Removal of dental amalgam and other metal alloys supported by antioxidant therapy alleviates symptoms and improves quality of life in patients with amalgam-associated ill health

Neuroendocrinology Letters

Volumn 23, Issue 5-6, 2002, Pages 459-482

  Lindh, Ulf ^a   Hudecek, Romuald ^a,b   Danersund, Antero ^a   Eriksson, Sture ^a   Lindvall, Anders ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b Biomedical Dental Centre   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Amalgam; Antioxidants; Chronic fatigue; Mercury; Metal exposure; Plasma; Quality of life; Questionnaire; Removal

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMALGAM; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; DENTAL ALLOY; FOLIC ACID; GOLD ALLOY; MECOBALAMIN; MERCURY; SODIUM SELENITE; VITAMIN B COMPLEX;

ADULT; AGED; ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR SYMPTOM; CHRONIC DISEASE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DENTAL CARE; DENTIST; FATIGUE; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MYALGIA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PATIENT CARE; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDER; PHYSICIAN; QUALITY OF LIFE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TINNITUS; UROGENITAL TRACT DISEASE; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

EID: 0036820302     PISSN: 0172780X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Westcott A. Report of the Onondaga Medical Society on "Mineral paste". Am J Dent Sci 1844; 4:137-40.
2. Tuthill JY. Mercurial neurosis resulting from amalgam fillings. The Brooklyn Medical Journal 1899; 12:725-42.
3. Stock A. Die Gefährlichkeit des Quecksilberdampfes. Z Angew Chemie 1926; 39:461-6.
4. Stock A. Die Gefährlichkeit des Quecksilberdampfes und der Amalgame. Med Klin 1926; 22:1209-12 & 1250-2.
5. Stock A. Die chronische Quecksilber- und Amalgamvergiftung. Zahnärtzl Rundsch 1939; 48:371-7 & 403-7.
6. Bangsi D, Ghadirian P, Ducic S, Morisset R, Ciccocioppo S, McMullen E, Krewski D. Dental amalgam and multiple sclerosis: a case-controt study in Montreal, Canada. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27:667-71
7. Ahlqwist M, Bengtsson C, Furnäs B, Hollender L, Lapidus L. Number of amalgam tooth fillings in relation to subjectively experienced symptoms in a study of Swedish women. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol 1988; 16:227-31.
8. Richardson GM. Assessment of Mercury Exposure and Risks from Dental Amalgam. Final Report. Ottawa: Medical Devices Bureau, Health Canada; 1995.
9. Richardson GM. A Monte-Carlo assessment of mercury exposure and risks from dental amalgams. Human Ecol Risk Assessment 1996; 2:709-61.
10. Richardson GM. Mercury exposure from dental amalgams: re-evaluation of the Richardson model, standardization by body surface area, and consideration of recent occupational studies. In: Novakova V, editor. Amalgam and health new perspectives. Report 99:1. Tierp: Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research; 1999. p. 384-418.
11. Berlin M. Mercury in dental fillings: a literature and knowledge survey. In: Novakova V, editor. Amalgam and health new perspectives. Report 99:1. Tierp: Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research; 1999. p-369-83.
12. Alroth-Westerlund B, Carlmark B, Grönquist S-O, Johansson E, Lindh U, Theorell H, de Vahl K. Altered distribution patterns of macro- and trace elements in human tissues of patients with decreased levels of blood selenium. Nutr Res 1985; Suppl 1:442-50.
13. Lindh U, Carlmark B, Grönquist S-O, Lindvall A. Metal exposure from amalgam alters the distribution of trace elements in blood cells and plasma. Clin Chem Lab Med 2001; 39:134-42.
14. Stejskal VDM, Danersund A, Lindvall A, Hudecek R, Nordman V, Yaqob A, Mayer W, Bieger W, Lindh U. Metal-specific lymphocytes: biomarkers of sensitivity in man. Neuroendocrinol Lett 1999; 20:289-98.
15. Fleischmann P. Zur Frage der Gefährlichkeit keinster Quecksilbermengen. Dtsch Med Wschr 1928; 8:304-7.
16. Klock B, Blomgren J, Ripa U, Andrup B. Effect of amalgam on patients suspected of amalgam poisoning (in Swedish). Tandläkartidningen 1989; 81:1297-302.
17. Siblerud RL. Health effects after dental amalgam removal. J Orthomol Med 1990; 5:95-106.
18. Zamm AV. Removal of dental mercury: often an effective treatment for the very sensitive patient. J Orthomol Med 1990; 5:138-42.
19. Lindqvist B, Mörnstad H. Effects of removing amalgam fillings from patients with diseases affecting the immune system. Med Sci Res 1996; 24:355-6.
20. Lichtenberg H. Elimination of symptoms by removal of dental amalgam from mercury poisoned patients, as compared with a control group of average patients. J Orthomol Med 1993; 8:145-8.
21. Godfrey M, Campbell N. Confirmation of mercury retention and toxicity using 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane-sulphonic acid sodium salt (DMPS). J Adv Med 1994; 7:19-30.
22. Olsson G, Lindh U. Veränderungen des allgemeinen Gesundheitszustandes nach Amalgamentfernung. Ganzh Zahnmed 1997; 2:22-8.
23. Huggins HA, Levy TE. Cerebrospinal fluid protein changes in multiple sclerosis after dental amalgam removal. Altern Med Rev 1998; 3:295-300.
24. Kremers L, Halbach S, Willruth H, Mehl A, Weltzl G, Wack FX, et al. Effect of rubber dam on mercury exposure during amalgam removal. Eur J Oral Sci 1999; 107:202-7.
25. Henriksson E, Mattsson U, Håkansson J. Healing of lichenoid reactions following removal of amalgam. A clinical follow-up. J Clin Periodontol 1995; 22:287-94.
26. Begerow J, Zander D, Freier I, Dunemann L. Long-term mercury excretion in urine after removal of amalgam fillings. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1994; 66:209-12.
27. Ostman PO, Anneroth G, Skoglund A. Amalgam-associated oral lichenoid reactions. Clinical and histological changes after removal of amalgam fillings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996; 81:459-65.
28. Ibbotson SH, Speight EL, Macleod RI, Smart ER, Lawrence CM. The relevance and effect of amalgam replacement in subjects with oral lichenoid reactions. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134:420-3.
29. Berglund A, Molin M. Mercury levels in plasma and urine after removal of all amalgam restorations: the effect of using rubber dams. Dent Mater 1997; 13:297-304.
30. Sandborgh-Englund G, Elinder CG, Langworth S, Schütz A, Ekstrand J. Mercury in biological fluids after amalgam removal. J Dent Res 1998; 77:615-24.
31. Engel P. Observations on health before and after amalgam removal (in German). Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1998; 108:811-3.
32. Molin M, Bergman B, Marklund SL, Schütz A, Skerfving S. Mercury, selenium, and glutathione peroxidase before and after amalgam removal in man. Acta Odontol Scand 1990; 48:189-202.
33. Halbach S, Kremers L, Willruth H, Mehl A, Weltzl G, Wack FX, et al. Systemic transfer of mercury from amalgam fillings before and after cessation of emission. Environ Res Sect A 1998; 77:115-23.
34. Björkman L, Sandborgh-Englund G, Ekstrand J. Mercury in saliva and feces after removal of amalgam fillings. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 144:156-62.
35. Melchart D, Wuhr E, Weidenhammer W, Kremers L. A multicenter survey of amalgam fillings and subjective comptaints in non-selected patients in the dental practice. Eur J Oral Sci 1998; 106:770-7.
36. Goldberg RL, Kaplan SR, Fuller GC. Effect of heavy metals on human rheumatoid synovial cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:2763-6.
37. Ganther HE. Modification of methylmercury toxicity and metabolism by selenium and vitamin E: possible mechanisms. Environ Health Perspect 1978; 25:71-6.
38. Queiro ML, Pena SC, Saltes TS, de Capitani EM, Saad ST. Abnormal antioxidant system in erythrocytes of mercury exposed workers. Human and Exp Toxicol 1998; 17:225-30.
39. Zalups RK, Lash LH. Interaction between glutathione and mercury in the kidney. In: Chang LW, editor. Toxicology of metals. Boca Raton: CRC Press 1996; p. 145-63.
40. Miller OM, Lund BO, Woods JS. Reactivity of Hg(II) with superoxide: evidence for the catalytic dismutation of superoxide by Hg(II). J Biochem Toxcol 1991; 6:293-8.
41. Tiffany-Castiglione E, Qian Y. Astroglia as metal depots: molecular mechanism for metal accumulation, storage and release. Neurotoxicol 2001; 22:577-92.
42. Oram PD, Fang X, Fernando Q, Letkeman P, Letkeman D. The formation constant of mercury(II)-glutathione complexes. Chem Res Toxicol 1996; 9:709-12.
43. Martin RB. Bioinorganic chemistry of metal ion toxicity. In: Sigel H, editor. Metal ions in biological systems. Concepts in metal ion toxicity. New York: Dekker 1986; 20:21-66.
44. Vimercati L, Santarelli L, Pesola G, Drago I, Lasorsa G, Valentino M, et al. Monocyte-macrophage system and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in workers exposed to low levels of metallic mercury. Sci Total Envion 2001; 270:157-63.
45. Vimy MJ, Lorscheider FL. Intra-oral air mercury released from dental amalgam. J Dent Res 1985; 64:1069-71.
46. Worth RG, Esper RM, Warra NS, Kindzelskii AL, Rosenspire AJ, Todd RF, et al. Mercury inhibition of neutrophil activity: evidence of aberrant cellular signalling and incoherent cellular metabolism. Scand J Immunol 2001; 53:49-55.
47. Bucio L, García C, Souza V, Hernández E, González C, Betancourt M, et al. Uptake, cellular distribution and DNA damage produced by mercuric chloride in a human fetal hepatic cell line. Mutat Res 1999; 423:65-72.
48. A receptor modulates benzodiazepine binding site in primary cultures of mouse cerebellar granule cells. Neuropharmacol 2001; 41:819-33.
49. Weinberg JM, Hardin PG, Humes HD. Mitochondrial bioenergetics during the initiation of mercuric chloride-induced renal injury. I. Direct effects of in vitro mercuric chloride on renal mitochondrial function. J Biol Chem 1982; 257:60-7.
50. Weinberg JM, Hardin PG, Humes HD. Mitochondrial bioenergetics during the initiation of mercuric chloride-induced renal injury. II. Functional alterations of renal cortical mitochondria isolated after mercuric chloride treatment. J Biol Chem 1982; 257:68-74.
51. 2 formation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro in rat kidney mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45:2017-24.
52. 2+. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:3582-7.
53. Brawer JR, McCarthy GF, Gornitsky M, Frankel D, Mehindate K, Schipper HM. Mercuric chloride induces a stress response in cultured astrocytes characterized by mitochondrial uptake of iron. Neurotoxicol 1998; 16:767-76.
54. Rosenspire AJ, Bodepudi S, Mathews M, McCabe MJ, Jr. Low levels of ionic mercury modulate protein tyrosine phosphorytation in lymphocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol 1998; 20:697-707.
55. Mattingly RR, Felczak A, Chen C-C, McCabe MJ, Jr, Rosenspire AJ. Low concentrations of inorganic mercury inhibit Ras activation during T cell receptor- mediated signal transduction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 176:162-8.
56. McCabe MJ, Santini RP, Rosenspire AJ. Low and non-toxic Levels of ionic mercury interefere with the regulation of cell growth in the WEHI-231 B-cell lymphoma. Scand J Immunol 1999; 50:233-41.
57. Shenker BJ, Guo TL, Shapiro IM. Mercury-induced apoptosis in human lymphoid cells: evidence that the apoptotic pathway is mercurial species dependent. Environ Res Sect A 2000; 84:89-99.
58. Wataha JC, Lockwood PE, Schedle A, Noda M. Ag, Cu, Hg and Ni ions alter the metabolism of human monocytes during extended low-dose exposure. J Oral Rehab 2002; 29:133-9.
59. Oshiro S, Nozawa K, Hori M, Zhang C, Hashimoto Y, Kitajima S, Kawamura K-I. Modulation of iron regulatory protein-1 by various metals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:213-8.
60. Hisatome I, Kurata Y, Sasaki N, Morisaki T, Morisaki H, Tanaka Y, et al. Block of sodium channels by divalent mercury: role of specific cysteinyl residues in the P-loop region. Biophys J 2000; 79:1336-45.
61. Hultman P, Johansson U, Turley SJ, Lindh U, Eneström S. Adverse immunological effects and autoimmunity induced by dental amalgam and alloy in mice. FASEB J 1994; 8:1183-90.
62. Sweet LI, Zeliko JT. Toxicology and immunotoxicology of mercury: a comparative review in fish and humans. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2001; 4:161-205.
63. Schuppe H-C, Rönnau AC, von Schmiedeberg S, Ruzicka T, Gleichmann E, Griem P. Immunomodulation by heavy metal compounds. Clin Dermatol 1998; 16:149-57.
64. Heo Y, Lee WT, Lawrence DA. In vivo the environmental polltants lead and mercury causes induction of oligoclonal T cell responses skewed toward type-2 reactions. Cell Immunol 1997; 179:185-95.
65. Hultman P, Turley SJ, Eneström S, Lindh U, Pollard KM. Murine genotype influences the specificity, magnitude and persistence of murine mercury-inducec autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 1996; 9:139-49.
66. Bigazzi PE. Metals and kidney autoimmunity. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107 (suppl 5):753-65.
67. Fournie GJ, Mas M, Cautain B, Savignac M, Subra JF, Pelletier L, et al. Induction of autoimmunity through bystander effects. Lessons from immunological disorders induced by heavy metals. J Autoimmun 2001; 16:319-26.
68. Pollard KM, Pearson DL, Hultman P, Deane TN, Lindh U, Kono DH. Xenobiotic acceleration of idiopathic systemic autoimmunity in lupus-prone bsxb mice. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:27-33.
69. Roether S, Rabbani H, Mellstedt H, Abedi-Valugerdi M. Spontaneous downregutation of antibody/autoantibody synthesis in susceptible mice upon chronic exposure to mercuric chloride is not owing to a general immunosuppression. Scand J Immunol 2002; 55:493-501.
70. Gorell JM, Rybicki BA, Cole Johnson C, Peterson EL. Occupational metal exposure and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Neuroepidemiology 1999; 18:303-8.
71. Uversky VN, Li J, Fink AL. Metal-triggered structural transformations, aggregation, and fibrillation of human α-synuclein. A possible molecular link between Parkinson's disease and heavy metal exposure. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:44284-96.
72. Ely JTA. Mercury induced Azheimer's disease: accelerating incidence? Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2001; 67:800-6.
73. Underwood EJ, Mertz W. Introduction. In: Mertz W, editor. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition, 5th ed, vol 1. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc; 1987. p. 1-19.
74. Goyer RA. Toxic and essential metal interactions. Annu Rev Nutr 1997; 17:37-50.
75. Danning CL, Boumpas DT. Commonly used disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis: an update on mechanisms of action. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16:595-604.
76. Zietman AL, Shipley WU, Kaufman DS. The combination of cis-platin based chemotherapy and radiation in the treatment of muscle-invading transitional cell cancer of the bladder. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 27:161-70.
77. Klaassen CD, editor. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996.
78. Wang S, Shi X. Molecular mechanisms of metal toxicity and carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 222:3-9.
79. Clemens S. Molecular mechanisms of plant metal tolerance and homeostasis. Planta 2001; 212:475-86.
80. Ragsdale SW. Nickel biochemistry. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1998; 3:188-99.
81. Mattila L, Kilpeläinen M, Terho EO, Koskenvuo M, Helenius H, Kalimo K. Prevalence of nickel allergy among Finnish university students in 1995. Contact Derm 2001; 44:218-23.
82. Hultman P, Lindh U, Hörsted-Bindslev P. Activation of the immune system and systemic immune-complex deposits in brown Norway rats with dental amalgam restorations. J Dent Res 1998; 77:1415-25.
83. Sterzl I, Procházková J, Hrda. D, Bártová J, Matucha P, Stejskal VDM. Mercury and nickel allergy: risk factors in fatigue and autoimmunity. Neuroendocrinol Lett 1999; 20:221-8.
84. Ahlgren C, Ahnlinde I, Björkner B, Bruze M, Liedholm R, Möller H, et al. Contact allergy to gold is correlated to dental gold. Acta Derm Venereol 2002; 82:41-4.
85. Ahnlinde I, Björkner B, Bruze M, Möller H. Exposure to metallic gold in patients with contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate. Contact Dermatitis 2000; 43:344-50.
86. Strietzel R, Hösch A, Kalbfleisch H, Buch D. In vitro corrosion of titanium. Biomat 1998; 19:1495-9.
87. Reclaru L, Meyer JM. Effects of fluorides on titanium ond other dental alloys in dentistry. Biomat 1998; 19:85-92.
88. Perala D, Chapman R, Gefland J. Complement activation by dental implants. Int J Oral Maxollofac Implants 1991; 6:136-41.
89. Nakashima Y, Sun DH, Trindade MC, Maloney WJ, Goodman SB, Schurman DJ, et al. Signaling pathways for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 expression in human macrophages exposed to titanium-alloy particulate debris in vitro. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999; 81:603-15.
90. McDonald EM, Mann AH, Thomas HC. Interferons as mediators of psychiatric morbidity. Lancet 1978; Nov 21, 1175-8.
91. Hickie I, Lloyd A. Are cytokines associated with neuropsychiatric syndrome in humans? Int J Immunopharm 1995; 8:677-83.
92. Buchwald D, Wener MH, Pearlman T, Kith P. Markers of inflammation and immune activation in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Reumatol 1997; 24:372-6.
93. Hindsen M, Bruze M, Christensen OB. Individual variation in nickel patch test reactivity. Am J Contact Dermatit 1999; 10:62-7.
94. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine. 3ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.
95. Ercal N, Gurer-Orhan H, Aykin-Burns N. Toxic metals and oxidative stress part I: mechanisms involved in metal-induced oxidative stress. Curr Top Med Chem 2001; 1:529-39.
96. Kagan VE, Kisin ER, Kawai K, Serinkan BF, Osipov AN, Serbinova EA, et al. Toward mechanism-based antioxidant intervention. Lessons from natural antioxidants. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 959:188-98.
97. Cornelli U, Terranova R, Luca S, Cornelli M, Alberti A. Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of some food supplements in men and women using the D-Roms test as a marker of oxidative stress. J Nutr 2001; 131:3208-11.
98. Kussmaul A. Untersuchungen über den constitutionellen Mercurialismus und sein Verhältnis zur constitutionelles Syphilis. Würzburg: Stahel'schen Buch- und Kunsthandlung; 1861.
99. Ioannidis JP, Haidich A-B, Pappa M, Patazis N, Kokori SI, Tektonidou MG, et al. Comparison of evidence of treatment effects in randomized and nonrandomized studies. JAMA 2001; 286:821-30.
100. Vahter M, Berglund M, Åkesson A, Lidén C. Metals and women's health. Environ Res Sect A 2002; 88:145-55.
101. Hultman P, Nielsen JB. The effect of dose, gender, and non H-2 genes in murine mercury-induced autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2001; 17:27-37.
102. Barregård L, Svalander C, Schütz A, Westberg G, Sällsten G, Blohme I, et al. Cadmium, mercury, and lead in kidney cortex of the general Swedish population: A study of biopsies from living kidney donors. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107:867-71.
103. Björkman L, Pedersen NL, Lichtenstein P. Physical and mental health related to dental amalgam fillings in Swedish twins. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol 1996; 24:260-7.
104. Bratel J, Haraldson T, Ottosson JO. Potential side effect of dental amalgam restorations (II). No relation between mercury levels in the body and mental disorders. Eur J Oral Sci 1997; 105:244-50.
105. Langworth S, Sällsten G, Barregård L, Cynkier L, Lindh ML, Söderman E. Exposure to mercury vapor and impact on health in the dental profession in Sweden. J Dent Res 1997; 76:1397-404.
106. Malt UF, Nedrum P, Oppedal B, Gunderson R, Holte M, Löne J. Physical and mental problems attributed to dental amalgam fillings: a descriptive study of 99 self-referred patients compared with 272 controls. Psychosom Med 1997; 59:32-41.
107. Bailer J, Rist F, Rudolf A, Staehle HJ, Eickholz P, Triebig G, et al. Adverse health effects related to mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings: toxicological or psychological causes? Psychol Med 2001; 31:255-63.
108. Lang J. Catching the bug: How scientists found the cause of Lyme disease. Conn Med 1989; 53:357-64.
109. Covacci A, Telford JL, Del Giudice G, Parsonnet J, Rappuoli R. Helicobacter pylori virulence and genetic geography. Science 1999; 284:1328-33.
110. Addington AM, Gallo JJ, Ford DE, Eaton WW. Epidemiology of unexplained fatigue and major depression in the community: the Baltimore ECA follow-up, 1981-1994. Psychol Med 2001; 31:1037-44.
111. Carlson CR, Miller CS, Reid KI. Psychosocial profiles of patients with burning mouth syndrome. J Orofac Pain 2000; 14:59-64.
112. Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC. Is placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1594-602.
113. Beecher HK. The powerful placebo. JAMA 1955; 159: 1602-6.
114. Jones L. Dental amalgam and health experience: exploring health outcomes and issues for people medically diagnosed with mercury poisoning. Bull New Zealand Psychol Soc 1999; 97:29-33.
115. Vahter M, Åkesson A, Lind B, Björs U, Schütz A, Berglund M. Longtudinal study of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in blood and urine of pregnant and lactating women, as well as in umbilical cord blood. Environ Res Sect A 2000; 84:186-94.
116. Lindh U, Frisk P, Nyström J, Danersund A, Hudecek R, Lindvall A, et al. Nuclear microscopy in biomedical analysis with special emphasis on clinical metal biology. Nucl Instr and Meth 1997; B130:406-18.
117. Hällgren R, Svensson K, Johansson E, Lindh U. Elevated granulocyte strontium in inflammatory arthritides is related to the inflammatory activity. J Lab Clin Med 1984; 104:893-900.
118. Hällgren R, Svensson K, Johansson E, Lindh U. Abnormal calcium and magnesium stores in erythrocytes and granulocytes from patients with inflammatory connective tissue diseases. Relationship to inflammatory activity and effect of cortico-steriod therapy. Arthritis Rheum 1985; 28:169-73.