The cognitive neuropsychiatric approach to investigating the neurobiology of schizophrenia and other disorders

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 655-664

  Pantelis, Christos ^a,b   Maruff, Paul ^b  

^a SUNSHINE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b FLOREY INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cingulate; Cortex; Dorsolateral prefrontal; Frontal striatal; Neuropsychology; Orbitofrontal

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; COGNITION; DATA ANALYSIS; DISEASE ACTIVITY; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; IMAGING; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL TASK; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

COGNITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; NEUROBIOLOGY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 0036704959     PISSN: 00223999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00434-8     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Brown RG, Marsden CD. 'Subcortical dementia': The neuropsychological evidence. Neuroscience 1988;25(2):363-87.
2. Pantelis C, Barnes TRE, Nelson HE. Is the concept of frontal-subcortical dementia relevant to schizophrenia? Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:442-60.
3. Pantelis C, Brewer WJ. Neuropsychological and olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia: Relationship of frontal syndromes of syndromes of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1995;17:35-45.
4. Rogers DGC. The cognitive disorder of psychiatric illness: A historical perspective. In: Pantelis C, Nelson HE, Barnes T, editors. Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Perspective, vol. 1. Chichester: Wiley, 1996. pp. 19-29.
5. Mega MS, Cummings JL. Frontal-subcortical circuits and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994;6(4):358-70.
6. Cummings JL. Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behaviour. Arch Neurol 1993;50:873-80.
7. Cummings JL. Anatomic and behavioral aspects of frontal-subcortical circuits. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995;769:1-13.
8. Damasio AR. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Grosset/Putnam, 1994.
9. Halligan PW, David AS. Cognitive neuropsychiatry: Towards a scientific psychopathology. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001;2(3):209-15.
10. Kandel ER. The molecular biology of memory storage: A dialogue between genes and synapses. Science 2001;294(5544):1030-8.
11. Goldman-Rakic PS. Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: The relevance of working memory. In: Carroll BJ, Barrett JE, editors. Psychopathology and the Brain. New York, NY: Raven Press, 1991. pp. 1-23.
12. Goldman-Rakic PS. The physiological approach: Functional architecture of working memory and sisordered cognition in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999;46(5):650-61.
13. LeDoux JE. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 2000;23:155-84.
14. Alexander G, DeLong M, Strick P. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 1986;9:357-81.
15. Middleton FA, Strick PL. Basal ganglia output and cognition: Evidence from anatomical, behavioural, and clinical studies. Brain Cogn 2000;42(2):183-200.
16. Pantelis C, Brewer WJ. Neurocognitive and neurobehavioural patterns and the syndromes of schizophrenia: Role of frontal - Subcortical networks. In: Pantelis C, Nelson HE, Barnes TRE, editors. Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Perspective. London: Wiley, 1996. pp. 317-43.
17. Jablensky A. Schizophrenia: The epiemiological horizon. In: Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR, editor. Schizophrenia, vol. 1. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1995. pp. 206-52.
18. Crow TJ. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: More than one disease process? Br Med J 1980;280:66-8.
19. Liddle PF. Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychol Med 1987;17:49-57.
20. Nelson HE, Pantelis C, Carruthers K, Speller J, Baxendale S, Barnes TRE. Cognitive functioning and symptomatology in chronic schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1990;20:357-65.
21. Liddle PF, Morris DL. Schizophrenic syndromes and frontal lobe performance. Br J Psychiatry 1991;158:340-5.
22. Buchanan RW, Strauss ME, Kirkpatrick B, Holstein C, Breier A, Carpenter WT. Neuropsychological impairments in deficit vs non deficit forms of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1994;51(10):804-811.
23. Pantelis C, Stuart GW, Nelson HE, Robbins TW, Barnes TR. Spatial working memory deficits in schizophrenia: Relationship with tardive dyskinesia and negative symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(8):1276-85.
24. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:660-9.
25. Murray RM, Lewis SW. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? Br Med J 1987;295:681-2.
26. McGrath J, Murray R. Risk factors for schzophrenia: From conception to birth. In: Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR, editors. Schizophrenia, vol. 1. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1995. pp. 187-205.
27. David AS, Cutting JC. The Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd, 1994.
28. Pantelis C, Nelson HE, Barnes TRE. Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Perspective. London: Wiley, 1996.
29. Maruff P, Pantelis C. Attention and neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 1999;12(3):339-44.
30. Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Pliskin NH, Podd MH. Further evidence for dementia of the prefrontal type in schizophrenia? A controlled study of teaching the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:1008-14.
31. Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Probing prefrontal function in schizophrenia with neuropsychological paradigms. Schizophr Bull 1988;14:179-83.
32. Park S, Holzman PS. Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:975-82.
33. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Zec RF. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:114-24.
34. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Suddath R, Torrey EF. Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:890-7.
35. Velakoulis D, Pantelis C. What have we learned from functional imaging studies in schizophrenia? The role of frntal, striatal and temporal areas. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1996;30:195-209.
36. Brewer WJ, Pantelis C, Anderson V, Velakoulis D, Singh B, Copolov PD, McGorry PD. Stability of olfactory identification deficits in neuroleptic-naive patients with first-episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(1):107-15.
37. Brewer WJ, Edwards J, Anderson V, Robinson T, Pantelis C. Neuropsychological, olfactory, and hygiene deficits in men with negative symptom schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1996;40:1021-31.
38. Carter CS, Mintun M, Nichols T, Cohen JD. Anterior cingulate gyrus dysfunction and selective attention deficits in schizophrenia - [O-15]H2O PET study during single-trial Stroop task performance. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154(12):1670-5.
39. Yücel Y, Pantelis C, Stuart GW, Wood SJ, Maruff P, Velakoulis D, Pipingas A, Crowe SF, Tochon-Danguy HJ, Egan GF. Anterior cingulate activation during stroop task performance: A PET to MRI coregistration study of individual patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(2):251-4.
40. Wood SJ, Pantelis C. Does a neurodevelopmental lesion involving the hippocampus explain memory dysfunction in schizophrenia? Z Neuropsychol 2001;12(1):61-8.
41. Wood SJ, Proffitt T, Mahony K, Smith DJ, Buchanan J, Brewer W, Stuart GW, Velakoulis D, McGorry PD, Pantelis C. Visuo-spatial memory and learning in first episode schizophreniform psychosis and established schizophrenia: A functional correlate of hippocampal pathology? Psychol Med 2002;32(3):429-38.
42. Buchsbaum MS. The frontal lobes, basal ganglia, temporal lobes as sites for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1990;16:379-90.
43. Robbins TW. The case for frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1990;16(3):391-402.
44. Pantelis C, Wood SJ, Maruff P. Schizophrenia. In: Harrison JE, Owen AM, editors. Cognitive Deficits in Brain Disorders, (vol. 11). UK: Martin Dunitz, 2002. pp. 217-48.
45. Maruff P, Currie J. Neuropsychology of visual attentional deficits in schizophrenia. In: Pantelis C, Nelson HE, Barnes T, editors. Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Perspective, vol. 1. Chichester: Wiley, 1996. pp. 87-105.
46. Henderson L, Crawford T, Kennard C. Neuropsychology of eye movement abnormalities in schizophrenia. In: Pantelis C, Nelson T, Barnes T, editors. Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Perspective, vol. 1. Chichester: Wiley, 1996. pp. 259-77.
47. Cahill C, Frith C. A cognitive basis for the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. In: Pantelis C, Nelson HE, Barnes TRE, editors. Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Perspective, vol. 1. Chichester: Wiley, 1996. pp. 373-95.
48. Frith CD, Done DJ. Towards a neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1988;153:437-43.
49. Frith C, Dolan R. The role of the prefrontal cortex in higher cognitive functions. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 1996;5(1-2):175-81.
50. Frith CD, Blakemore S, Wolpert DM. Explaining the symptoms of schizophrenia: Abnormalities in the awareness of action. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000;31(2-3):357-63.
51. Pantelis C, Yücel M, Wood SJ, McGorry P, Velakoulis D. The timing and functional consequences of structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Neurosci News 2001;4(1):36-46.
52. Pantelis C, Yücel M, Wood SJ, McGorry P, Velakoulis D. Early and late neurodevelopmental disturbances in schizophrenia and their functional consequences. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2002 (in press).
53. Buchanan JM, Pantelis C, Stuart GW, Wood SJ, Smith D, Brewer WJ, Proffitt TM, Mahony K, Velakoulis K, McGorry PD, Saling M. The relationship between hippocampal volume and working memory in normal controls and patients with schizophrenia. Brain, in press.
54. Vance AL, Velakoulis D, Maruff P, Wood SJ, Desmond P, Pantelis C. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and schizophrenia: What have we learnt? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000;34:14-25.
55. Keshavan MS, Stanley JA, Pettegrew JW. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in schizophrenia: Methodological issues and findings - Part II. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48(5):369-80.
56. Stanley JA, Pettegrew JW, Keshavan MS. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in schizophrenia: Methodological issues and findings - Part I. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48(5):357-68.
57. Berger GE, Wood SJ, Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, Wellard RM, Brewer WJ, Lambert M, McGorry PD. Implications of lipid biology for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2002 (in press).
58. Bertolino A, Knable MB, Saunders RC, Callicott JH, Kolachana B, Mattay VS, Bachevalier J, Frank JA, Egan M, Weinberger DR. The relationship between dorsolateral prefrontal N-acetylaspartate measures and striatal dopamine activity in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45(6):660-7.
59. Keefe RSE. Working memory dysfunction and its relevance in schizophrenia. In: Sharma T, Harvey PD, editors. Cognition in Schizophrenia: Characteristics, Correlates, and Treatment. Oxford Univ. Press, 2000. pp. 16-49.
60. Partiot A, Verin M, Pillon B, Teixeria-Ferreira C, Agid Y, Dubois B. Delayed response tasks in basal ganglia lesions in man: Further evidence for a striato-frontal cooperation in behavioural adaptation. Neuropsychologia 1996;34(7):709-21.
61. Verin M, Partiot A, Pillon B, Malapani C, Agid Y, Dubois B. Delayed response tasks and prefrontal lesions in man - Evidence for self generated patterns of behaviour with poor environmental modulation. Neuropsychologia 1993;31(12):1379-96.
62. Owen AM, Evans AC, Petrides M. Evidence for a two-stage model of spatial working memory processing within the lateral frontal cortex: A positron emission tomography study. Cereb Cortex 1996;6(1):31-8.
63. Owen AM, Stern CE, Look RB, Tracey I, Rosen BR, Petrides M. Functional organization of spatial and nonspatial working memory processing within the human lateral frontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1998;95(13):7721-6.
64. Stern CE, Owen AM, Tracey I, Look RB, Rosen BR, Petrides M. Activity in ventrolateral and mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during nonspatial visual working memory processing: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 2000;11 (5 Pt 1):392-9.
65. Goldman-Rakic PS, Friedman HR. The circuitry of working memory revealed by anatomy and metabolic imaging. In: Levin HS, Eisendberg HM, Benton AL, editors. Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991. pp. 72-91.
66. Owen AM, Downes JJ, Sahakian BJ, Polkey CE, Robbins TW. Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia 1990;28(10):1021-34.
67. Owen AM, James M, Leigh PN, Summers BA, Marsden CD, Quinn KW, Lange KW, Robbins TW. Fronto-striatal cognitive deficits at different stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain 1992;115(Pt 6):1727-51.
68. Owen AM, Morris RG, Sahakian BJ, Polkey CE, Robbins TW. Double dissociations of memory and executive functions in working memory tasks following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man. Brain 1996;119(Pt 5):1597-615.
69. Owen AM, Iddon JL, Hodges JR, Summers BA, Robbins TW. Spatial and non-spatial working memory at different stages of Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 1997;35(4):519-32.
70. Robbins TW, James M, Lange KW, Owen AM, Quinn NP, Marsden CD. Cognitive performance in multiple system atrophy. Brain 1992;115(Pt 1):271-91.
71. Robbins TW, James M, Owen AM, Lange KW, Lees AJ, Leigh PN, Marsden CD, Quinn NP, Summers BA. Cognitive deficits in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple system atrophy in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57(1):79-88.
72. Partiot A, Jouvent R, Dubois B, Verin M, et al. Cortical dysfunction and schizophrenic deficit: Preliminary findings with the delayed reaction paradigm. Euro Psychiatry 1992;7(4):171-5.
73. Keefe RS, Roitman SE, Harvey PD, Blum CS, Dupre RL, Prieto DM, Davidson M, Davis KL. A pen-and-paper human analogue of a monkey prefrontal cortex activation tasl: Spatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1995;17(1):25-33.
74. Keefe RS, Lees-Roitman SE, Dupre RL. Performance of patients with schizophrenia on a open and paper visuospatial working memory task with short delay. Schizophr Res 1997;26(1):9-14.
75. Fleming K, Goldberg TE, Binks S, Randolph C, Gold JM, Weinberger DR. Visuospatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1997;41(1):43-9.
76. Pantelis C, Barnes TR, Nelson HE, Tanner S, Weatherley L, Owen AM, Robbins TW. Frontal - Striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain 1997;120(Pt 10):1823-43.
77. Hutton SB, Puri BK, Duncan LJ, Robbins TW, Barnes TR, Joyce EM. Executive function in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1998;28(2):463-73.
78. Carter CS, Perlstein W, Ganguli R, Brar J, Mintun M, Cohen JD. Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155(9):1285-7.
79. Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Bertolino A, Finn K, Coppola R, Frank JA, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Physiological characteristics of capacity constraints in working memory as revealed by functional MRI. Cereb Cortex 1999;9(1):20-6.
80. Bertolino A, Esposito G, Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Van Horn JD, Frank JA, Berman KF, Weinberger DR. Specific relationship between frontal neuronal N-acetylaspartate and activation of the working memory cortical network in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:26-33.
81. Fleming K, Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Weinberger DR. Verbal working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: Use of a Brown-Peterson paradigm. Psychiatry Res 1995;56(2):155-61.
82. Robbins TW, James M, Owen AM, Sahakian BJ, McInnes L, Rabbitt P. Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery (CAN-TAB): A factor analytic study of a large sample of normal elderly volunteers. Dementia 1994;5(5):266-81.
83. Owen AM, Roberts AC, Hodges JR, Summers BA, Polkey CE, Robbins TW. Contrasting mechanisms of impaired attentional set-shifting in patients with frontal lobe damage or Parkinson's disease. Brain 1993;116(Pt 5):1159-75.
84. Petrides M. Frontal lobes and working memory: Evidence from investigations of the effects of cortical excisions in nonhuman primates. In: Boller F, Grafman J, editors. Handbook of Neuropsychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994. pp. 59-82.
85. Proffitt T, Pantelis C, Brewer WJ, Mahony K, Smith DJ, McGorry SJ, Wood SJ, Velakoulis D, Maruff P. The nature of the memory deficit in schizophrenia. Schizphr Res. 2000;41(279).
86. Wood SJ, Pantelis P, Phillips LJ, Proffitt T, Buchanan J-A, Mahony DJ, Smith DJ, Brewer WJ, McGorry PD. Poorer working memory in subjects at high risk for developing psychosis. Soc Neurosci Abstr 2001;27(279):886-7.
87. Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, Scukling J, McGorry PD, Phillips LJ, Yung AR, Wood SJ, Bullmore ET, Brewer WJ, Soulsby B, McGuire PK. Left medial temporal volume reduction occurs during the transition from high-risk to first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2000;41(1):35.
88. Pantelis C, Harvey CA, Plant G, Fossey E, Stuart GW, Nelson HE, Robbins TW, Maruff P, Barnes TRE. Behavioural and symptomatic syndromes in schizophrenia and their relationship to spatial working memory and attentional set-shifting ability. Psychol Med, in press.
89. Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Callicott JH, Mazzanti CM, Straubo RE, Goldman D, Weinberger DR. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98(12):6917-22.
90. Milner B. Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting. Arch Neurol 1963;9:307-16.
91. Kolb B, Whishaw IQ. Performance of schizophrenic patients on tests sensitive to left or right frontal temporal, or parietal function in neurological patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1983;171:435-43.
92. Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Pliskin NH, Podd MH. Further evidence for dementia of the prefrontal type in schizophrenia? A controlled study of teaching the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (see comments). Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44(11):1008-14.
93. Morice R, Delahunty A. Frontal/executive impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1996;22(1):125-37.
94. Corcoran R, Upton D. A role for the hippocampus in card sorting? Cortex 1993;29(2):293-304.
95. Elliott R, McKenna PJ, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. Neuropsychological evidence for frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1995;25(3);619-30.
96. Pantelis C, Barber FZ, Barnes TRE, Nelson HE, Owen SM, Robbins TW. Comparison of set-shifting ability in patients with chronic schizophrenia and frontal lobe damage. Schizophr Res 1999;37(3):251-70.
97. Mahony K, Pantelis C, Proffitt T, Wood SJ, Smith DJ, Brewer WJ, McGorry PD. Comparison of set-shifting ability in patients with first-episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001;49(1-2):114-5.
98. Downes JJ, Roberts AC, Sahakian BJ, Evenden JL, Morris RG, Robbins TW. Impaired extra-dimensional shift performance in medicated and unmedicated Parkinson's disease: Evidence for a specific attentional dysfunction. Neuropsychologia 1989;27(11-12):1329-43.
99. Lawrence AD, Sahakian BJ, Hodges JR, Rosser AE, Lange KW, Robbins TW. Executive and mnemonic functions in early Huntington's disease. Brain 1996;119(Pt 5):1633-45.
100. Velakoulis D, Wood SJ, McGorry PD, Pantelis C. Evidence for progression of brain structural abnormalities in schizphrenia: Beyond the neurodevelopmental model. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000;34:S113-26 (Supplement).
101. Thompson PM, Vidal C, Giedd JN, Gochman P, Blumenthal J, Nicolson R, Toga AW, Rapoport JL. Mapping adolescent brain change reveals dynamic wave of accelerated gray matter loss in very early-onset schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(20):11650-5.
102. Velakoulis D, Stuart GW, Wood SJ, Smith DJ, Brewer WJ, Desmond P, Singh B, Copolov D, Pantelis C. Selective bilateral hippocampal volume loss in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2001;50(7):531-9.
103. Wood SJ, Velakoulis D, Smith DJ, Bond D, Stuart GW, McGorry PD, Brewer WJ, Bridle N, Eritaia J, Desmond P, Singh B, Copolov D, Pantelis C. A longitudinal study of hippocampal volume in first episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001;52(1-2):37-46.
104. Blumer D, Benson DF. Personality changes with frontal and temporal lobe lesions. In: Benson DF, Blumer D, editors. Psychiatric Aspects of Neurologic Disease, vol. 1. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1975.
105. Lhermitte F. Human autonomy and the frontal lobes: Part II. Patient behavior in complex and social situations: The "environmental dependency sydnrome". Ann Neurol 1986;19(4):335-343.
106. Rudd R, Maruff P, MacCupsie-Moore C, Velakoulis D, Brewer W, Pantelis C. Stimulus relevance in eliciting utilisation behaviour case study in a patient with a caudate lesion. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 1998;3(4):287-98.
107. Maruff P, Pantelis C, Danckert J, Smith D, Curie J. Deficits in the endogenous redirection of covert visual attention in chronic schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 1996;34(11):1079-84.
108. Downing ME, Phillips JG, Bradshaw JL, Vaddadi KS, Pantelis C. Cue dependent right hemineglect in schizophrenia: A kinematic analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65(4):454-9.
109. Malloy P, Bihrle A, Duffy J, Cimino C. The orbitomedial frontal syndrome. Arch Clin Neuropsychology 1993;8:185-201.
110. Laiacona M, De Santis A, Barbarotto R, Barso A, Spagnoli D, Capitani E. Neuropsychological follow-up of patients operated for aneurysms of anterior communicating artery. Cortex 1989;25:261-73.
111. Oscar-Berman M. Clinical and experimental approaches to varieties of memory. Int J Neurosci 1991;58:135-50.
112. Oscar-Berman M, McNamara P, Freedman M. Delayed-response tasks: Parallels between experimental ablation studies and findings in patients with frontal lesions. In: Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, Benton AL, editors. Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991. pp. 230-55.
113. Mishkin M, Vest B, Waxler M, Rosvold HE. A re-examination of the effects of frontal lesions on object alternation. Neuropsychologia 1969;7:357-63.
114. Freedman M. Object alternation and orbitofrontal system dysfunction in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Brain Cogn 1990;14:134-143.
115. Pantelis C, Brewer WJ, Maruff P. Olfactory cortex. In: Craighead WE, Maruff P, Nemeroff C, editor. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Neuroscience. Chichester: Wiley, 2000. pp. 1090-8.
116. Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2000;10(3):295-307.
117. Wilder KE, Weinberger DR, Goldberg TE. Operant conditioning and the orbitofrontal cortex in schizophrenic patients: Unexpected evidence for intact functioning. Schizophr Res 1998;30(2):169-74.
118. Kopala LC, Clark C, Hurwitz T. Olfactory deficts in neuroleptic naive patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1993;8(3):245-50.
119. Moberg PJ, Doty RL, Turetsky BI, Arnold SE, Mahr RN, Gur RC, Bilker W, Gur RE. Olfactory identification deficts in schizophrenia: Correlation with duration of illness. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154(7):1016-8.
120. Brewer WJ, Francey S, Yung A, Velakoulis D, Anderson V, McGorry P, Singh B, Copolov D, Pantelis C. Cognitive and related olfactory deficits in young people at high-risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 1999;36(1-3):125-6.
121. Benes FM, Sorensen I, Vincent SL, Bird ED, Sathi M. Increased density of glutamate-immunoreactive vertical processes in superficial laminae in cingulate cortex of schizophrenic brain. Cereb Cortex 1992;2(6):503-12.
122. Mesulam MM. Spatial attention and neglect: Parietal, frontal and cingulate contributions to the mental representation and attentional targeting of salient extrapersonal events. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B 1999;354:1325-46.
123. Devinsky O, Morrell MJ, Vogt BA. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain 1995;118(Pt 1):279-306.
124. Damasio AR, Van Hoesen GW. Focal lesions of the limbic frontal lobe. In: Heilman KM, Sats P, editors. Neuropsychology of Human Emotion. New York: Guilford Press, 1983. pp. 85-110.
125. Benes FM. Emerging principles of altered neural circuitry in schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev 2000;31(2-3):251-69.
126. Yücel Y, Stuart GW, Maruff P, Velakoulis D, Crowe SF, Savage G, Pantelis C. Hemispheric and gender-related differences in the gross morphology of the anterior cingulate/paracingulate cortex in normal volunteers: An MRI morphometric study. Cereb Cortex 2001;11(1):17-25.
127. Yücel Y, Stuart GW, Maruff P, Wood SJ, Savage G, Smith DJ, Proffitt T, Crowe S, Copolov DL, Velakoulis D, Pantelis C. Paracingulate morphological differences in males with established schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging morphometric study. Biol Psychiatry 2002 (in press).
128. Bench CJ, Frith CD, Grasby PM, Friston KJ, Paulesu E, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ. Investigations of the functional anatomy of attention using the Stroop test. Neuropsychologia 1993;31:907-22.
129. Pardo J, Pardo P, Janer K, Raichle ME. The anterior cingulate mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1990;87:256-9.
130. Joyce EM, Collinson SL, Crichton P. Verbal fluency in schizophrenia: Relationship with executive function, semantic memory and clinical alogia. Psychol Med 1996;26(1):39-49.
131. Liddle PF, Friston KJ, Frith CD, Frackowiak RS. Cerebral blood flow and mental processes in schizophrenia. J R Soc Med 1992;85(4):224-7.
132. Carter CS, MacDonald AW, Ross LL, Stenger VA. Anterior cingulate cortex activity and impaired self-monitoring of performance in patients with schizophrenia: An event-related fMRI study. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(9):1423-8.
133. Brewer WJ, McGorry PD, O'Keefe G, Olver J, Egan G, Velakoulis A, Pipingas A, Maruff P, Scott A, Yücel Y, Stuart G, Pantelis C. Functional neuroimaging follow-up of Stroop performance in neuroleptive-naïve first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2002;53(3):109.
134. Paus T, Tomaiuolo F, Otaky N, MacDonald D, Petrides M, Atlas J, Morris R, Evans AC. Human cingulate and paracingulate sulci: Pattern, variability, asymmetry, and probabilistic map. Cereb Cortex 1996;6(2):207-14.
135. Maruff P, Purcell R, Tyler P, Pantelis C, Currie J. Abnormalities of internally generated saccades in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 1999;29(6):1377-85.
136. Barnett R, Maruff P, Purcell R, Wainwright K, Kyrios M, Brewer W, Pantelis C. Impairment of olfactory identification in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 1999;29(5):1227-33.
137. Sheppard DM, Bradshaw JL, Purcell R, Pantelis C. Tourette's and comorbid syndromes: Obsessive compulsive and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A common etiology? Clin Psychol Rev 1999;19(5):531-52.
138. Purcell R, Maruff P, Kyrios M, Pantelis C. Neuropsychological deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparison with unipolar depression, panic disorder, and normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55(5):415-23.
139. Purcell R, Maruff P, Kyrios M, Pantelis C. Cognitive deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder on tests of frontal-striatal function. Biol Psychiatry 1998;43(5):348-57.
140. Purcell R, Maruff P, Kyrios M, Pantelis C. Neuropsychological function in young patients with unipolar major depression. Psychol Med 1997;27(6):1277-85.
141. Kempton S, Vance A, Maruff P, Luk E, Costin J, Pantelis C. Executive function and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Stimulant medication and better executive function performance in children. Psychol Med 1999;29(3):527-38.
142. Barnett R, Maruff P, Vance A, Luk ES, Costin J, Wood C, Pantelis C. Abnormal executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The effect of stimulant medication and age on spatial working memory. Psychol Med 2001;31(6):1107-15.