (1996) The hyperfiltration theory: a paradigm shift in nephrology. Kidney Int 49:1774-1777
40. Herrera-Acosta J (1994) The role of systemic and glomerular hypertension in progressive glomerular injury. Kidney Int 45:S6-S10
41. Simons JL, Provoost AP, Anderson S, Rennke HG, Troy JL, Brenner BM (1994) Modulation of glomerular hypertension defines susceptibility to progressive glomerular injury. Kidney Int 46:396-404
42. Weir MR, Dworkin LD (1998) Antihypertensive drugs, dietary salt, and renal protection: how low should you go and with which therapy? Am J Kidney Dis 32:1-22
43. Keane WF (1994) Lipids and the kidney. Kidney Int 46:910-920
44. Keane WF (1999) Lipids and progressive renal disease: the cardio-renal link. Am J Kidney Dis 34:xliii-xlvi
45. Cowley BD, Grantham JJ, Muessel MJ, Kraybill AL, Gattone VH (1996) Modification of disease progression in rats with inherited polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 27:865-879
46. Nath KA, Hostetter MK, Hostetter TH (1989) Ammonia-complement interaction in the pathogenesis of progressive renal injury. Kidney Int 36:S52-S54
47. Moeslinger T, Friedl R, Volf I, Brunner M, Baran H, Koller E, Spieckermann PG (1999) Urea induces macrophage proliferation by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthesis. Kidney Int 56:581-588
48. Motojima M, Nishijima F, Ikoma M, Kawamura T, Yoshioka T, Fogo AB, Sakai T, Ichikawa I (1991) Role for "uremic toxins" in the progressive loss of renal failure. Kidney Int 40:461-469
49. Caverzasio J, Shigematsu T, Rizzoli R, Bonjour J-P (1995) Potential role of IgF-1 in parathyroid hormone-related renal growth induced by high protein diet in uninephrectomized rats. Kidney Int 48:33-38
50. Shigematsu T, Caverzasio J, Bonjour J-P (1993) Parathyroid removal prevents the progression of chronic renal failure induced by high protein diet. Kidney Int 44:173-181
51. Lau K (1989) Phosphate excess and progressive renal failure: the precipitation-calcification hypothesis. Kidney Int 36:918-937
52. D'Amico G, Gentile MG, Fellin G, Manna G, Cofano F (1994) Effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of renal failure: a prospective randomized study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9:1590-1594
53. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, Caggiula AW, Hunsicker L, Kusek JW, Striker G for the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group (1994) Effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med 330:877-884
54. Locatelli F, Alberti D, Graziani G, Buccianti G, Redaelli B, Giangrande A, Francucci BM, North Italian Cooperative Study Group (1992) Factors affecting chronic renal failure progression: results from a multicentre trial. Miner Electrolyte Metab 18:295-302
55. Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM, Greene T, Hebert LA, Hunsicker LG, King AJ, Klahr S, Massry SG, Seifter JL (1995) Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Int Med 123:754-762
56. The Gisen Group (1997) Randomised placebo-controlled trial of the effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 349:1857-1863
57. Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G, Locatelli F, Mann JFE, Motolese M, Ponticelli C, Ritz E, Zucchelli P and the Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitor in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group (1996) Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 334:939-945
58. Cao Z, Cooper ME, Wu LL, Cox AJ, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Kelly DJ, Gilbert RE (2000) Blockade of the renin-angiotensin and endothelin systems on progressive renal injury. Hypertension 36:561-568
59. Fogo AB (2000) The role of angiotensin II and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in progressive glomerulosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis 35:179-188
60. Matsusaka T, Hymes J, Ichikawa I (1996) Angiotensin in progressive renal disease: theory and practice. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:2025-2043
61. Macconi D, Ghilardi M, Bonassi ME, Mohamed EI, Abbate M, Colombi F, Remuzzi G, Remuzzi A (2000) Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on glomerular basement membrane permeability and distribution of zonula occludens-1 in MWF rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:477-489
62. Masoro EJ, Yu BP (1989) Diet and nephropathy. Lab Invest 60:165-167
63. Kleinknecht C, Laouari D, Burtin M, Maniar S, Jurkovitz C (1991) Contribution of animal studies on the nutritional management of children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 5:487-491
64. Kasiske BL, Cleary MP, O'Donnell MP, Keane WF (1985) Effects of genetic obesity on renal structure and function in the Zucker rat. J Lab Clin Med 106:598-604
65. Barton M, Carmona R, Morawietz H, Uscio LVd, Goettsch W, Hillen H, Haudenschild CC, Krieger JE, Münter K, Lattmann T, Lüscher TF, Shaw S (2000) Obesity is associated with tissue-specific activation of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme in vivo. Hypertension 35:329-336
66. Ballermann BJ (1999) A role for leptin in glomerulosclerosis? Kidney Int 56:1154-1155
67. Wolf G, Hamann A, Han DC, Helmchen U, Thaiss F, Ziyadeh FN, Stahl RAK (1999) Leptin stimulates proliferation and TGF-β expression in renal glomerular endothelial cells: Potential role in glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 56:860-872
68. Kasiske BL, Crosson JT (1986) Renal disease in patients with massive obesity. Arch Int Med 146:1105-1109
69. Daschner M, Tönshoff B, Blum WF, Englaro P, Wingen A-M, Schaefer F, Wühl E, Rascher W, Mehls O (1998) Inappropriate elevation of serum leptin levels in children with chronic renal failure. European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1074-1079
70. Stenvinkel P (1998) Leptin - a new hormone of definite interest for the nephrologist. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:1099-1101
71. Iyengar AK, Rao BS, Reddy V (1979) Effect of varying protein and energy intakes on nitrogen balance in Indian pre-school children. Br J Nutr 42:417-423
72. Kopple JD, Monteon FJ, Shaib JK (1986) Effect of energy intake on nitrogen metabolism in nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 29:734-742
73. Chiang A-N, Huang P-C (1988) Excess energy and nitrogen balance at protein intakes above the requirement level in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 48:1015-1022
74. Walser M, Hill S (1999) Can renal replacement be deferred by a supplemented very low protein diet? J Am Soc Nephrol 10:110-116
75. Greiber S, Mitch WE (1992) Catabolism in uremia: metabolic acidosis and activation of specific pathways. Contrib Nephrol 98:20-27
76. Kleinknecht C, Maniar S, Zhou X, Motel V, Laouari D, Yvert J-P, Dechaux M (1996) Acidosis prevents growth hormone-induced growth in experimental uremia. Pediatr Nephrol 10:256-260
77. Barsotti G, Cupisti A, Morelli E, Meola M, Cozza V, Barsotti M, Giovannetti S (1998) Secondary hyperparathyroidism in severe chronic renal failure is corrected by very-low dietary phosphate intake and calcium carbonate supplementation. Nephron 79:137-141
78. Mak RHK (1989) Carbohydrate metabolism in uremia. Pediat Nephrol 3:201-208
79. Akmal M, Kasim SE, Soliman AR, Massry SG (1990) Excess parathyroid hormone levels adversely affects lipid metabolism in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 37:854-858
80. Querfeld U, Hoffmann MM, Klaus G, Eifinger F, Ackerschott M, Michalk D, Kern PA (1999) Antagonistic effects of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone on lipoprotein lipase in cultured adipocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:2158-2164
81. Griffin KA, Picken M, Bidani AK (1994) Radiotelemetric BP monitoring, antihypertensives and glomeruloprotection in remnant kidney model. Kidney Int 46:1010-1018
82. Fine LG (1987) The role of nutrition in hypertrophy of renal tissue. Kidney Int 32:S2-S8
83. Doi T, Striker LJ, Quaife C, Conti FG, Palmiter R, Behringer R, Brinster R, Striker GE (1988) Progressive glomerulosclerosis develops in transgenic mice chronically expressing growth hormone releasing factor but not in those expressing insulin like growth factor-I. Am J Pathol 131:398-403
84. Mehls O, Irzynjec T, Ritz E, Eden S, Kovàcs G, Klaus G, Floege J, Mall G (1993) Effects of rhGH and rhIGF-I on renal growth and morphology. Kidney Int 44:1251-1258
85. Underwood LE (1999) Special considerations in the design of trials involving children. J Nutr 129:264S-269S
86. Wang J, Zhou J, Bondy CA (1999) Igf1 promotes longitudinal bone growth by insulin-like actions augmenting chondrocyte hypertrophy. FASEB J 13:1985-1990
87. Kaysen GA (1988) Albumin metabolism in the nephrotic syndrome: the effect of protein intake. Am J Kidney Dis 12:461-480
88. Nath KA, Croatt AJ, Hostetter TH (1990) Oxygen consumption and oxidant stress in surviving nephrons. Am J Physiol 258:F1354-F1362
89. Segerer S, Nelson PJ, Schlöndorff D (2000) Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and renal disease: from basic science to pathophysiologic and therapeutic studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:152-176
90. Schiller B, Moran J (1997) Focal glomerulosclerosis in the remnant kidney model - an inflammatory disease mediated by cytokines. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:430-437
91. Correa-Rotter R, Hostetter TH, Rosenberg ME (1992) Effect of dietary protein on renin and angiotensinogen gene expression after renal ablation. Am J Physiol 262:F631-F638
92. Feingold KR, Grunfeld C (1992) Role of cytokines in inducing hyperlipidemia. Diabetes 41:97-101
93. Hales CN (2001) Suicide of the nephron. Lancet 357:136-137
94. Melk A, Ramassar V, Helms LM, Moore R, Rayner D, Solez K, Halloran PF (2000) Telomer shortening in kidneys with age. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:444-453
95. Kumagai H, Kikuchi Y, Kumeta N, Kimura M, Sakai T (1999) Low protein diet exacerbates NO synthase inhibitor-induced hypertension in rats. Clin Exp Nephrol 1:34-40
96. Cooke JP, Dzau VJ (1997) Nitric oxide synthase: role in the genesis of vascular disease. Annu Rev Med 48:489-509
97. Giroux I, Kurowska EM, Freeman DJ, Carroll KK (1999) Addition of arginine but not glycine to lysine plus methionine-enriched diets modulates serum cholesterol in liver and phospholipids in rabbits. J Nutr 129:1807-1813
98. Narita I, Border WA, Ketteler M, Ruoslahti E, Noble NA (1995) L-Arginine may mediate the therapeutic effects of low protein diets. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92:4552-4556
99. Millward DJ (1999) Optimal intake of protein in the human diet. Proc Nutr Soc 58:403-413
100. Meireles CL, Price SR, Pereira AML, Carvalhaes JTA, Mitch WE (1999) Nutrition and chronic renal failure in rats: what is an optimal dietary protein? J Am Soc Nephrol 10:2367-2373
101. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group, Kopple JD, Levey AS, Greene T, Chumlea WC, Gassman JJ, Hollinger DL, Maroni BJ, Merrill D, Scherch LK, Schulman G, Wang S-R, Zimmer GS (1997) Effect of dietary protein restriction on nutritional status in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Kidney Int 52:778-791
102. Locatelli F, Alberti D, Graziani G, Buccianti G, Redaelli B, Giangrande A, The Northern Italian Cooperative Study Group (1991) Prospective, randomized, multicentre trial of the effect of protein restriction on progression of chronic renal insufficiency. Lancet 337:1299-1304
103. Rosman JB, Langer K, Brandl M, Piers-Becht TPM, Hem GK Ter Wee PM, Donker AJM (1989) Protein-restricted diets in chronic renal failure: a four year follow-up shows limited indications. Kidney Int 36:S96-S102
104. Rosman JB, Ter Wee PM, Meijer S, Piers-Becht TPM, Sluiter WJ, Donker AJM (1984) Prospective randomized trial on early dietary protein restriction in chronic renal failure. Lancet 2:1291-1295
105. Fouque D, Laville M, Boissel JP, Chifflet R, Labeeuw M, Zech PY (1992) Controlled low protein diets in chronic renal insufficiency: meta-analysis. BMJ 304:216-220
106. Fouque D, Wang P, Laville M, Boissel J-P (2000) Low protein diets delay end-stage renal disease in non-diabetic adults with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1986-1992
107. Kasiske BL, Lakatua JDA, Ma JZ, Louis TA (1998) A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein restriction on the rate of decline in renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 31:954-961
108. Pedrini MT, Levey AS, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Wang PH (1996) The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and non-diabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Int Med 124:627-632
109. Mehrota R, Nolph KD (2000) Treatment of advanced renal failure: Low-protein diets or timely initiation of dialysis. Kidney Int 58:1381-1388
110. Schwartz GJ, Brion LP, Spitzer A (1987) The use of plasma creatinine concentration to estimate glomerular filtration rate in infancy, childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Clin N Am 34:571-590
111. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group, Hunsicker L, Adler S, Caggiula A, England BK, Greene T, Kusek JW, Rogers NL, Teschan PE (1997) Predictors of the progression of renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study. Kidney Int 51:1908-1919
112. Ogborn MR, Nitschmann E, Weiler HA, Bankovic-Calic N (2000) Modification of polycystic kidney disease and fatty acid status by soy protein diet. Kidney Int 57:159-166
113. Anderson JW, Blake JE, Turner J, Smith BM (1998) Effects of soy protein on renal function and proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 68:1347S-1353S
114. Querfeld U (1993) Disturbances of lipid metabolism in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 7:749-757
115. Attman P-O, Alaupovic P (1991) Lipid and apolipoprotein profiles of uremic dyslipoproteinemia - relation to renal function. Nephron 57:401-410
116. Grützmacher P, März W, Peschke B, Gross W, Schoeppe W (1988) Lipoproteins and apolipoproteins during progression of chronic renal disease. Nephron 50:103-111
117. Cappelli P, Evangelista M, Bonomini M, Palmieri PF, Albertazzi A (1992) Lipids in the progression of renal failure. Nephron 62:31-35
118. Wasserman J, Santiago A, Rifici V, Holthofer H, Scharschmidt L, Epstein M, Schlondorff D (1989) Interaction of low density lipoprotein with rat mesangial cells. Kidney Int 35:1168-1174
119. Ong ACM, Jowett TP, Moorhead JF, Owen JS (1994) Human high density lipoproteins stimulate endothelin-1 release by cultured human renal proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int 46:1315-1321
120. Joles JJ, Kunter U, Janssen U, Kriz W, Rabelink TJ, Koomans HA, Floege J (2000) Early Mechanisms of renal injury in hypercholesterolemic or hypertriglyceridemic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:669-683
121. Gupta S, Rifici V, Crowley S, Brownlee M, Shan Z, Schlondorff D (1992) Interactions of LDL and modified LDL with mesangial cells and matrix. Kidney Int 41:1161-1169
122. Heermeier K, Schneider R, Heinloth A, Wanner C, Dimmeler S, Galle J (1999) Oxidative stress mediates apoptosis induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein and oxidized lipoprotein(a). Kidney Int 56:1310-1312
123. Scheuer H, Gwinner W, Hohbach J, Gröne EF, Brandes RP, Malle E, Olbricht CJ, Walli AK, Gröne H-J (2000) Oxidant stress in hyperlipidemia-induced renal damage. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278:F63-F74
124. Yang BC, Phillips MI, Mohuczy D, Meng H, Shen L, Mehta P, Mehta JL (1998) Increased angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18:1433-1439
125. Kasiske BL, O'Donnell MP, Cleary MP, Keane WF (1988) Treatment of hyperlipidemia reduces glomerular injury in obese Zucker rats. Kidney Int 33:667-672
126. Magil AB, Frohlich JJ, Innis SM, Steinbrecher UP (1993) Oxidized low-density lipoprotein in experimental focal glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 43:1243-1250
127. Brouhard BH, Takamori H, Satoh S, Inman S, Cressman M, Irwin K, Berkley V, Stowe N (1994) The combination of lovastatin and enalapril in a model of progressive renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 8:436-440
128. Kasiske BL, O'Donnell MP, Schmitz PG, Kim Y, Keane WF (1990) Renal injury of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Kidney Int 37:880-891
129. Magil A (1996) Inhibition of chronic puromycin aminonucleosid nephrosis by probucol, an antioxidant. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:2340-2347
130. Nagao S, Yamaguchi T, Kasahara M, Kusaka M, Matsuda J, Ogiso N, Takahashi H, Grantham JJ (2000) Effect of probucol in a murine model of slowly progressive polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 35:221-226
131. Yoshimura A, Nemoto T, Sugenoya Y, Inui K, Watanabe S, Inoue Y, Sharif S, Yokota N, Uda S, Morita H, Ideura T (1999) Effect of simvastatin on proliferative nephritis and cell-cycle protein expression. Kidney Int 56:S84-S87
132. Samuelsson O, Aurell M, Knight-Gibson C, Alaupovic P, Attman P-O (1993) Apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins and the progression of renal insufficiency. Nephron 63:279-285
133. Krolewski AS, Warram JH, Christlieb AR (1994) Hypercholesterolemia - a determinant of renal function loss and death in IDDM patients with nephropathy. Kidney Int 45:S125-S131
134. Massy ZA, Khoa TN, Lacour B, Descamps-Latscha B, Man NK, Jungers P (1999) Dyslipidaemia and the progression of renal disease in chronic renal failure patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:2392-2406
135. Nakao T, Yoshino M, Matsumoto H, Okada T, Han M, Hidaka H, Shino T, Yamada C, Nagaoka Y, Miyahara T (1999) Low-density lipoprotein apheresis retards the progression of hyperlipidemic overt diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 56:S206-S209
136. Samuelsson O, Lee DM, Attman P-O, Knight-Gibson C, Mullen JK, Larsson R, Mulec H, Weiss L, Alaupovic P (1999) The plasma levels of homocysteine are elevated in moderate renal insufficiency but do not predict the rate of progression. Nephron 82:306-311
137. Hattori M, Ito K, Kawaguchi H, Yamaguchi Y (1994) Probucol reduces renal injury in the ExHC rat. Nephron 67:459-468
138. Jandeleit-Dahm K, Cao Z, Cox AJ, Kelly DJ, Gilbert RE, Cooper ME (1999) Role of hyperlipidemia in progressive renal disease: focus on diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 56:S31-S36
139. Bandoh T, Mitani H, Niihashi M, Kusumi Y, Kimura M, Ishikawa J, Totsuka T, Sakurai I, Hayashi S (2000) Fluvastatin suppresses atherosclerotic progression, mediated through its inhibitory effect on endothelial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and macrophage deposition. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 35:136-144
140. Querfeld U, Kohl B, Fiehn W, Minor T, Michalk D, Müller-Wiefel DE (1999) Probucol for treatment of hyperlipidemia in persistent childhood nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 13:7-12
141. Kuemmerle NB, Chan W, Krieg RJ, Norkus RP, Trachtman H, Chan JC (1998) Effect of fish oil and alpha-tocopherol in immunoglobulin A nephropathy in the rat. Pediatr Res 43:791-797
142. Donadio JV, Grande JP, Bergstralh EJ, Dart RA, Larson TS, Spencer DC for the Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group (1999) The long-term outcome of patients with IgA nephropathy treated with fish oil in a controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1772-1777
143. Deckelbaum RJ, Fisher EA, Winston M (1999) Summary on a scientific conference on preventive nutrition: pediatrics to geriatrics. Circulation 100:450-456