α-tocopherol protects against diet induced atherosclerosis in New Zealand white rabbits

Journal of Lipid Research

Volumn 43, Issue 11, 2002, Pages 1927-1938

  Schwenke, Dawn C ^a   Rudel, Lawrence L ^a   Sorci Thomas, Mary G ^a   Thomas, Michael J ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

tocopherol; Fatty acid; High density lipoprotein; Lipoprotein; Monounsaturated fatty acid; Polyunsaturated fatty acid; Saturated fatty acid

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; CHOLESTEROL; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; SATURATED FATTY ACID; EDIBLE OIL; FATTY ACID; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTERY; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIET THERAPY; DRUG EFFECT; FAT INTAKE; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MALE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RABBIT; ANIMAL; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; ATHEROGENIC DIET; BLOOD; CHEMISTRY; DISEASE MODEL;

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; ANIMALS; ARTERIES; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; DIET, ATHEROGENIC; DIETARY FATS; DIETARY FATS, UNSATURATED; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FATTY ACIDS; RABBITS; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 0036847082     PISSN: 00222275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M200261-JLR200     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Pratico, D., R. K. Tangirala, D. J. Rader, J. Rokach, and G. A. FitzGerald. 1998. Vitamin E suppresses isoprostane generation in vivo and reduces atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Nat. Med. 4: 1189-1192.
2. Arrol, S., M. I. Mackness, and P. N. Durrington. 2000. Vitamin E supplementation increases the resistance of both LDL and HDL to oxidation and increases cholesteryl ester transfer activity. Atherosclerosis. 150: 129-134.
3. Dieber-Rotheneder, M., H. Puhl, G. Waeg, G. Striegl, and H. Esterbauer. 1991. Effect of oral supplementation with D-a-tocopherol on the vitamin E content of human low density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation. J. Lipid Res. 32: 1325-1332.
4. Fruebis, J., T. E. Carew, and W. Palinski. 1995. Effect of vitamin E on atherogenesis in LDL receptor-deficient rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 117: 217-224.
5. Thomas, S. R., and R. Stocker. 2000. Molecular action of vitamin E in lipoprotein oxidation: Implications for atherosclerosis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28: 1795-1805.
6. Bonanome, A., A. Pagnan, S. Biffanti, A. Opportuno, F. Sorgato, M. Dorella, M. Maiorino, and F. Ursini. 1992. Effect of dietary monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the susceptibility of plasma low density lipoproteins to oxidative modification. Arterioscler. Thromb. 12: 529-533.
7. Reaven, P., S. Parthasarathy, B. J. Grasse, E. Miller, F. Almazan, F. H. Mattson, J. C. Khoo, D. Steinberg, and J. L. Witztum. 1991. Feasibility of using an oleate-rich diet to reduce the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54: 701-706.
8. Thomas, M. J., T. Thornburg, J. Manning, K. Hooper, and L. L. Rudel. 1994. Fatty acid composition of low-density lipoprotein influences its susceptibility to autoxidation. Biochemistry. 33: 1828-1834.
9. Thomas, M. J., Q. Chen, C. Franklin, and L. L. Rudel. 1997. A comparison of the kinetics of low density lipoprotein oxidation initiated by copper or by azobis(2-amidinopropane). Free Radic. Biol. Med. 23: 927-935.
10. Thomas, S. R., S. B. Leichtweis, K. Pettersson, K. D. Croft, T. A. Mori, A. J. Brown, and R. Stocker. 2001. Dietary cosupplementation with vitamin E and coenzyme Q(10) inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21: 585-593.
11. Parthasarathy, S., J. C. Khoo, E. Miller, J. Barnett, J. L. Witztum, and D. Steinberg. 1990. Low density lipoprotein rich in oleic acid is protected against oxidative modification: Implications for dietary prevention of atherosclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87: 3894-3898.
12. Rudel, L. L., J. S. Parks, and J. K. Sawyer. 1995. Compared with dietary monounsaturated and saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat protects African green monkeys from coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15: 2101-2110.
13. Rudel, L. L., F. L. Johnson, J. K. Sawyer, M. S. Wilson, and J. S. Parks. 1995. Dietary polyunsaturated fat modifies low density lipoproteins and reduced atherosclerosis of nonhuman primates with high and low diet responsiveness. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62: 463S-470S.
14. Pryor, W. A. 2000. Vitamin E and heart disease: Basic science to clinical intervention trials. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28: 141-164.
15. Stocker, R. 1999, The ambivalence of vitamin E in atherogenesis. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24: 219-223.
16. Meydani, M. 2000. Vitamin E and prevention of heart disease in high-risk patients. Nutr. Rev. 58: 278-281.
17. Yusuf, S., G. Dagenais, J. Pogue, J. Bosch, and P. Sleight. 2000. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 342: 154-160.
18. Meagher, E. A., O. P. Barry, J. A. Lawson, J. Rokach, and G. A. FitzGerald. 2001. Effects of vitamin E on lipid peroxidation in healthy persons. JAMA. 285: 1178-1182.
19. Weinberg, R. B., B. S. VanderWerken, R. A. Anderson, J. E. Stegnet, and M. J. Thomas. 2001. Pro-oxidant effect of vitamin E in cigarette smokers consuming a high polyunsaturated fat diet. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21: 1029-1033.
20. Adamopoulos, P. N., C. M. Papamichael, A. Zampelas, and S. D. Moulopoulos. 1996. Cholesterol and unsaturated fat diets influence lipid and glucose concentrations in rats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. Biochem. Mol. Bio. 113: 659-663.
21. Siguel, E. 1996. A new relationship between total/high density lipoprotein cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids. 31: S51-56.
22. Goldbourt, U., S. Yaari, and J. H. Medalie. 1997. Isolated low HDL cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary heart disease mortality - A 21-year follow-up of 8000 men. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17: 107-113.
23. Rubins, H. B., S. J. Robins, D. Collins, C. L. Fye, J. W. Anderson, M. B. Elam, F. H. Faas, E. Linares, E. J. Schaefer, G. Schectman, T. J. Wilt, and J. Wittes. 1999. The Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. N. Engl. J. Med. 341: 410-418.
24. Kwiterovich, P. O. 1998. The antiatherogenic role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am. J. Cardiol. 82: 13Q-21Q.
25. Maron, D. J. 2000. The epidemiology of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with and without coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 86: 11L-14L.
26. Blankenhorn, D. H., R. L. Johnson, W. J. Mack, H. A. El Zein, and L. I. Vailas. 1990. The influence of diet on the appearance of new lesions in human coronary arteries. JAMA. 263: 1646-1652.
27. Wood, D. A., and M. F. Oliver. 1992. Linoleic acid, antioxidant vitamins, and coronary, heart disease. In Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology. M. Marmot and P. Elliott, editors. Oxford University Press, New York. 179-202.
28. Rudel, L. L., J. S. Parks, C. C. Hedrick, M. Thomas, and K. Williford. 1998. Lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism in diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis in primates. Role of cholesterol and fatty acids. Prog. Lipid Res. 37: 353-370.
29. Kritchevsky, D. 1991. Dietary fat and experimental atherosclerosis. Int. J. Tissue React. 13: 59-65.
30. Renaud, S. 1974. Dietary fats and atherosclerosis in rat and rabbit. Adv. Cardiol. 13: 169-182.
31. Steinberg, D. 2000. Is there a potential therapeutic role for vitamin E or other antioxidants in atherosclerosis? Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 11: 603-607.
32. Stephens, N. G., A. Parsons, P. M. Schofield, F. Kelly, K. Cheeseman, and M. J. Mitchinson. 1996. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet. 347: 781-786.
33. Swain, R. A., and B. Kaplan-Machlis. 1999. Therapeutic uses of vitamin E in prevention of atherosclerosis. Altern. Med. Rev. 4: 414-423.
34. Lonn, E. M., and S. Yusuf. 1997. Is there a role for antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases? An update on epidemiological and clinical trials data. Can. J. Cardiol. 13: 957-965.
35. Stampfer, M. J., C. H. Hennekens, J. E. Manso, G. A. Colditz, B. Rosner, and W. C. Willett. 1993. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 328: 1444-1449.
36. Rimm, E. B., M. J. Stampfer, A. Ascherio, E. Giovannucci, G. A. Golditz, and W. Willett. 1993. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N. Engl. J. Med. 328: 1450-1456.
37. Knekt, P., A. Reunanen, R. Jarvinen, R. Seppanen, M. Heliovaara, and A. Aromaa. 1994. Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 139: 1180-1190.
38. Kushi, L. H., A. R. Folsom, R. J. Prineas, P. J. Mink, Y. Wu, and R. M. Bostick. 1996. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopansal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 334: 1156-1162.
39. Azen, S. P., D. Qian, W. J. Mack, A. Sevanian, R. H. Selzer, L. Chao-Ran, L. Ci-Hua, and H. N. Hodis. 1996. Effect of supplementary antioxidant vitamin intake on carotid arterial wall intima-media thickness in a controlled clinical trial of cholesterol lowering. Circulation. 94: 2369-2372.
40. Dagenais, G. R., S. Yusuf, M. G. Bourassa, Q. Yi, J. Bosch, E. M. Lonn, S. Kouz, and J. Grover. 2001. Effects of ramipril on coronary events in high-risk persons: Results of the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study. Circulation. 104: 522-526.
41. Scheen, A. J. 2000. Clinical study of the month. The HOPE study, a two-by-two factorial clinical trial with contrasted results. Rev. Med. Liege. 55: 121-124.
42. Rapola, J. M., J. Viriamo, S. Ripatti, J. K. Huttunen, D. Albanes, P. R. Taylor, and O. P. Heinonen. 1997. Randomized trial of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet. 349: 1715-1720.
43. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. 1999. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet. 354: 447-455.
44. Kalbfleisch, J. H., J. J. Barboriak, B. A. Else, C. V. Hughes, and F. E. Tristani. 1986. alpha-Tocopherol supplements and high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Br. J. Nutr. 55: 71-77.
45. Stampfer, M. J., W. Willett, W. P. Castelli, J. O. Taylor, J. Fine, and C. H. Hennekens. 1983. Effect of vitamin E on lipids. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 79: 714-716.
46. Koh, K. K., A. Blum, L. Hathaway, R. Mincemoyer, G. Csako, M. A. Waclawiw, J. A. Panza, and R. O. Cannon. 1999. Vascular effects of estrogen and vitamin E therapies in postmenopausal women. Circulation. 100: 1851-1857.
47. Miller 3rd, E. R., L. J. Appel, O. A. Levander, and D. M. Levine. 1997. The effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on traditional cardiovascular risk factors. J. Cardiovasc. Risk. 4: 19-24.
48. Singhal, S., R. Gupta, and A. Goyle. 2001. Comparison of antioxidant efficacy of vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A and fruits in coronary heart disease: A controlled trial. J. Assoc. Physicians India. 49: 327-331.
49. Cloarec, M. J., G. M. Perdriset, F. A. Lamberdiere, J. F. Colas-Belcour, J. P. Sauzieres, H. N. Neufeld, and U. Goldbourt. 1987. Alpha-tocopherol: Effect on plasma lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic patients. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 23: 869-872.
50. Khajehdehi, P. 2000. Effect of vitamins on the lipid profile of patients on regular hemodialysis. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 34: 62-66.
51. Dewaart, F. G., U. Moser, and F. J. Kok. 1997. Vitamin E supplementation in elderly lowers the oxidation rate of linoleic acid in LDL. Atherosclerosis. 133: 255-263.
52. Meydani, M. 2001. Vitamin E and atherosclerosis: Beyond prevention of LDL oxidation. J. Nutr. 131: 366S-368S.
53. Paolisso, G., M. Barbieri, M. R. Rizzo, and D. Manzella. 2001. Should we recommend the therapeutical use of vitamin E in diabetic patients? Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 10: 159-165.
54. Stewart-Lee, A. L., L. A. Forster, J. Nourooz-Zadeh, G. A. Ferns, and E. E. Anggard. 1994. Vitamin E protects against impairment of endothelium-mediated relaxations in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14: 494-499.
55. Keaney, J. F., Jr., Y. Guo, D. Cunningham, G. T. Shwaery, A. Xu, and J. A. Vita. 1996. Vascular incorporation of α-tocopherol prevents endothelial dysfunction due to oxidized LDL by inhibiting protein kinase C stimulation. J. Clin. Invest. 98: 386-394.
56. Andersson, T. L., J. Matz, G. A. Ferns, and E. E. Anggard. 1994. Vitamin E reverses cholesterol-induced endothelial dysfunction in the rabbit coronary circulation. Atherosclerosis. 111: 39-45.
57. Keaney, J. F., Jr., J. M. Gaziano, A. Xu, B. Frei, J. Curran-Celentano, G. T. Shwaery, J. Loscalzo, and J. A. Vita. 1994. Low-dose α-tocopherol improves and high dose α-tocopherol worsens endothelial vasodialator function in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J. Clin. Invest. 93: 844-851.
58. Keaney, J. F. J., J. M. Gaziano, A. Xu, B. Frei, J. Curran-Celentano, G. T. Shwaery, J. Loscalzo, and J. A. Vita. 1993. Dietary antioxidants preserve endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90: 11880-11884.
59. Ozer, N. K., O. Sirikci, S. Taha, T. San, U. Moser, and A. Azzi. 1998. Effect of vitamin E and probucol on dietary cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 24: 226-233.
60. Azzi, A., D. Boscoboinik, S. Clement, D. Marilley, N. K. Ozer, R. Ricciarelli, and A. Tasinato. 1997. Alpha-tocopherol as a modulator of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 57: 507-514.
61. Ozer, N. K., and A. Azzi. 2000. Effect of vitamin E on the development of atherosclerosis. Toxicology. 148: 179-185.
62. Choi, M. S., K. M. Do, Y. S. Park, S. M. Jeon, T. S. Jeong, Y. K. Lee, M. K. Lee, and S. H. Bok. 2001. Effect of naringin supplementation on cholesterol metabolism and antioxidant status in rats fed high cholesterol with different levels of vitamin E. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 45: 193-201.
63. Napoli, C., M. Leccese, G. Palumbo, F. de Nigris, P. Chiariello, P. Zuliano, P. Somma, M. Di Loreto, C. De Matteis, F. Cacciatore, P. Abete, A. Liguori, M. Chiariello, and F. P. D'Armiento. 1998. Effects of vitamin E and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition on cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in hypercholesterolemia. Coron. Artery Dis. 9: 257-264.
64. Shen, G. X., C. Novak, and A. Angel. 1996. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplements on cholesteryl ester transfer activity in hamster adipose tissue. Atherosclerosis. 124: 211-219.
65. Tall, A. R. 1993. Plasma cholsterol ester transfer protein. J. Lipid Res. 34: 1255-1274.
66. Inazu, A., X. C. Jiang, T. Haraki, K. Yagi, N. Kamon, J. Koizumi, H. Mabuchi, R. Takeda, K. Takata, Y. Moriyama, M. Doi, and A. Tall. 1994. Genetic cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency caused by two prevalent mutations as a major determinant of increased levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. J. Clin. Invest. 94: 1872-1882.
67. Grass, D. S., U. Saini, R. H. Felkner, R. E. Wallace, W. J. P. Lago, S. G. Young, and M. E. Swanson. 1995. Transgenic mice expressing both human apolipoprotein B and human CETP have a lipoprotein cholesterol distribution similar to that of normolipidemic humans. J. Lipid Res. 36: 1082-1091.
68. Dinchuk, J., J. Hart, G. Gonzalez, G. Karmann, D. Schmidt, and D. O. Wirak. 1995. Remodelling of lipoproteins in transgenic mice expressing human cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1255: 301-310.
69. Masuccimagoulas, L., P. Moulin, X. C. Jiang, H. Richardson, A. Walsh, J. L. Breslow, and A. Tall. 1995. Decreased cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mRNA and protein and increased high density lipoprotein following lipopolysaccharide administration in human CETP transgenic mice. J. Clin. Invest. 95: 1587-1594.
70. Boger, R. H., S. M. Bode-Boger, L. Phivthong-ngam, R. P. Brandes, E. Schwedhelm, A. Mugge, M. Bohme, D. Tsikas, and J. C. Frolich. 1998. Dietary L-arginine and alpha-tocopherol reduce vascular oxidative stress and preserve endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic rabbits via different mechanisms. Atherosclerosis. 141: 31-43.
71. Brandes, R. P., S. Brandes, R. H. Boger, S. M. Bode-Boger, and A. Mugge. 2000. L-arginine supplementation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits normalizes leukocyte adhesion to non-endothelial matrix. Life Sci. 66: 1519-1524.
72. Witt, W., I. Kolleck, H. Fechner, P. Sinha, and B. Rustow. 2000. Regulation by vitamin E of the scavenger receptor BI in rat liver and HepG2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 41: 2009-2016.
73. Black, T. M., P. Wang, N. Maeda, and R. A. Coleman. 2000. Palm tocotrienols protect ApoE +/- mice from diet-induced atheroma formation. J. Nutr. 130: 2420-2426.
74. Napoli, C., J. L. Witztum, F. Calara, F. de Nigris, and W. Palinski. 2000. Maternal hypercholesterolemia enhances atherogenesis in normocholesterolemic rabbits, which is inhibited by antioxidant or lipid-lowering intervention during pregnancy: An experimental model of atherogenic mechanisms in human fetuses. Circ. Res. 87: 946-952.
75. de Nigris, F., T. Youssef, S. Ciafre, F. Franconi, V. Anania, G. Condorelli, W. Palinski, and C. Napoli. 2000. Evidence for oxidative activation of c-Myc-dependent nuclear signaling in human coronary smooth muscle cells and in early lesions of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits: Protective effects of vitamin E. Circulation. 102: 2111-2117.
76. Djahansouzi, S., J. H. Braesen, K. Koenig, U. Beisiegel, and A. Kontush. 2001. The effect of pharmacological doses of different antioxidants on oxidation parameters and atherogenesis in hyperlipidaemic rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 154: 387-398.
77. Barnes, S. E., and P. D. Weinberg. 1999. Two patterns of lipid deposition in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19: 2376-2386.
78. Upston, J. M., P. K. Witting, A. J. Brown, R. Stocker, and J. F. Keaney. 2001. Effect of vitamin E on aortic lipid oxidation and intimal proliferation after arterial injury in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31: 1245-1253.
79. Schwenke, D. C., and S. R. Behr. 1998. Vitamin E combined with selenium inhibits atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits independently of effects on plasma cholesterol concentrations. Circ. Res. 83: 366-377.
80. Lipid Research Clinics Program. 1982. Manual of Laboratory Operations. Lipid and Lipoprotein Analysis. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare publication number (NIH) 75-629. US Government Printing Office Washington DC.
81. Jayo, J. M., D. C. Schwenke, and T. B. Clarkson. 1994. Atherosclerosis research. In Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit. P. J. Manning, D. H. Ringler, and C. E. Newcome, editors. Academic Press, New York. 367-380.
82. Schwenke, D. C., and T. E. Carew. 1989. Initiation of atherosclerotic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. I. Focal increases in arterial LDL concentration precede development of fatty streak lesions. Arteriosclerosis. 9: 895-907.
83. Nielsen, L. B., B. G. Nordestgaard, S. Stender, and K. Kjeldsen. 1992. Aortic permeability to LDL as a predictor of aortic cholesterol accumulation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arterioscler. Thromb. 12: 1402-1409.
84. Schwenke, D. C., and T. E. Carew. 1988. Quantification in vivo of increased LDL content and rate of LDL degradation in normal rabbit aorta occurring at sites susceptible to early atherosclerotic lesions. Circ. Res. 62: 699-710.
85. Schwenke, D. C., and T. E. Carew. 1989. Initiation of atherosclerotic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. II. Selective retention of LDL vs. selective increases in LDL permeability in susceptible sites of arteries. Arteriosclerosis. 9: 908-918.
86. Kolarovic, L., and N. C. Fournier. 1986. A comparison of extraction methods for the isolation of phospholipids from biological sources. Anal. Biochem. 156: 244-250.
87. Metcalfe, L. D., A. A. Schmitz, and J. R. Pelka. 1966. Rapid preparation of fatty acids esters from lipids for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal. Chem. 38: 514-515.
88. Haeffner, E. W., and C. J. K. Hoffmann. 1982. Direct quantitation of free cholesterol in total serum lipid extracts by computer-assisted gas liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 228: 268-272.
89. Wallenstein, S., C. L. Zucker, and J. L. Fleiss. 1980. Some statistical methods useful in circulation research. Circ. Res. 47: 1-9.
90. Leth-Espensen, P., S. Stender, H. Ravn, and K. Kjeldsen. 1988. Antiatherogenic effect of olive and corn oils in cholesterol-fed rabbits with the same plasma cholesterol levels. Arteriosclerosis. 8: 281-287.
91. Nielsen, L. B., P. Leth-Espensen, B. G. Nordestgaard, E. Foged, K. Kjeldsen, and S. Stender. 1995. Replacement of dietary saturated fat with monounsaturated fat: Effect on atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits clamped at the same plasma cholesterol level. Br. J. Nutr. 74: 509-521.
92. Renaud, S., and P. Gautheron. 1975. Influence of dietary fats on atherosclerosis, coagulation and platelet phospholipids in rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 21: 115-124.
93. Masi, I., E. Giani, C. Galli, E. Tremoli, and C. R. Sirtori. 1986. Diets rich in saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids differently affect plasma lipids, platelet and arterial wall eicosanoids in rabbits. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 30: 66-72.
94. Thomas, M. J., Q. Chen, M. Zabalawi, R. Anderson, R. Weinberg, M. G. Sorci-Thomas, and L. L. Rudel. 2001. Is the oxidation of high density lipoprotein lipids different than the oxidation of low density lipoprotein lipids? Biochemistry. 40: 1719-1724.
95. Thomas, M. J., Q. Chen, M. G. Sorci-Thomas, and L. L. Rudel. 2001. Isoprostane levels in lipids extracted from atherosclerotic arteries of non-human primates. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 30: 1337-1346.
96. Schwenke, D. C., and S. R. Behr. 2001. α-tocopherol and probucol reduce autoantibody titer to MDA-LDL in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31: 778-789.
97. Ferre, N., J. Camps, A. Paul, M. Cabre, L. Calleja, J. Osada, and J. Joven. 2001. Effects of high-fat, low-cholesterol diets on hepatic lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 218: 165-169.
98. Sun, J., D. W. Giraud, R. A. Moxley, and J. A. Driskell. 1997. beta-Carotene and alpha-tocopherol inhibit the development of atherosclerotic lesions in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 67: 155-163.
99. Munday, J. S., K. G. Thompson, K. A. James, and B. W. Manktelow. 1998. Dietary antioxidants do not reduce fatty streak formation in the C57BL/6 mouse atherosclerosis model. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18: 114-119.
100. Paul, A., L. Calleja, J. Joven, E. Vilella, N. Ferre, J. Camps, J. Girona, and J. Osada. 2001. Supplementation with vitamin E and/or zinc does not attenuate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 71: 45-52.
101. Shaish, A., J. George, B. Gilburd, P. Keren, H. Levkovitz, and D. Harats. 1999. Dietary beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol combination does not inhibit atherogenesis in an ApoE-deficient mouse model. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19: 1470-1475.
102. Azzi, A., D. Boscoboinik, S. Clement, N. K. Ozer, R. Ricciarelli, A. Stocker, A. Tasinato, and O. Sirikci. 1997. Signalling functions of alpha-tocopherol in smooth muscle cells. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 67: 343-349.
103. Ricciarelli, R., A. Tasinato, S. Clement, N. K. Ozer, D. Boscoboinik, and A. Azzi. 1998. alpha-Tocopherol specifically inactivates cellular protein kinase C alpha by changing its phosphorylation state. Biochem. J. 334: 243-249.
104. Traber, M. G. 2001. Does vitamin E decrease heart attack risk? Summary and implications with respect to dietary recommendations. J. Nutr. 131: 395S-397S.
105. Porkkala-Sarataho, E., J. T. Salonen, K. Nyyssonen, J. Kaikkonen, R. Salonen, U. Ristonmaa, U. Diczfalusy, R. Brigelius-Flohe, S. Loft, and H. E. Poulsen. 2000. Long-term effects of vitamin E, vitamin C, and combined supplementation on urinary 7-hydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine, serum cholesterol oxidation products, and oxidation resistance of lipids in nondepleted men. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20: 2087-2093.