World-wide epidemiology of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B and associated precore and core promoter variants

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 52-61

  Funk, M L ^a,b   Rosenberg, Daniel M ^c   Lok, A S F ^d  

^a IL   (United States)

^b GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United States)

^c GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic hepatitis B; Core promoter; Epidemiology; Precore

Indexed keywords

CORE PROTEIN; HEPATITIS B(E) ANTIGEN;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; DNA DETERMINATION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEPATITIS B; HUMAN; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STOP CODON;

HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS; HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC; HUMANS; PROMOTER REGIONS (GENETICS); PROTEIN PRECURSORS; VARIATION (GENETICS); WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 0036902495     PISSN: 13520504     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2002.00304.x     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. World Health Organization. Hepatitis B. Fact Sheet. http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact204.html, Accessed: 12 December 2000.
2. Lok ASF. Natural history and control of perinatally acquired hepatitis B virus infection. Dig Dis 1992; 10: 46-52.
3. Fattovich G. Progression of hepatitis B and C to hepatocellular carcinoma in Western countries. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45: 1206-1213.
4. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Muñoz N, Ferlay J. The global health burden of infection associated cancers. In: Newton R, Beral V, Weiss RA, eds. Infections and Human Cancer. Plainview, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999: 5-33.
5. Hadziyannis SJ. Hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B. From clinical recognition to pathogenesis and treatment. Viral Hep Rev 1995; 1: 7-36.
6. Chan HLY, Leung NWY, Hussain M, Wong ML, Lok ASF. Hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B in Hong Kong. Hepatology 2000; 31: 763-768.
7. Carman WF, Jacyna MR, Hadziyannis S et al. Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet 1989; 2: 588-591.
8. Brunetto MR, Stemler M, Bonino F et al. A new hepatitis B virus strain in patients with severe anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 1990; 10: 258-261.
9. Moriyama K, Okamoto H, Tsuda F, Mayumi M. Reduced precore transcription and enhanced core-pregenome transcription of hepatitis B virus DNA after replacement of the precore-core promoter with sequences associated with e antigen-seronegative persistent infections. Virology 1996; 226: 269-280.
10. 1764) of hepatitis B virus: Clinical significance and an easy method for detection. J Gen Virol 1995; 76: 3159-3164.
11. Buckwold VE, Xu Z, Chen M, Yen TSB, Ou J-H. Effects of a naturally occurring mutation in the hepatitis B virus basal core promoter on precore gene expression and viral replication. J Virol 1996; 70: 5845-5851.
12. Hoofnagle JH, Lok A, Heathcote J. Standardization of nomenclature for hepatitis B. In: Workshop on Management of Hepatitis B 2000. NIH, Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2000.
13. Li J-S, Tong S-P, Wen Y-M, Vitvitski L, Zhang Q, Trépo C. Hepatitis B virus genotype A rarely circulates as an HBe-minus mutant: Possible contribution of a single nucleotide in the precore region. J Virol 1993; 67: 5402-5410.
14. Lindh M, Andersson A-S, Gusdal A. Genotypes, nt 1858 variants, and geographic origin of hepatitis B virus - Large-scale analysis using a new genotyping method. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 1285-1293.
15. Norder H, Hammans B, Lee S-D et al. Genetic relatedness of hepatitis B viral strains of diverse geographical origin and natural variations in the primary structure of the surface antigen. J Gen Virol 1993; 74: 1341-1348.
16. Arauz-Ruiz P, Norder H, Visoná KA, Magnius LO. Genotype F prevails in HBV infected patients of hispanic origin in Central America and may carry the precore stop mutant. J Med Virol 1997; 51: 305-312.
17. Rizzetto M. Viral hepatitis in the third millennium. Res Virol 1998; 149: 251-256.
18. Giusti G, Galanti B, Gaeta GB, Sagnelli E, Piccinino F, Ruggiero G. Clinical presentation and natural history of chronic persistent hepatitis. A multicentre retrospective study on 1197 cases. Ital J Gastroenterol 1991; 23: 111-118.
19. Matsuyama Y, Omata M, Yokosuka O, Imazeki F, Ito Y, Okuda K. Discordance of hepatitis B e antigen/antibody and hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid in serum. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 1104-1108.
20. Shindo M, Hamada K, Koya S, Sokawa Y, Okuno T. The clinical significance of core promoter and precore mutations during the natural course and interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 2237-2245.
21. Okamato H, Tsuda F, Akahane Y et al. Hepatitis B virus with mutations in the core promoter for an e antigen-negative phenotype in carriers with antibody to e antigen. J Virol 1994; 68: 8102-8110.
22. 1753 of hepatitis B virus genotype C genome in chronic liver disease. Arch Virol 1999; 144: 1299-1308.
23. Lok ASF, Akarca U, Greene S. Mutations in the pre-core region of hepatitis B virus serve to enhance the stability of the secondary structure of the pre-genome encapsidation signal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 4077-4081.
24. Stuyver L, De Gendt S, Van Geyt C et al. A new genotype of hepatitis B virus: Complete genome and phylogenetic relatedness. J Gen Virol 2000; 81: 67-74.
25. Rodriguez-Frias F, Buti M, Jardi R et al. Hepatitis B virus infection: Precore mutants and its relation to viral genotypes and core mutations. Hepatology 1995; 22: 1641-1647.
26. Chan HLY, Hussain M, Lok ASF. Different hepatitis B virus genotypes are associated with different mutations in the core promoter and precore regions during hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion. Hepatology 1999; 29: 976-984.
27. Brunetto MR, Giarin M, Saracco G et al. Hepatitis B virus unable to secrete e antigen and response to interferon in chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 845-850.
28. Fattovich G, Farci P, Rugge M et al. A randomized controlled trial of lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha in patients with chronic hepatitis B lacking HBeAg. Hepatology 1992; 15: 584-589.
29. Hadziyannis S, Bramou T, Makris A, Moussoulis G, Zignego L, Papaioannou C. Interferon alfa-2b treatment of HBeAg negative/serum HBV DNA positive chronic active hepatitis type B. J Hepatol 1990; 11: S133-S136.
30. Pastore G, Santantonio T, Milella M et al. Anti-HBe-positive chronic hepatitis B with HBV DNA in the serum response to a 6-month course of lymphoblastoid interferon. J Hepatol 1992; 14: 221-225.
31. Zhang X, Zoulim F, Habersetzer F, Xiong S, Trépo C. Analysis of hepatitis B virus genotypes and pre-core region variability during interferon treatment of HBe antigen negative chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 1996; 48: 8-16.
32. Lok ASF, Akarca US, Greene S. Predictive value of precore hepatitis B virus mutations in spontaneous and interferon-induced hepatitis B e antigen clearance. Hepatology 1995; 21: 19-24.
33. Erhardt A, Reineke U, Blondin D et al. Mutations of the core promoter and response to interferon treatment in chronic replicative hepatitis B. Hepatology 2000; 31: 716-725.
34. Hadziyannis SJ, Papatheodoridis GV, Dimou E, Laras A, Papaioannou C. Efficacy of long-term lamivudine mono-therapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2000; 32: 847-851.
35. Santantonio T, Mazzola M, Miglietta A, Guastadisegni A, Pastore G. Long-term follow-up of patients with anti-HBe/HBV DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B treated for 12 months with lamivudine. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 300-306.
36. Tassopoulos NC, Volpes R, Pastore G et al. Efficacy of lamivudine in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative/hepatitis B virus DNA-positive (precore mutant) chronic hepatitis B. Lamivudine Precore Mutant Study Group. Hepatology 1999; 29: 889-896.
37. Tassopoulos NC, Volpes R, Pastore G et al. Post lamivudine treatment follow up of patients with HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 1999; 30 (suppl 1): 117 (abstr).
38. Tassopoulos NC, Anagnostopoulos GD. Long-term lamivudine treatment of patients with precore mutant profile (HBeAg (-)/antiHBe (+)) chronic hepatitis B. Antiviral Ther 2000; 5 (suppl 1): 34 (abstract).
39. Wong FS, Fung S, Lok ASF, Hussain M. Use of lamivudine in Chinese patients with hepatitis B e-antigen negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2000; 32: A864.
40. Rizzetto M, Santantonio T, Buti M et al. Benefits of extended lamivudine treatment in patients with HBeAg-negative HBV DNA-positive (pre-core mutant) chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Hepatology 2000; 32: A1197.
41. Lok ASF, Hussain M, Cursano C et al. Evolution of hepatitis B virus polymerase gene mutations in hepatitis B e-antigen-negative patients receiving lamivudine therapy. Hepatology 2000; 32: 1145-1153.
42. Nakahori S, Yokosuka O, Ehata T et al. Detection of hepatitis B virus precore stop codon mutants by selective amplification method: Frequent detection of precore mutants in hepatitis B e antigen positive healthy carriers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 10: 419-425.
43. Niitsuma H, Ishii M, Saito Y et al. Prevalence of precore-defective mutant of hepatitis B virus in HBV carriers. J Med Virol 1995; 46: 397-402.
44. Ichikawa T, Takagi H, Kinoshita M, Shimoda R, Nagamine T, Mori M. Quantitative analysis of hepatitis B virus precore mutant in hepatitis type B. Tohoku J Exp Med 1998; 186: 323-333.
45. Nagasaka A, Hige S, Marutani M et al. Prevalence of mutations in core promoter/precore region in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43: 2473-2478.
46. Tian Q, Jia K. A kinetic study of hepatitis B virus pre-C gene mutation. Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih 1995; 34: 232-234.
47. Tu H, Li PY, Wen YM. Anti-HBe titre in patients infected with wild-type and e-minus variant of hepatitis B virus. Res Virol 1996; 147: 39-43.
48. Tu H, Xiong S-D, Trepo C, Wen Y-M. Frequency of hepatitis B virus e-minus mutants varies among patients from different areas of China. J Med Virol 1997; 51: 85-89.
49. 1764 variants of the basal core promoter of hepatitis B virus; serological and clinical correlations in Chinese patients. Liver 1999; 19: 411-417.
50. Chu C-M, Karayiannis P, Fowler MJF, Monjardino J, Liaw Y-F, Thomas HC. Natural history of chronic hepatits B virus infection in Taiwan: Studies of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum. Hepatology 1985; 5: 431-434.
51. Wu J-C, Lee S-D, Tsay S et al. Symptomatic anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B in Taiwan with special reference to persistent HBV replication and HDV superinfection. J Med Virol 1988; 25: 141-148.
52. Liaw Y-F, Sheen I-S, Chen T-J, Chu C-M, Pao C-C. Incidence, determinants and significance of delayed clearance of serum HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A prospective study. Hepatology 1991; 13: 627-631.
53. Chu C-M, Yeh C-T, Chiu C-T, Sheen I-S, Liaw Y-F. Precore mutant of hepatitis B virus prevails in acute and chronic infections in an area in which hepatitis B is endemic. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1815-1818.
54. Park YN, Han KH, Kim KS, Chung JP, Kim S, Park C. Cytoplasmic expression of hepatitis B core antigen in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Role of precore stop mutants. Liver 1999; 19: 199-205.
55. Kim WH, Kim KH, Chung JP, Kang JK, Park IS. Mutations in the pre-core region of hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with chronic liver diseases. Yonsei Med J 1993; 34: 158-165.
56. Sarin SK, Guptan RC, Banerjee K, Khandekar P. Low prevalence of hepatitis C viral infection in patients with non-alcoholic chronic liver disease in India. J Assoc Physicians India 1996; 44: 243-245.
57. Guptan RC, Thakur V, Sarin SK, Banerjee K, Khandekar P. Frequency and clinical profile of precore and surface hepatitis B mutants in Asian-Indian patients with chronic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 1312-1317.
58. Yap I, Wee A, Guan R. Chronic hepatitis B infection in Singapore. Singapore Med J 1991; 32: 352-355.
59. Kidd-Ljunggren K, Ekdahl K, Öberg M, Kurathong S, Lolekha S. Hepatitis B virus strains in Thailand: Genomic variants in chronic carriers. J Med Virol 1995; 47: 454-461.
60. Ton SH, Iskandar K, Noriah R, Thanaletchimy N. Nucleotide sequence of precore region of hepatitis B virus DNA in HBsAg-positive carriers in Malaysia. Scand J Infect Dis 1996; 28: 543-548.
61. Realdi G, Alberti A, Rugge M et al. Seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen to anti-HBe in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 1980; 79: 195-199.
62. Negro F, Chiaberge E, Oliviero S et al. Hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV-DNA) in anti-HBe positive sera. Liver 1984; 4: 177-183.
63. Alberti A, Pontisso P, Fattovich G et al. Changes in serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA positivity in chronic HBV infection: Results of a long-term follow-up study of 138 patients. J Infect Dis 1986; 154: 562-569.
64. Bonino F, Rosina F, Rizzetto M et al. Chronic hepatitis in HBsAg carriers with serum HBV-DNA and anti-HBe. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 1268-1273.
65. Santantonio T, Jung M, Miska S, Pastore G, Pape G, Will H. High prevalence and heterogeneity of HBV preC mutants in anti-HBe-positive carriers with chronic liver disease in Southern Italy. J Hepatol 1991; 13 (suppl 4): S78-S81.
66. Brunetto MR, Giarin MM, Oliveri F et al. Wild-type and e antigen-minus hepatitis B viruses and course of chronic hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 4186-4190.
67. Lai ME, Solinas A, Mazzoleni AP et al. The role of pre-core hepatitis B virus mutants on the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B virus hepatitis. A longitudinal study. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 773-781.
68. Hadziyannis S, Lieberman H, Karvountzis G, Shafritz D. Analysis of liver disease, nuclear HBcAg, viral replication, and hepatitis B virus DNA in liver and serum of HBeAg vs. anti-HBe positive carriers of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 1983; 3: 656-662.
69. Laras A, Koskinas J, Avgidis K, Hadziyannis SJ. Incidence and clinical significance of hepatitis B virus precore gene translation initiation mutations in e antigen-negative patients. J Viral Hepat 1998; 5: 241-248.
70. Jardi R, Buti M, Rodriguez-Frias F et al. The value of quantitative detection of HBV-DNA amplified by PCR in the study of hepatitis B infection. J Hepatol 1996; 24: 680-685.
71. López-Alcorocho JM, Moraleda G, Bartolomé J et al. Analysis of hepatitis B precore region in serum and liver of chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 353-360.
72. Tur-Kaspa R, Keshet E, Eliakim M, Shouval D. Detection and characterization of hepatitits B virus DNA in serum of HBe antigen-negative HBsAg carriers. J Med Virol 1984; 14: 17-26.
73. Tur-Kaspa R, Klein A, Aharonson S. Hepatitis B virus pre-core mutants are identical in carriers from various ethnic origins and are associated with a range of liver disease severity. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1338-1342.
74. Naoumov NV, Schneider R, Grötzinger T et al. Precore mutant hepatitis B virus infection and liver disease. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 538-543.
75. Bozdayi A, Bozkaya H, Türkyilmaz A et al. Polymorphism of precore region of hepatitis B virus DNA among patients with chronic HBV infection in Turkey. Infection 1999; 27: 357-360.
76. Mangia A, Chung YH, Hoofnagle JH, Birkenmeyer L, Mushahwar I, Di Bisceglie AM. Pathogenesis of chronic liver disease in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection without serum HBeAg. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41: 2447-2452.
77. Gray A, Fang J, Davis G et al. Variations of hepatitis B virus core gene sequence in Western patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 1997; 4: 371-378.
78. Tillmann H, Trautwein C, Walker D et al. Clinical relevance of mutations in the precore genome of the hepatitis B virus. Gut 1995; 37: 568-573.
79. Knöll A, Rohrhofer A, Kochanowski B, Wurm EM, Jilg W. Prevalence of precore mutants in anti-HBe-positive hepatitis B virus carriers in Germany. J Med Virol 1999; 59: 14-18.
80. Zarski J, Marcellin P, Cohard M, Lutz J, Bouche C, Rais A. Comparison of anti-HBe-positive and HBe-antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B in France. French Multicentre Group. J Hepatol 1994; 20: 636-640.
81. Kidd Ljunggren K, Nordenfelt E, Kidd A. Correlation of HBeAg/Anti-HBe, ALT levels, and HBV DNA PCR results in HBsAg-positive patients. J Med Virol 1993; 39: 297-302.