Oxidative stress in chronic inflammatory syndromes;Stress oxydant au cours des syndromes inflammatoires chroniques

Nutrition Clinique et Metabolisme

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 275-284

  Reimund, Jean Marie ^a,b  

^a HÔPITAL DE HAUTEPIERRE   (France)

^b UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques   (France)

Author keywords

Asthma; Chronic inflammatory syndromes; Cystic fibrosis; Inflammatory bowel disease; Oxidative stress; Rheumatoid arthritis

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; BETA CAROTENE; BUDESONIDE; COPPER; CORTICOSTEROID; ETHANE; FLAVONOID; FOLIC ACID; IRON; ISOPROSTANE; MAGNESIUM; MANGANESE; NICOTINAMIDE; PENTANE; POLYPHENOL; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RIBOFLAVIN; SELENIUM; THIAMINE; THIOBARBITURIC ACID; TRACE ELEMENT; ZINC;

ARTICLE; ASTHMA; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CHRONIC RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; ENTERITIS; HUMAN; NUTRITION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS;

EID: 0036937654     PISSN: 09850562     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0985-0562(02)00171-1     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Babior BM, Kipnes RS, Curnutte JT. Biological defense mechanisms: the production by leukocytes of superoxide, a potential bactericidal agent. J Clin Invest 1973;52:741-4.
2. Babior BM. NADPH oxidase: an update. Blood 1999;93:1464-76.
3. McCord JM, Ffidovich I. Superoxide dismutase, An enzymatic function for erythrocuprein. J Biol Chem 1969;244:6049-55.
4. Fridovich I. Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases. Annu Rev Biochem 1995;64:97-112.
5. Babior BM. Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 2000;109:33-44.
6. Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC. Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killing. Blood 1998;92:3007-17.
7. Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med 1993;329:2002-11.
8. Marletta MA. Nitric oxide synthase: aspects concerning structure and catalysis. Cell 1994;78:927-30.
9. Hevel JM, White KA. K.A. Marletta, Purification of the inducible murine macrophage nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 1991;266:22789-91.
10. Efron DT, Barbul A. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by arginine supplements. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metabol Care 1998;1:531-8.
11. Schreck R, Albermann K. P.A. Baeuerle. NF-κB: an oxidative stress responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells. Free Radic Res Commun 1992;17:221-37.
12. Anderson MT, Staal FJT, Gilter C, Herzenberg LA. Separation of oxidant-initiated and redox-regulated steps in the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:11527-31.
13. Barchowsky A, Munro SR, Morona SJ, Vinceti MP, Treadwell M. Oxidant-sensitive and phosphorylation-dependent activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 1995;269:L829-36.
14. Toledano MN, Leonard WJ. Modulation of transcription factor NF-κB binding activity by oxidation-reduction in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:4328-32.
15. Pinkus R, Weiner LM, Daniel V. Role of oxidants and anti-oxidants in the induction of AP-1, NF-κB, and glutathione S-transferase gene expression. J Biol Chem 1996;271:13422-9.
16. Evans P, Halliwell B. Micronutrients: oxidant/anti-oxidant status. Br J Nutr. 2001;85(Suppl. 2):S67-74.
17. Grisham MB. Oxidants and free radicals in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1994;344:859-61.
18. Jourd'heuil D, Morise Z, Conner EM, Grisham MB. Oxidants, transcription factors, and intestinal inflammation. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997;25(Suppl.):S61-72.
19. Keshavarzian A, Sedghi S, Kanofski J, List T, Robinson C, Ibrahim C, et al. Excessive production of reactive oxygen metabolites by inflamed colon: analysis by chemoluminescence probe. Gastroenterology 1992;103:177-85.
20. Simmonds NJ, Allen RE, Stevens TRJ, Van Someren RN, Blake DR, Rampton DS. Chemoluminescence assay of mucosal reactive oxygen metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1992;103:186-96.
21. Oshitani N, Kitano A, Okabe H, Nakamura S, Matsumato T, Kobayashi K. Location of superoxide anion generation in human colonic mucosa obtained by biopsy. Gut 1993;34:936-8.
22. Levy E, Rizwan Y, Thibault L, Lepage G, Brunet S, Bouthillier L, et al. Altered lipid profile, lipoprotein composition, and oxidant and anti-oxidant status in pediatric Crohn's disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:807-15.
23. Wendland BE, Aghdassi E, Tam C, Carrier J, Steinhart AH, Wolman SL, et al. Lipid peroxidation and plasma anti-oxidant micronutrients in Crohn disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:259-64.
24. McKenzie SJ, Baker MS, Buffinton GD, Doe WF. Evidence of oxidant-induced injury to epithelial cells during inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Invest 1996;98:136-41.
25. Rachmilewitz D, Stamler JSJ, Karmeli F, Mullins ME, Singel DJ, Loscalzo J, et al. Peroxynitrite-induced rat colitis - a new model of colonic inflammation. Gastroenterology 1993;105:1681-8.
26. Buffinton GD, Doe WF. Depleted mucosal anti-oxidant defenses in inflammatory bowel disease. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;19:911-8.
27. Lih-Brody S, Powell SR, Collier KP, Reddy GM, Cerchia R, Kahn E, et al. Increased oxidative stress and decreased anti-oxidant defenses in mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:2078-86.
28. Mulder TPJ, Versparget HW, Janssens AR, De Bruin PAF, Pena AS, Lamers CBHW. Decrease in two intestinal copper/zinc containing proteins with anti-oxidant function in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1991;32:1146-56.
29. Sido B, Hack V, Hochlehnert A, Lipps H, Herfarth C, Droge W. Impairment of intestinal glutathione synthesis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut 1998;42:485-92.
30. Rannem T, Ladefoged K, Hylander E, Hegnhoj J, Jarnum S. Selenium status in patients with Crohn's disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:933-7.
31. Hoffenberg EJ, Deutsch J, Smith S, Sokol RJ. Circulating antioxidant concentration in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1482-8.
32. D'Orico A, Bortolan S, Cardin R, D'Inca R, Martines D, Ferronato A, et al. Reduced plasma anti-oxidant concentrations and increased oxidative DNA damage in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;36:1289-94.
33. Reimund JM, Hirth C, Koehl C, Baumann R, Duclos B. Antioxidant and immune status in active Crohn's disease. A possible relationship. Clin Nutr 2000;19:43-8.
34. MacNee W, Rahman I. Is oxidative stress central to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Trends Mol Med 2001;7:55-62.
35. MacNee W. Oxidative stress and lung inflammation in airways disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;429:195-207.
36. Dworski R. Oxidant stress in asthma. Thorax 2000;55(Suppl. 2):S51-3.
37. Henricks PAJ, Nijkamp FP. Reactive oxygen species as mediators in asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2001;14:409-21.
38. Munck A. Mucoviscidose: inflammation, stress oxydant, infection. Essais de manipulation nutritionnelle. Nutr Clin Métabol 2000;14:201-5.
39. Winklhofer-Roob BM. Cystic fibrosis: nutritional status and micronutrients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2000;3:293-7.
40. Chanez P, Dent G, Yukawa T, Bames PJ, Chung KF. Generation of oxygen free radicals from blood eosinophils from asthma patients after PAF or phorbol ester. Eur Respir J 1990;3:1002-7.
41. Vachier I, Chanez P, Doucen C, Damon M, Descomps B, Godard P. Enhancement of reactive oxygen species formation in stable and unstable asthmatic patients. Eur Respir J 1994;7:1585-92.
42. Vachier I, Damon M, Doucen CL, Paulet ACD, Chanez P, Michel FB, et al. Increased oxygen species generation in blood monocytes of asthmatic patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:1161-6.
43. Calhoun WJ, Bush RK, Salisbury BS, Stevens CA. Enhanced reactive oxygen species metabolism of air space cells and airway inflammation follow antigen challenge in human asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;86:306-13.
44. Jarjour NN, Busse WW, Calhoun WJ. Enhanced production of oxygen radicals in nocturnal asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:905-11.
45. Jarjour NN, Calhoun WJ. Enhanced production of oxygen radicals in asthma. J Lab Clin Med 1994;123:132-7.
46. Antczak A, Nowak D, Shariati B, Król M, Piasecka G, Kurmanowska Z. Increased hydrogen peroxide and thiobarbituric acid-reactive products in expired breath condensate of asthmatic patients. Eur Respir J 1997;10:1235-41.
47. Dohlman AW, Black HR, Royall JA. Expired breath hydrogen peroxide is a marker of acute airway inflammation in pediatric patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:955-60.
48. Jöbsis Q, Raatgeeb HC, Hermans PWM, De Jongste JC. Hydrogen peroxide in exhaled air is increased in stable asthmatic children. Eur Respir J 1997;10:519-21.
49. Olopade CO, Zakker M, Swedler WI, Rubenstein I. Exhaled pentane levels in acute asthma. Chest 1997;111:862-5.
50. Paredi P, Karitonov SA, Bames PJ. Elevation of exhaled ethane concentration in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1450-4.
51. Montuschi P, Corradi M, Ciabattoni G, Nightingale J, Kharinov SA, Barnes PJ. Increased 8-isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, in exhaled condensate of asthma patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:216-20.
52. Yamaya M, Hosada M, Ishizuka S, Monma M, Matsui T, Suzuki T, et al. Relation between exhaled carbon monoxide levels and clinical severity of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2001;31:417-22.
53. Zayasu K, Sekizawa K, Okinaga S, Yamaya M, Ohrui T, Sasaki H. Increased carbon monoxide in exhaled air of asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:1140-3.
54. Saleh D, Ernst P, Lim S, Barnes PJ, Giaid A. Increased formation of the potent oxidant peroxinitrite in the airways of asthmatic patients is associated with the induction of nitric oxide synthase: effect of inhaled glucocorticoid. FASEB J 1998;12:929-37.
55. Hanazawa T, Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Increased nitrotyrosine in exhaled breath condensate of patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1273-6.
56. Comhair SAA, Bhathena PR, Dweik RA, Kavuru M, Erzurum SC. Rapid loss of superoxide dismutase activity during antigen-induced asthmatic response. Lancet 2000;355:624.
57. Rahman I, Morrison D, Donaldson K, MacNee W. Systemic oxidative stress in asthma, COPD, and smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:1055-60.
58. De Raeve HR, Thunnissen F, Kaneko FT, Guo FH, Lewis M, Kavuru MS, et al. Decreased Cu,Zn-SOD activity in asthmatic airway epithelium: correction by inhaled corticosteroids in vivo. Am J Physiol 1997;272:L148-54.
59. Bielory L, Gandhi R. Asthma and vitamin C. Ann Allergy 1994;73:89-99.
60. Soutar A, Seaton A, Brown K. Bronchial reactivity and dietary anti-oxidants. Thorax 1997;52:166-70.
61. Troisi RJ, Willett WC, Weiss ST, Trichopoulos D, Rosner B, Speizer FE. A prospective study of diet and adult-onset asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1401-8.
62. Britton JR, Pavord ID, Richards KA, Knox AJ, Wiesniewski AF, Lewis SA, et al. Dietary anti-oxidant vitamin intake and lung function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care 1995;151:1383-7.
63. Cook DG, Carey IM, Whincup PH, Papacosta O, Chirico S, Bruckydorfer KR, et al. Effect of fresh fruit consumption on lung function and wheeze in children. Thorax 1997;52:628-33.
64. Hasselmark L, Malmgren R, Zetterström O, Unge G. Selenium supplementation in intrinsic asthma. Allergy 1993;48:30-6.
65. Stey C, Steurer J, Bachmann S, Medici TC, Tramer MR. The effect of oral N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis: a quantitative systematic review. Eur Respir J 2000;16:253-62.
66. Cantin A. Cystic fibrosis lung inflammation: early, sustained and severe. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:939-41.
67. Pencharz PB, Durie PR. Pathogenesis of malnutrition in cystic fibrosis, and its treatment. Clin Nutr 2000;19:387-94.
68. Kahn TZ, Wagener JJ, Bost T. Early pulmonary inflammation in infants with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1075-82.
69. Balough K, Mc Cubbin M, Weinberger M. The relationship between infection and inflammation in the early stages of lung disease from cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 1995;20:63-70.
70. Winklhofer-Roob BM. Oxygen free radicals in cystic fibrosis: the concept of an oxidant-anti-oxidant imbalance. Acta Paediatr Scand 1994;395:49-57.
71. Brown RK, Kelly FJ. Evidence of increased oxidative damage in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 1994;36:487-93.
72. Portal BC, Richard MJ, Faure HS, Hadjian AJ, Favier AE. Altered anti-oxidant status and increased lipid peroxidation in children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:843-7.
73. Witko-Sarsat V, Delacourt C, Rabier D, Bardet J, Nguyen AT, Descamps-Latscha B. Neutrophil-derived long lived oxidants in cystic fibrosis sputum. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:1910-6.
74. Brown RK, Wyatt H, Price JF, Kelly FJ. Pulmonary dysfunction in cystic fibrosis is associated with oxidative stress. Eur Respir J 1996;9:334-9.
75. Hull J, Vervaart P, Grimwood K, Phelan P. Pulmonary oxidative stress response in young children with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 1997;52:557-8.
76. Britigan BE, Roeder TL, Rasmussen GT, Shasby DM, McCormick ML, Cox CD. Interaction of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretory products pyocyanin and pyochelin generates hydroxyl radical and causes synergistic damage to endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1992;90:2187-96.
77. McGrath LT, Mallon P, Dowey L, Silke B, McClean E, McDonnell M, et al. Oxidative stress during acute respiratory exacerbations in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 1999;54:518-23.
78. Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Leak D, Shah PL, Cramer D, Hodson ME, et al. Exhaled ethane is elevated in cystic fibrosis and correlates with carbon monoxide levels and airway obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1247-51.
79. Montuschi P, Kharitonov SA, Ciabattoni G, Corradi M, van Rensen L, Geddes DM, et al. Exhaled 8-isoprostane as a new non-invasive biomarker of oxidative stress in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2000;55:205-9.
80. Paredi P, Shah PL, Montuschi P, Sullivan P, Hodson ME, Kharitonov SA, et al. Increased carbon monoxide in exhaled air of patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 1999;54:917-20.
81. Feranchak AP, Sontag MK, Wagener JS, Hammond KB, Accurso FJ, Sokol RJ. Prospective, long-term study of fat soluble vitamin status in children with cystic fibrosis identified by newborn screen. J Pediatr 1999;135:601-10.
82. Wood LG, Fitzgerald DA, Gibson PG, Cooper DM, Collins CE, Garg ML. Oxidative stress in cystic fibrosis: dietary and metabolic factors. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:157-65.
83. Winklhofer-Roob BM, Ellemunter H, Frühwirth M, Schlegel-Haueter SE, Khoschsorur G, van't Hof MA, et al. Plasma vitamin C concentrations in patients with cystic fibrosis: evidence of associations with lung inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1858-66.
84. Madarasi A, Lugassi A, Greiner E, Holics K, Biro L, Moszsary E. Antioxidant status in patients with cystic fibrosis. Ann Nutr Metab 2000;44:207-11.
85. Range SP, Dunster C, Knox AJ, Kelly FJ. Treatment of pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis leads to improved anti-oxidant status. Eur Respir J 1999;13:560-4.
86. Roum JH, Buhl R, McElvany NG, Borok Z, Crystal RG. Systemic deficiency of glutathione in cystic fibrosis. J Appl Physiol 1993;75:2419-24.
87. Linsdell P, Hanrahan JW. Glutathione permeability of CFTR. Am J Physiol 1998;275:C323-6.
88. Gao L, Kim KJ, Yankaskas JR, Forman HJ. Abnormal glutathione transport in cystic airway epithelia. Am J Physiol 1999;277:L113-8.
89. Winklhofer-Roob BM, van't Hof MA, Shmerling DH. Response to oral beta-carotene supplementation in patients with cystic fibrosis: a 16 month follow-up study. Acta Paediatr 1995;84:1132-6.
90. Winklhofer-Roob BM, Puhl H, Khoschsorur G, van't Hof MA, Esterbauer H, Shmerling DH. Enhanced resistance to oxydation of low density lipoproteins and decreased lipid peroxide formation during β-carotene supplementation in cystic fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;18:849-59.
91. 1 -proteinase inhibitor complex levels decrease in plasma of cystic fibrosis patients during long-term β-carotene supplementation. Pediatr Res 1996;40:130-4.
92. Winklhofer-Roob BM. Impaired anti-oxidant status and increased lipid peroxidation in cystic fibrosis [Abstract]. Pediatr Pulmonol 1998(suppl. 17):140-1.
93. Lepage G, Champagne J, Ronco N, Lamarre A, Osberg I, Sokol RJ, et al. Supplementation with carotenoids corrects increased lipid peroxidation in children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:87-93.
94. Rust P, Eichler I, Renner S, Elmadfa I. Effects of long-term oral beta-carotene supplementation on lipid peroxidation in patients with cystic fibrosis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1998;68:83-7.
95. Rust P, Eichler I, Renner S, Elmadfa I. Long-term oral beta-carotene supplementation in patients with cystic fibrosis - effects on antioxidative status and pulmonary function. Ann Nutr Metab 2000;44:30-7.
96. Renner S, Rath R, Rust P, Lehr S, Frischer T, Elmadfa I, et al. Effects of β-carotene supplementation for six months on clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2001;56:48-52.
97. Winklhofer-Roob BM, Tuchschmid PE, Molinari L, Shmerling DH. Response to a single oral dose of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in patients with cystic fibrosis and in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:717-21.
98. Winklhofer-Roob BM, Tiran B, Tuchschmid PE, van't Hof MA, Shmerling DH. Effects of pancreatic enzyme preparations on erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activities and plasma selenium concentrations in cystic fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 1998;25:242-9.
99. Roum JH, Borok Z, McElvaney NG, Grimes GJ, Bokser AD, Buhl R, et al. Glutathione aerosol suppresses lung epithelial surface inflammatory cell-derived oxidants in cystic fibrosis. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:438-43.
100. Mapp PI, Grootveld MC, Blake DR. Hypoxia, oxidative stress and rheumatoid arthritis. Br Med Bull 1995;51:419-36.
101. Biemond P, Swaak AJ, Van Eijk HG, Koster JF. Intra-articular ferritin-bound iron in rheumatoid arthritis. A factor that increases oxygen free radical-induced tissue destruction. Inflammation 1986;10:443-53.
102. Kauer H, Halliwell B. Evidence for nitric oxide-mediated oxidative damage in chronic inflammation. Nitrotyrosine in serum and synovial fluid from rheumatoid patients. FEBS Lett 1994;350:9-12.
103. Halliwell B. Oxygen radicals, nitric oxide and human inflammatory joint disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1995;54:505-10.
104. Taysi S, Polat F, Gul M, Sari RA, Bakan E. Lipid peroxidation, some extracellular anti-oxidants, and anti-oxidant enzymes in serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2002;21:200-4.
105. Schmitz E, Ruschen S, Wamatz H. Superoxide anion production by monocytes and synovial fluid macrophages of patients with chronic inflammatory joint disorders. Z Rheumatol 1987;46:227-32.
106. Dewar CL, Harth M. Superoxide production from cytokine-treated adherent rheumatoid neutrophils. Clin Invest Med 1994;17:52-60.
107. Maurice MM, Nakamura H, Gringhuis S, Okamoto T, Yoshida S, Kullmann F, et al. Expression of the thioredoxin-thioredoxin-reductase system in inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2430-9.
108. Yoshida S, Katoh T, Tetsuka T, Uno K, Matsui N, Okamoto T. Involvement of thioredoxin in rheumatoid arthritis: its costimulatory roles in the TNF-α-induced production of IL-6 and IL-8 from cultured synovial fibroblasts. J Immunol 1999;163:351-8.
109. Backman JT, Siegle I, Fritz P. Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in synovial tissue of patients with chronic inflammatory and degenerative joint disease. Virchows Arch 1998;433:153-60.
110. McInnes IB, Leung BP, Field M, Wei XQ, Huang FP, Sturrock RD, et al. Production of nitric oxide in the synovial membrane of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis patients. J Exp Med 1996;184:1519-24.
111. Farrell AJ, Blake DR, Palmer RM, Moncada S. Increased concentrations of nitrite in synovial fluid and serum samples suggest increased nitric oxide synthesis in rheumatic disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:1219-22.
112. Grabowski PS, England AJ, Dykhuizen R, Copland M, Benjamin N, Reid DM, et al. Elevated nitric oxide production in rheumatoid arthritis. Detection using the fast urinary nitrate:creatinine ratio. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:643-7.
113. Bashir S, Harris G, Denman MA, Blake DR, Winyard PG. Oxidative DNA damage and cellular sensitivity to oxidative stress in human autoimmune disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52:659-66.
114. Tak PP, Zvaifler NJ, Green DR, Firestein GS. Rheumatoid arthritis and p53: how oxidative stress might alter the course of inflammatory diseases. Immunol Today 2000;21:78-82.
115. Firestein GS, Nguyen K, Aupperle KR, Yeo M, Boyle DL, Zvaifler NJ. Apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis: p53 overexpression in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Am J Pathol 1996;149:143-51.
116. Firestein GR, Echeverri F, Yeo M, Zvaifler NJ, Green DR. Somatic mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:10895-900.
117. Mazzetti I, Grigolo B, Pulsatelli L, Dolzani P, Silvestri T, Roseti L, et al. Differential roles of nitric oxide and oxygen radicals in chondrocytes affected by osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Sci 2001;101:593-9.
118. Knekt P, Heliovaara M, Aho K, Alfthan G, Marniemi J, Aromaa A. Serum selenium, serum alpha-tocopherol, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Epidemiology 2000;11:402-5.
119. Tidow-Kebritchi S, Mobarhan S. Effects of diets containing fish oil and vitamin E on rheumatoid arthritis. Nutr Rev 2001;59:335-8.
120. Helmy M, Shohayeb M, Helmy MH, el-Bassiouni EA. Antioxidants as adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid disease. A preliminary study. Artzneimittelforschung 2001;51:293-8.
121. Peretz A, Siderova V, Neve J. Selenium supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Rheumatol 2001;30:208-12.
122. Praticò D. Alzheimer's disease and oxygen radicals: new insights. Biochem Pharmacol 2002;63:563-7.
123. Greco A, Minghetti L, Levi G. Isoprostanes, novel markers of oxidative injury, help understanding the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Res 2000;25:1357-64.
124. Witte KKA, Clark AL, Cleland JGF. Chronic heart failure and micronutrients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1765-74.