Preclinical evaluation of pharmacotherapies for treatment of cocaine and opioid abuse using drug self-administration procedures

Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 375-424

  Mello, Nancy K ^a   Negus, S Stevens ^a  

^a MCLEAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cocaine treatment; Drug self administration; Heroin treatment; Opioids; Substance abuse; Substance abuse treatment

Indexed keywords

2 DIPROPYLAMINO 5 METHOXY 1 METHYLTETRALIN; 5 METHOXY 1 METHYL 2 PROPYLAMINOTETRALIN; AMANTADINE; BUPRENORPHINE; BUSPIRONE; BUTORPHANOL; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CLOZAPINE; DIAMORPHINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ETICLOPRIDE; FLUOXETINE; FLUPENTIXOL; FLUPENTIXOL DECANOATE; MORPHINE; NALBUPHINE; NALORPHINE; NALOXONE; NALTREXONE; NALTRINDOLE; NORBINALTORPHIMINE; OPIATE ANTAGONIST; PIMOZIDE; QUADAZOCINE; RACLOPRIDE; SPIPERONE; SPIRADOLINE; SULPIRIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DEPENDENCE TREATMENT; DRUG EFFICACY; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAPERITONEAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; NONHUMAN; OPIATE ADDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; RHESUS MONKEY; SELF MEDICATION; SQUIRREL MONKEY; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 0030174645     PISSN: 0893133X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0893-133X(95)00274-H     Document Type: Review

References (262)

1. Adams EH, Durell J (1984): Cocaine: A growing public health problem. In Grabowski J (ed), Cocaine: Pharmacology, Effects, and Treatment of Abuse, NIDA Research Monograph 50. Washington DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp 9-14
2. Aigner TG, Balster RL (1978): Choice behavior in rhesus monkeys: Cocaine versus food. Science 201:534-535
3. Balster RL (1991): Drug abuse potential evaluation in animals. Br J Addict 86:1549-1558
4. Balster RL, Mansbach RS, Gold L, Harris LS (1992): Preclinical methods for the development of pharmacotherapies for cocaine abuse. In Harris LS (ed), Problems of Drug Dependence 1991, NIDA Research Monograph 119. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp 161-164
5. Banks CD (1979): Overdose of buprenorphine: Case report. NZ Med J 89:255-256
6. Batki SL, Manfredi LB, Jacob IP, Jones RT (1993): Fluoxetine for cocaine dependence in methadone maintenance: Quantitative plasma and urine cocaine/benzoylecgonine concentrations. J Clin Psychopharmacol 13:243-250
7. 1 agonists. In Harris LS (ed), Problems of Drug Dependence 1991, NIDA Research Monograph 119. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, pp 185-189
8. Bergman J, Madras BK, Johnson SE, Spealman RD (1989): Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. III. Self-administration by squirrel monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:150-155
9. 2 antagonists. Behav Pharmacol 1:355-363
10. 2 analysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 243:591-597
11. 2 analysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:455-460
12. Biden JR Jr (1989): Pharmacotherapy: A strategy for the 1990's. A Staff Report. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, p 38
13. Bilsky EJ, Calderon SN, Wang T, Bernstein RN, Davis P, Hruby J, McNuitt RW, Rothman RB, Rice K, Porreca F (1995): SNC 80, A selective, nonpeptidic and systemically active, opioid delta agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273:359-366
14. Blumberg H, Dayton HB (1974): Naloxone, naltrexone, and related noroxymorphones. In Braude MC, Harris LS, May EL, Smith JP, Villarreal JE (eds), Narcotic Antagonists: Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, New York, Raven Press, pp 33-43
15. Bonese KF, Wainer BH, Fitch FW, Rothberg RM, Schuster CR (1974): Changes in heroin self-administration by a rhesus monkey after morphine immunization. Nature 252:708-710
16. Bourland JA, French ED (1995): Effects of remoxipride, an atypical antipsychotic, on cocaine self-administration in the rat using fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 40:111-114
17. Bozarth MA (1986): Neural basis of psychomotor stimulant and opioid reward: Evidence suggesting the involvement of a common dopaminergic system. Behav Brain Res 22:107-116
18. Brady JV, Lukas SE (eds) (1984): Testing Drugs for Physical Dependence Potential and Abuse Liability, NIDA Research Monograph 52. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office
19. Brady JV, Griffiths RR, Hienz RD, Ator NA, Lukas SE, Lamb RJ (1987): Assessing drugs for abuse liability and dependence potential in laboratory primates. In Bozarth MA (ed), Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs. New York, Springer Verlag, pp 45-86
20. Byrd LD (1981): Quantitation in behavioral pharmacology. In Thompson T, Dews PB, McKim WA (eds), Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology. New York, Academic Press, pp 75-90
21. 3 dopamine receptors. Science 260:1814-1816
22. 2 antagonists on cocaine self-administration under different schedules of reinforcement in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:209-218
23. Caine SB, Koob GF (1995): Pretreatment with the dopamine agonist 7-OH-DPAT shifts the cocaine self-administration dose-effect function to the left under different schedules in the rat. Behav Pharmacol 6:333-347
24. Cappendijk LT, Dzolijic MR (1993): Inhibitory effects of ibogaine on cocaine self-administration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 241:261-265
25. Carroll ME, Lac ST (1992): Effects of buprenorphine on self-administration of cocaine and a non-drug reinforcer in rats. Psychopharmacology 106:439-446
26. Carroll ME, Lac ST, Walker MJ, Kragh R, Newman T (1986): Effects of naltrexone on intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats during food satiation and deprivation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 238:1-7
27. Carroll ME, Lac ST, Asencio M, Kragh R (1990a): Fluoxetine reduces intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35:237-244
28. Carroll ME, Lac ST, Asencio M, Halikas JA, Kragh R (1990b): Effects of carbamazepine on self-administration of intravenously delivered cocaine in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 37:551-556
29. Carroll ME, Carmona GN, May SA, Buzalsky S, Larson C (1992): Buprenorphine's effects on self-administration of smoked cocaine base and orally delivered phencyclidine, ethanol and saccarin in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261:26-33
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (February, 1993): Facts about Women and HIV/AIDS. Atlanta, GA, CDC
31. Chaisson RE, Bacchetti P, Osmond D, Brodie B, Sande MA, Moss AR (1989): Cocaine use and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco. JAMA 261:561-565
32. Charney DS, Heninger GR, Kleber HD (1986): The combined use of clonidine and naltrexone as a rapid, safe and effective treatment for abrupt withdrawal from methadone. Am J Psychiatry 143:831-837
33. Condelli WS, Fairbank JA, Dennis ML, Rachal JV (1991): Cocaine use by clients in methadone programs: Significance, scope, and behavioral interventions. J Subst Abuse Treat 8:203-212
34. Cornish JW, Maany I, Fudala PJ, Neal S, Poole SA, Volpicelli P, O'Brien CP (1995): Carbamazepine treatment for cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 38:221-227
35. 2 dopamine antagonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 39:799-802
36. Corrigall WA, Coen KM (1991b): Opiate antagonists reduce cocaine but not nicotine self-administration. Psychopharmacology 104:167-170
37. Crawford CA, McDougall SA, Bolanos CA, Hall S, Berger SP (1995): The effects of the kappa agonist U-50,488 on cocaine-induced conditioned and unconditioned behaviors and Fos immuoreactivity. Psychopharmacology 120:392-399
38. Cushman P Jr. (1988): Cocaine use in a population of drug abusers on methadone. Hosp Community Psychiatry 39:1205-1207
39. Dackis CA, Gold MS (1985): New concepts in cocaine addiction: The dopamine depletion hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 9:469-477
40. DAWN (1993): Preliminary Estimates from the Drug Abuse Warning Network. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies, Advance Report Number 2. US Dept of Health and Human Services
41. de la Garza R, Johanson CE (1982): Effects of haloperidol and physostigmine on self-administration of local anesthetics. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17:1295-1299
42. Deneau GA, Yanagita T, Seevers MH (1969): Self-administration of psychoactive substances by the monkey. Psychopharmacologia 61:30-48
43. Devine DP, Wise RA (1994): Self-administration of morphine, DAMGO and DPDPE into the ventral tegmental area of rats. J Neurosci 14:1978-1984
44. de Vries TJ, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Elmer G, Shippenberg TS (1995): Lack of involvement of δ-opioid receptors in mediating the rewarding effects of cocaine. Psychopharmacology 120:442-448
45. DeWitt H, Wise RA (1977): Blockade of cocaine reinforcement in rats with the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide, but not with the noradrenergic blockers phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine. Canad J Psychol 31:195-203
46. Dews PB (1958): Studies on behavior. IV. Stimulant actions of methamphetamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 122:137-147
47. Dews PB (1981): History and present status of rate-dependency investigations. In Thompson T, Dews PB, McKim WA (eds), Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology. New York, Academic Press, pp 111-118
48. DiChiara G, Imperato A (1988a): Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 85:5274-5278
49. DiChiara G, Imperato A (1988b): Opposite effects of mu and kappa opiate agonists on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and in the dorsal caudate of freely moving rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 244:1067-1080
50. Dole VP (1988): Implications of methadone maintenance for theories of narcotic addiction. JAMA 260:3025-3029
51. Dole VP, Nyswander M (1965): A medical treatment for diacetylmorphine (heroin) addiction: A clinical trial with methadone hydrochloride. JAMA 193:646-650
52. Donahoe RM, Falek A (1988): Neuroimmunomodulation by opiates and other drugs of abuse: Relationship to HIV infection and AIDS. In Bridge TP, Mirsky FA, Goodwin FK (eds), Psychological, Neuropsychiatric and Substance Abuse Aspects of AIDS. New York, Raven Press, pp 145-157
53. Downs DA, Woods JH (1974): Codeine-and cocaine-reinforced responding in rhesus monkeys: Effects of dose on response rates under a fixed-ratio schedule. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 191:179-188
54. Dunteman GH, Condelli WS, Fairbank JA (1992): Predicting cocaine use among methadone patients: Analysis of findings from a national study. Hosp Community Psychiatry 43:608-611
55. Dworkin SI, Gleeson S, Meloni D, Koves TR, Martin TJ (1995): Effects of ibogaine on responding maintained by food, cocaine and heroin reinforcement in rats. Psychopharmacology 117:257-261
56. Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse (1995): Volume I: Highlights and Executive Summary NIH Publication 95-3990. National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, PHS, USDHHS
57. Ettenberg A, Pettit HO, Bloom FE, Koob GF (1982): Heroin and cocaine intravenous self-administration in rats: Mediation by separate neural systems. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 78:204-209
58. Federal Strategy for Drug Abuse and Drug Traffic Prevention (1973). Washington, DC, Strategy Council on Drug Abuse
59. Ferster CB, Skinner BF (1957): Schedules of Reinforcement. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts
60. Fischman MW, Foltin RW, Nestadt G, Pearlson GD (1990): Effects of desipramine maintenance on cocaine selfadministration by humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 253: 760-770
61. Foltin RW, Fischman MW (1992): The cardiovascular and subjective effects of intravenous cocaine and morphine combinations in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261: 623-632
62. Foltin RW, Fischman MW (1995): Interaction of buprenorphine with cocaine-morphine combinations. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 3:261-269
63. Gastfriend DR, Mendelson JH, Mello NK, Teoh SK, Reif S (1993a): Buprenorphine pharmacotherapy for concurrent heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Addict 2:269-278
64. Gastfriend DR, Wapler M, Teoh SK, Reif S, Mendelson JH, Mello NK (1993b): Effects of buprenorphine on needle sharing, drug use and drug craving in men with combined heroin and cocaine dependence. In Harris LS (ed), Problems of Drug Dependence 1992, NIDA Research Monograph 132. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, p 312
65. Gastfriend DR, Mendelson JH, Mello NK, Teoh SK, Reif S (1995): Long-term effects of buprenorphine for treatment of combined opiate and cocaine dependence. In Harris LS (ed), Problems of Drug Dependence 1994, NIDA Research Monograph 153. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, p 9
66. Gawin FH (1991): Cocaine addiction: Psychology and neurophysiology. Science 251:1580-1586
67. Gawin FH, Ellinwood EH (1988): Cocaine and other stimulants: Actions, abuse and treatment. N Engl J Med 318: 1173-1182
68. Gawin FH, Kleber HD (1984): Cocaine abuse treatment, open pilot trial with desipramine and lithium carbonate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:903-909
69. Gawin FH, Allen D, Humblestone B (1989): Outpatient treatment of "crack" cocaine smoking with flupenthixol decanoate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:322-325
70. Gerber GJ, Wise RA (1989): Pharmacological regulation of intravenous cocaine and heroin self-administration in rats: A variable dose paradigm. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 32:527-531
71. Glick SD, Cox RD (1975): Dopaminergic and cholinergic influences on morphine self-administration in rats. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 12:17-24
72. Glick SD, Rossman K, Steindorf S, Maisonneuve IM, Carlson JN (1991): Effects and after effects of ibogaine on morphine self-administration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 195:341-345
73. Glick SD, Maisonneuve IM, Raucci J, Archer S (1995): Kappa opioid inhibition of morphine and cocaine self-administration in rats. Brain Res 681:147-152
74. Glowa JR, Wojnicki FHE, Matecka D, Bacher JD, Mansbach RS, Balster RL, Rice K (1995a): Effects of dopamine reuptake inhibitors on food-and cocaine-maintained responding: I. dependence on unit dose of cocaine. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 3:219-231
75. Glowa JR, Wojnicki FHE, Matecka D, Rice K, Rothman RB (1995b): Effects of dopamine reuptake inhibitors on food-and cocaine-maintained responding: II. Comparisons with other drugs and repeated administrations. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 3:232-239
76. Gold LH, Balster RL (1992): Effects of buspirone and gepirone on i.v. cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 108:289-294
77. Gold MS (1993): Opiate addiction and the locus coeruleus. The clinical utility of clonidine, naltrexone, methadone and buprenorphine. Psychiatr Clin North Am 16:61-73
78. Goldberg SR, Woods JH, Schuster CR (1971): Nalorphine-induced changes in morphine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol Exp Ther 176:464-471
79. Goldberg SR, Morse WH, Goldberg DM (1976): Behavior maintained under a second order schedule by intramuscular injection of morphine or cocaine in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 199:278-286
80. Grabowski J, Rhoades H, Elk R, Schmitz J, Davis C, Creson D, Kirby K (1995): Fluoxetine is ineffective for treatment of cocaine dependence or concurrent opiate and cocaine dependence: Two placebo-controlled, double-blind trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 15:163-174
81. Griffiths RR, Balster RL (1979): Opioids: Similarity between evaluations of subjective effects and animal self-administration results. Clin Pharmacol Ther 25:611-617
82. Griffiths RR, Brady J, Bradford L (1979a): Predicting the abuse liability of drugs with animal drug self-administration procedure: Psychomotor stimulants and halluci nogens. In Thompson T, Dews PB (eds), Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology. New York, Academic Press, pp 163-208
83. Griffiths RR, Bradford LD, Brady JV (1979b): Progressive ratio and fixed-ratio schedules of cocaine-maintained responding in baboons. Psychopharmacology 65:125-136
84. Griffiths RR, Wurster RM, Brady JV (1976): Discrete-trial choice procedure: Effects of naloxone and methadone on choice between food and heroin. Pharmacol Rev 27: 357-365
85. Griffiths RR, Bigelow G, Henningfield J (1980): Similarities in animal and human drug taking behavior. In Mello NK (ed), Advances in Substance Abuse, Behavioral and Biological Research. Greenwich, CT, JAI Press, pp 1-90
86. Griffiths RR, Wurster RM, Brady JV (1981): Choice between food and heroin: effects of morphine, naloxone and secobarbital. J Exp Anal Behav 35:335-351
87. Halikas J, Nurgent S, Crosby R, Carlson G (1993): Survey of pharmacotherapies used in the treatment of cocaine abuse. J Addictive Dis 12:129-139
88. Harrigan SE, Downs DA (1978): Continuous intravenous naltrexone effects on morphine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 204:481-486
89. Harrigan SE, Downs DA (1981): Pharmacological evaluation of narcotic antagonist delivery systems in rhesus monkeys. In Willette RE, Barnett G (eds), Narcotic Antagonists: Naltrexone Pharmacochemistry and Sustained-Release Preparations, NIDA Research Monograph 28. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp 77-92
90. Heidbreder CA, Goldberg SR, Shippenberg TS (1993): The kappa-opioid receptor agonist U-69593 attenuates cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in the rat. Brain Res 616:335-338
91. Heidbreder CA, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Shoaib M, Shippenberg T (1995): Development of behavioral sensitization to cocaine: Influence of kappa opioid receptor agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 275:150-163
92. Herling S (1981): Naltrexone effects on food and codeine-maintained responding in rhesus monkeys. Eur J Pharmacol 73:41-49
93. Herling S, Woods JH (1980): Chlorpromazine effects on cocaine-reinforced responding in rhesus monkeys: Reciprocal modification of rate-altering effects of drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 214:354-361
94. Herling S, Downs DA, Woods JH (1979): Cocaine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital effects on responding maintained by food or cocaine in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 64:261-269
95. Higgins GA, Wang Y, Sellers EM (1993): Preliminary findings with the indirect 5-HT agonist dexfenfluramine on heroin discrimination and self-administration in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45:963-966
96. Higgins GA, Joharchi N, Wang Y, Corrigall WA, Sellers EM (1994): The CCKA receptor antagonist devazepide does not modify opioid self-administration or drug discrimination: Comparison with the dopamine antagonist haloperidol. Brain Res 640:246-254
97. Houde RW (1979): Analgesic effectiveness of the narcotic agonist-antagonists. Br J Clin Pharmacol 7 (suppl 3): 297-308
98. Howell LL, Byrd LD (1991): Characterization of the effects of cocaine and GBR 12909, a dopamine uptake inhibitor, on behavior in the squirrel monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 258:178-185
99. 2 dopamine antagonists on cocaine self-administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology 105:151-156
100. Jaffe JH, Martin WR (1990): Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P (eds), The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York, Pergamon Press, pp 485-521
101. Jaffe JH, Senay EC (1971): Methadone and 1-methadyl acetate: Use in management of narcotic addicts. JAMA 216:1303-1305
102. Jaffe JH, Senay EC, Schuster CR, Renault PR, Smith B, DiMenza S (1972): Methadyl acetate vs methadone. A double-blind study in heroin users. JAMA 222:437-442
103. Jasinski DR, Pevnick JS, Griffith JD (1978): Human pharmacology and abuse potential of the analgesic buprenorphine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35:601-616
104. Jenck F, Gratton A, Wise RA (1987): Opioid receptor subtypes associated with ventral tegmental facilitation of lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation reward. Brain Res 423:34-38
105. Johanson CE, Schuster CR (1975): A choice procedure for drug reinforcers: Cocaine and methylphenidate in the rhesus monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 193:676-688
106. Johanson CE Fischman MW (1989): The pharmacology of cocaine related to its abuse. Pharmacol Rev 41:3-52
107. Johnson RE, Jaffe JH, Fudala PJ (1992): A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence. JAMA 267:2750-2755
108. Jones BE, Prada JA (1975): Drug seeking behavior during methadone maintenance. Psychopharmacologia (Berl) 41:7-10
109. Jones BE, Prada JA (1977): Effects of methadone and morphine maintenance on drug-seeking behavior in the dog. Psychopharmacology 54:109-112
110. Judson BA, Goldstein A (1979): Levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol (LAAM) in the treatment of heroin addicts. I. Dosage schedule for induction and stabilization. Drug Alcohol Depend 4:461-466
111. Julius D, Renault P (eds) (1976): Narcotic Antagonists: Naltrexone Progress Report, NIDA Research Monograph 9. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office
112. 1 dopamine receptor agonist, SKF 38393, on behavior maintained by cocaine injection. Psychopharmacology 109:241-244
113. Kelleher RT (1976): Characteristics of behavior controlled by scheduled injections of drugs. In Kelleher RT, Goldberg SR, Krasnegor NA (eds), Control of Drug Taking Behavior by Schedules of Reinforcement. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, pp 307-323
114. Kelleher RT, Morse WH (1968): Determinants of the specificity of behavioral effects of drugs. Ergeb Physiologie 60:1-56
115. Killian AK, Bonese K, Schuster CR (1978a): The effects of naloxone on behavior maintained by cocaine and heroin injections in the rhesus monkey. Drug Alcohol Depend 3:243-251
116. Killian A, Bonese K, Rothberg RM, Wainer BH, Schuster CR (1978b): Effects of passive immunization against morphine on heroin self-administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 9:347-352
117. Kleven MS, Woolverton WL (1990a): Effects of bromocriptine and desipramine on behavior maintained by cocaine or food presentation in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 101:208-13
118. Kleven MS, Woolverton WL (1990b): Effects of continuous infusions of SCH 23390 on cocaine-or food-maintained behavior in rhesus monkeys. Behav Pharmacol 1:365-374
119. Kleven MS, Woolverton WL (1993): Effects of three monoamine uptake inhibitors on behavior maintained by cocaine or food presentation in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 31:149-158
120. Koob GF, Pettit HO, Ettenberg A, Bloom FE (1984): Effects of opiate antagonists and their quaternary derivatives on heroin self-administration in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 229:481-486
121. Koob GF, Vaccarino FJ, Amalric M, Bloom FE (1986): Neurochemical substrates for opioid reinforcement. In Brown RM, Clouet DH, Friedman DP (eds), Opioid Receptor Subtypes and Brain Function, NIDA Research Monograph 71. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp 147-164
122. Kosten TR, Rounsaville BJ, Gawin FH, Kleber HD (1986): Cocaine abuse among opioid addicts: Demographic and diagnostic factors in treatment. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 12:1-16
123. Kosten TR, Schumann B, Wright D, Carney MK, Gawin FH (1987): A preliminary study of desipramine in the treatment of cocaine abuse in methadone maintenance patients. J Clin Psychiatry 48:442-444
124. Kosten TR, Kleber HD, Morgan C (1989a): Treatment of cocaine abuse with buprenorphine. Biol Psychiatry 26:170-172
125. Kosten TR, Kleber HD, Morgan C (1989b): Role of opioid antagonists in treating intravenous cocaine abuse. Life Sci 44:887-892
126. Kosten TR, Shottenfeld R, Ziedonis D, Falcioni J (1993): Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. J Nerv Ment Dis 18:358-364
127. Kovacs CL, Van Ree JM (1985): Behaviorally active oxytocin fragments simultaneously attenuate heroin self-administration and tolerance in rats. Life Sci 37:1895-1900
128. Kozel NJ, Adams EH (1986): Epidemiology of drug abuse: An overview. Science 34:970-974
129. Kranzler HR, Bauer DH, Klinghoffer V (1995): Carbamazepine treatment of cocaine dependence: A placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 38:203-211
130. Kreek MJ (1987): Multiple drug abuse patterns and medical consequences. In Meltzer H (ed), Psychopharmacology, the Third Generation of Progress. New York, Raven Press, pp 1597-1604
131. Kuhar MJ, Ritz MC, Sharkey J (1988): Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters mediate cocaine reinforced behavior. In Clouet D, Asghar K, Brown R (eds), Mechanisms of Cocaine Abuse and Toxicity, NIDA Research Monograph 88. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp 14-22
132. Kuhar MJ, Ritz MC, Boja JW (1991): The dopamine hypothesis of the reinforcing properties of cocaine. Trends Neurosci 14:299-302
133. Kuzmin A, Zvartau E, Gessa GL, Martellotta MC, Fratta W (1992): Calcium antagonists isradipine and nimodipine suppress cocaine and morphine intravenous self-administration in drug-naive mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41:497-500
134. Lamb RJ, Preston KL, Schindler CW, Meisch RA, Davis F, Katz JL, Henningfield JE, Goldberg SR (1991): The reinforcing and subjective effects of morphine in post-addicts: A dose-response study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 259:1165-1173
135. Lane JD, Pickering CL, Hooper ML, Fagan K, Tyers MB, Emmett-Oglesby MW (1992): Failure of ondansetron to block the discriminative or reinforcing stimulus effects of cocaine in the rat. Drug Alcohol Depend 30:151-162
136. Lewis JW (1974): Ring C-Bridged derivatives of thebaine and oripavine. In Braude MC, Harris LS, May EL, Smith JP, Villarreal JE (eds), Narcotic Antagonists. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology. New York, Raven Press, pp 123-136
137. Lewis JW (1995): Clinical pharmacology of buprenorphine in relation to its use as an analgesic. In Cowan A, Lewis JW (eds), Buprenorphine: Combatting Drug Abuse with a Unique Opioid. New York, Wiley-Liss, pp 151-163
138. Lewis JW, Ranee MJ, Sanger DJ (1983): The pharmacology and abuse potential of buprenorphine: A new antagonist analgesic. In Mello NK (ed), Advances in Substance Abuse: Behavioral and Biological Research, Greenwich, CT, JAI Press, pp 103-154
139. 1-dependent stereotypes and stimulation of dopamine release in nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience 11:1565-1576
140. Lord JAH, Waterfield AA, Hughes J, Kosterlitz HW (1977): Endogenous opioid peptides: Multiple agonists and receptors. Nature 267:495-499
141. Lukas SE, Moreton JD, Khazan N (1981): Effects of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) on morphine self-administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology 73:12-16
142. Lukas SE, Mello NK, Drieze JM, Mendelson JH (1995): Buprenorphine-induced alterations of cocaine's reinforcing properties in rhesus monkey: A dose-response analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 40:87-98
143. 3H] cocaine binding sites in caudate-putamen. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:131-141
144. Maisonneuve IM, Archer S, Glick SD (1994): U50,488 a K opioid receptor agonist, attenuates cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Neurosci Lett 181:57-60
145. Mansbach RS, Balster RL (1993): Effects of mazindol on behavior maintained or occasioned by cocaine. Drug Alcohol Depend 31:183-191
146. Mansour A, Khachaturian H, Lewis ME, Akil H, Watson SJ (1987): Autoradiographic differentiation of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in rat forebrain and midbrain. J Neurosci 7:2445-2464
147. Martin WR, Jasinski DR (1977): Assessment of the abuse potential of narcotic analgesics in animals. In Martin WR (ed), Drug Addiction I: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, pp 159-196
148. Martin WR, Eades CG, Thompson JA, Huppler RE, Gilbert PE (1976): The effects of morphine- and nalorphine-like drugs in the non-dependent and morphine-dependent dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 197:517-532
149. Martin WR, Jasinski DR, Haertzen CA, Kay DC, Jones BE, Mansky PA, Carpenter RW (1973a): Methadone - A reevaluation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:286-295
150. Martin WR, Jasinski DR, Mansky PA (1973b): Naltrexone, an antagonist for the treatment of heroin dependence effects in man. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:784-791
151. Mello NK (1979): Animal models of alcoholism: Progress and prospects. In Davidson R (ed), Modification of Pathological Behavior, Experimental Analysis of Etiology and Therapy. New York, Gardner Press, pp 273-333
152. Mello NK (1991): Pre-clinical evaluation of the effects of buprenorphine, naltrexone and desipramine on cocaine self-administration. In Harris LS (ed), Problems of Drug Dependence 1990, NIDA Research Monograph No. 105, DHHS Publ. No. (ADM)91-1753. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp 189-195
153. Mello NK (1992): Behavioral strategies for the evaluation of new pharmacotherapies for drug abuse treatment. In Harris LS (ed), Problems of Drug Dependence 1991, NIDA Research Monograph No. 119, DHHS (ADM) 92-1888. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp 150-154
154. Mello NK, Mendelson JH (1980): Buprenorphine suppresses heroin use by heroin addicts. Science 27:657-659
155. Mello NK, Mendelson JH (1992): Primate studies of the behavioral pharmacology of buprenorphine. In Blaine JD, Snyder M (eds), Buprenorphine: An Alternative Treatment for Opioid Dependence, NIDA Research Monograph No. 121, DHHS (ADM)92-1912. Washington, DC, U. S. Government Printing Office, pp 61-100
156. Mello NK, Mendelson JH (1995): Buprenorphine treatment of cocaine and heroin abuse. In Cowan A, Lewis JW (eds), Buprenorphine: Combatting Drug Abuse with a Unique Opioid. New York, Wiley-Liss, pp 241-287
157. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Bree MP (1981): Naltrexone effects on morphine and food self-administration in morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 218:550-557
158. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Kuehnle JC (1982): Buprenorphine effects on human heroin self-administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 223:30-39
159. Mello NK, Bree MP, Mendelson JH (1983): Comparison of buprenorphine and methadone effects on opiate self-administration in primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 225:378-386
160. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Bree MP, Lukas SE (1989): Buprenorphine suppresses cocaine self-administration by rhesus monkeys. Science 245:859-862
161. Mello NK, Lukas SE, Bree MP, Mendelson JH (1990a): Desipramine effects on cocaine self-administration by rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 26:103-116
162. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Bree MP, Lukas SE (1990b): Buprenorphine and naltrexone effects on cocaine self-administration by rhesus monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 254:926-939
163. Mello NK, Lukas SE, Kamien JB, Mendelson JH, Drieze J, Cone EJ (1992): The effects of chronic buprenorphine treatment on cocaine and food self-administration by rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:1185-1193
164. Mello NK, Kamien JB, Lukas SE, Mendelson JH, Drieze JM, Sholar JW (1993a): Effects of intermittent buprenorphine administration on cocaine self-administration by rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 264:530-541
165. Mello NK, Lukas SE, Mendelson JH, Drieze J (1993b): Naltrexone-buprenorphine interactions: Effects on cocaine self-administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 9:211-224
166. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Lukas SE, Gastfriend D, Teoh SK, Holman BL (1993c): Buprenorphine treatment of opiate and cocaine abuse: Clinical and preclinical studies. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 1:168-183
167. Mello NK, Kamien JB, Lukas SE, Drieze J, Mendelson JH (1993d): The effects of nalbuphine and butorphanol treatment on cocaine and food self-administration by rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 8:45-55
168. Mello NK, Sarnyai Z, Mendelson JH, Drieze JM, Kelly M (1993d): Acute effects of cocaine on anterior pituitary hormones in male and female rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266:804-811
169. Mello NK, Negus SS, Lamas X, Lukas SE, Mendelson JH (1996): Buprenorphine's effects on "speedball" combinations of cocaine and heroin. In Harris LS (ed), Problems of Drug Dependence 1995, NIDA Research Monograph No. 162, NIH Pub. No. 96-4116. Rockville, MD, NIDA, DHHS, p. 170
170. Mello NK, Negus SS, Lukas SE, Mendelson JH, Sholar JW, Drieze J (1995): A primate model of polydrug abuse: Cocaine and heroin combinations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:1325-1337
171. Mendelson JH, Mello NK (1994): Cocaine and other commonly abused drugs. In Isselbacher KH, Braunwald E, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Fauci AS, Kasper DL (eds), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, ed 13, New York, McGraw-Hill, pp 2429-2433
172. Mendelson JH, Mello NK (1996): Management of cocaine abuse and dependence. N Eng J Med 334:965-972
173. Meyer RE, Mirin SM (1979): The Heroin Stimulus. New York, Plenum Press
174. Montoya ID, Levin FR, Fudala PJ, Gorelick DA (1995): Double-blind comparison of carbamazepine and placebo for treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 28:213-219
175. Musto DF (1973): The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control. New Haven, Yale University Press
176. 3 agonist 7-OH-DPAT in rhesus monkeys is modified by previous cocaine exposure. Psychopharmacology
177. National Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (1991): Fifth Interim Report to the President and the Congress: The Twin Epidemics of Substance Use and HIV. Washington, DC, National Commission on AIDS.
178. National Research Council Committee on Clinical Evaluation of Narcotic Antagonists (1978): Clinical evaluation of naltrexone treatment of opioid-dependent individuals. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35:335-340
179. Negus SS, Mello NK, Lamas X, Mendelson JH (1996): Acute and chronic effects of flupenthixol on the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther (in press)
180. Negus SS, Picker MJ (1996): BW37U86: A non-peptidic, systemically-active delta opioid agonist. CNS Drug Reviews 2:68-90
181. Negus SS, Weinger MB, Henriksen SJ, Koob GF (1992): Effect of mu, delta and kappa opioid agonists on heroin-maintained responding in the rat. In Harris LS (ed), Problems of Drug Dependence 1991, NIDA Research Monograph No. 119, DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 92-1888. Rockville, MD, U.S. Government Printing Office, p 410
182. Negus SS, Burke TF, Medzihradsky F, Woods JH (1993a): Effects of opioid agonists selective for mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors on schedule-controlled responding in rhesus monkeys: Antagonism by quadazocine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267:896-903
183. Negus SS, Henriksen SJ, Mattox A, Pasternak GW, Portoghese PS, Takemori AE, Weinger MB, Koob GF (1993b): Effect of opioid agonists selective for mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors on the reinforcing effects of heroin in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265:1245-1252
184. Negus SS, Butelman ER, Chang KJ, DeCosta BR Winger G, Woods JH (1994): Behavioral effects of the systemically active delta opioid agonist BW373U86 in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:1025-1034
185. Negus SS, Mello NK, Lukas SE, Mendelson JH (1995a): Diurnal patterns of cocaine and heroin self-administration in rhesus monkeys responding under a schedule of multiple daily sessions. Behav Pharmacol 6:763-765.
186. Negus SS, Mello NK, Portoghese PS, Lukas SE, Mendelson JH (1995b): Role of delta opioid receptors in the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273:1245-1256
187. Pillai R, Nair BS, Watson RR (1991): AIDS, drugs of abuse and the immune system: A complex immunotoxicological network. Arch Toxicol 65:609-617
188. Pollack MH, Rosenbaum JF (1991): Fluoxetine treatment of cocaine abuse in heroin addicts. J Clin Psychiatry 52:31-33
189. Porrino LJ, Ritz MC, Goodman NL, Sharpe LG, Kuhar MJ, Goldberg SR (1989): Differential effects of the pharmacological manipulation of serotonin systems of cocaine and amphetamine self-administration in rats. Life Sci 45:1529-1535
190. Post RM, Weiss SRB, Aigner TG (1993): Carbamazepine in the treament of cocaine abuse. In Korenman S, Barchas J (eds), Biological Basis of Substance Abuse. New York, Oxford University Press, pp 443-462
191. Rawson RA, Obert JL, McCann MJ, Castro FG, Ling W (1991): Cocaine abuse treatment: A review of current strategies. J Subst Abuse 3:457-491
192. Richardson NR, Roberts DCS (1991): Fluoxetine pretreatment reduces breaking points on a progressive ratio schedule reinforced by intravenous cocaine self-administration in the rat. Life Sci 49:833-840
193. Richardson NR, Piercey MF, Svensson K, Collins RJ, Myers JE, Roberts DCS (1993): Antagonism of cocaine self-administration by the preferential dopamine autoreceptor antagonist (+) -AJ 76. Brain Res 619:15-21
194. Richardson NR, Smith AM, Roberts DCS (1994): A single injection of either flupenthixol decanoate or haloperidol decanoate produces long-term changes in cocaine self-administration in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 36:23-25
195. Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR, Kuhar MJ (1987): Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self-administration of cocaine. Science 237:1219-1223
196. Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR, Kuhar MJ (1988): Cocaine self-administration appears to be mediated by dopamine uptake inhibition. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 12:233-239
197. Roberts DCS, Vickers G (1984): Atypical neuroleptics increase self-administration of cocaine: An evaluation of a behavioural screen for antipsychotic activity. Psychopharmacology 82:135-139
198. Roberts DCS, Loh EA, Vickers G (1989): Self-administration of cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule in rats: Dose-response relationship and effect of haloperidol pretreatment. Psychopharmacology 97:535-538
199. Rosen MI, Kosten TR (1991): Buprenorphine: Beyond methadone? Hosp Community Psychiatry 42:347-349
200. Sanchez-Ramos JR, Schuster CR (1977): Second-order schedules of intravenous drug self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 7:443-450
201. Sannerud CA, Griffiths RR (1988): Amantadine: Evaluation of reinforcing properties and effect on cocaine self-administration in baboons. Drug Alcohol Depend 21:195-202
202. Schecter A (1980): The role of narcotic antagonists in the rehabilitation of opiate addicts: A review of naltrexone. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 7:1-18
203. Schottenfeld RS, Pakes J, Ziedonis D, Kosten TR (1993): Buprenorphine: Dose-related effects on cocaine and opioid use in cocaine-abusing opioid-dependent humans. Biol Psychiatry 3:66-74
204. Schuster CR, Johanson CE (1974): The use of animal models for the study of drug abuse. In Gibbons RJ et al. (eds), Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. New York, Wiley, pp 1-31
205. Schwartz JC, Giros B, Martres MP, Sokoloff P (1992): The dopamine receptor family: Molecular biology and pharmacology. Semin Neurosci 4:99-108
206. Segal DL, Schuster CR (1995): Buprenorphine: What interests the National Institute on Drug Abuse? In Cowan A, Lewis JW (eds), Buprenorphine: Combatting Drug Abuse with a Unique Opioid. New York, Wiley-Liss, pp 309-320
207. Seiden LS, Balster RL (1985): Behavioral Pharmacology: The Current Status. New York, Alan R. Liss
208. 1 agonists SKF 82958 and SKF 77434 are self-administered by rats. Brain Res 582:349-352
209. Self DW, Nestler EJ, Stein L (1994): Role of G-proteins in heroin and cocaine reinforcement. J Neurosci 14:6239-6247
210. Sharpe LG, Jaffe JH, Katz JL (1992): Carbamazepine produces nonspecific effects on cocaine self-administration in rats. Life Sci 51:PL13-18
211. Shippenberg TS, Bals-Kubik R, Herz A (1987): Motivational properties of opioids: Evidence that an activation of δ-receptors mediates reinforcement properties. Brain Res 436:234-239
212. Skjoldager P, Winger G, Woods JH (1991): Analysis of fixed-ratio behavior maintained by drug reinforcers. J Exp Anal Behav 56:331-343
213. Skjoldager P, Winger G, Woods JH (1993): Effects of GBR 12909 and cocaine on cocaine-maintained behavior in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 33:31-39
214. Smith A, Piercey M, Roberts DCS (1995): Effects of (-)-DS 121 and (+)-UH 232 on cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 120:93-98
215. Spanagel R, Herz A, Shippenberg TS (1990): The effects of opioid peptides on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens: An in vivo microdialysis study. J Neurochem 55:1734
216. Spealman RD (1985): Environmental factors determining the control of behavior by drugs. In Seiden LS, Balster RL (eds), Behavioral Pharmacology: The Current Status. New York, Alan R. Liss, pp 23-38
217. Spealman RD (1992): Use of cocaine-discrimination techniques for preclinical evaluation of candidate therapeutics for cocaine dependence. In Harris LS (ed), Problems of Drug Dependence 1991, NIDA Research Monograph No. 119, DHHS Publ. No. (ADM) 92-1888. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp 175-179
218. Spealman RD, Goldberg SR (1978): Drug self-administration by laboratory animals: Control by schedules of reinforcement. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 18:313-339
219. Spealman RD, Bergman J (1992): Modulation of the discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine by mu and kappa opioids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261:607-615
220. Spealman RD, Bergman J (1994): Opioid modulation of the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine: Comparison of μ, κ and δ agonists in squirrel monkeys discriminating low doses of cocaine. Behav Pharmacol 5:21-31
221. 1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the behavioral effects of cocaine. Neurochem Int 20:147S-152S
222. Stine SM, Kosten TR (1992): Use of drug combinations in treatment of opioid withdrawal. J Clin Psychopharmacol 12:203-209
223. Stretch R (1977): Discrete-trial control of cocaine self-injection behaviour in squirrel monkeys: Effects of morphine, naloxone and chlorpromazine. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 55:778-790
224. Tang M, Falk JL (1990): Schedule-induced oral self-administration of cocaine and ethanol solutions: Lack of effect of chronic desipramine. Drug Alcohol Depend 25:21-25
225. Thompson T, Schuster CR (1964): Morphine self-administration, food reinforced, and avoidance behaviors in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacologia 5:87-94
226. Thompson T, Unna KR (1977): Predicting Dependence Liability of Stimulant and Depressant Drugs. Baltimore, University Park Press
227. Tutton CS, Crayton JW (1993): Current pharmacotherapies for cocaine abuse: A review. J Addict Dis 12:109-127
228. Van Ree JM, Ramsey N (1987): The dopamine hypothesis of opiate reward challenged. Eur J Pharmacol 134:239-243
229. Vanover KE, Woolverton WL (1994): Behavioral effects of the dopamine autoreceptor agonist PD 128483 alone and in combination with cocaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270: 1049-1056
230. Vanover KE, Piercey MF, Woolverton WL (1993): Evaluation of the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in combination with (+) -AJ76 or clozapine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266:780-789
231. Verebey K, Volavka J, Mule SJ, Resnick RB (1976): Naltrexone: Disposition, metabolism and effects after acute and chronic dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 20:315-328
232. Wang Y, Joharchi N, Fletcher PJ, Sellers EM, Higgins GA (1995): Further studies to examine the nature of dexfenfluramine-induced suppression of heroin self-administration. Psychopharmacology 120:134-141
233. 1 dopamine agonist SKF 81297 in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 113:51-52
234. Weeks JR (1962): Experimental morphine addiction: Method for automatic intravenous injection in unrestrained rats. Science 138:143-144
235. Weeks JR, Collins RJ (1964): Factors affecting voluntary morphine intake in self-maintained addicted rats. Psychopharmacologia 6:267-279
236. Weeks JR, Collins RJ (1976): Changes in morphine self-administration in rats induced by prostaglandin E1 and naloxone. Prostaglandins 12:11-19
237. Weiss RD (1988): Relapse to cocaine abuse after initiating desipramine treatment. JAMA 260:2545-2546
238. Wilson MC, Schuster CR (1972): The effects of chlorpromazine on psychomotor stimulant self-administration in the rhesus monkey. Psychopharmacologia 26:115-126
239. Wilson MC, Schuster CR (1973): The effects of stimulants and depressants on cocaine self-administration behavior in the rhesus monkey. Psychopharmacologia 31:291-304
240. Wilson MC, Schuster CR (1976): Mazindol self-administration in the rhesus monkey. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 4:207-210
241. Winger G (1988): Pharmacological modifications of cocaine and opioid self-administration. In Clouet DH, Asghar K, Brown RM (eds), Mechanisms of Cocaine Abuse and Toxicity, NIDA Research Monograph No. 88. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp 125-136
242. Winger G (1994): Dopamine antagonist effects on behavior maintained by cocaine and alfentanil in rhesus monkeys. Behav Pharmacol 5:141-152
243. Winger G, Woods JH (1985): Comparison of fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules on maintenance of stimulant drug-reinforced responding. Drug Alcohol Depend 15:123-130
244. Winger G, Skjoldager P, Woods JH (1992): Effects of buprenorphine and other opioid agonists and antagonists on alfentanil- and cocaine-reinforced responding in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261:311-317
245. Wise RA, Newton P, Leeb K, Burnette B, Pocock D, Justice J Jr (1995): Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine concentration during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 120:10-20
246. Witkin JM (1994): Pharmacotherapy of cocaine abuse: Preclinical development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 18:121-142
247. Wood PL, Charleson SE, Lane E, Hudgin RL (1981): Multiple opioid receptors: Differential binding of μ, κ and δ agonists. Neuropharmacolog 20:1215-1220
248. Woods JH, Schuster CR (1968): Reinforcement properties of morphine, cocaine and SPA as a function of unit dose. Internat J Addict 3:231-237
249. Woods JH, Schuster CR (1970): Regulation of drug self-administration. In Harris RT, McIsaac WM, Schuster CR (eds), Advances in Mental Science II. Drug Dependence. Austin, TX, Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences, pp 158-169
250. Woods JH, Schuster CR (1971): Opiates as reinforcing stimuli. In Thompson T, Pickens R (eds), Stimulus Properties of Drugs. New York, Apple-Century-Crofts, pp 163-175
251. Woods JH, Downs DA, Carney J (1975): Behavioral functions of narcotic antagonists: Response drug contingencies. Fed Proc 34:1777-1784
252. Woods JH, Winger G, France CF (1987): Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine: Analysis of pharmacological mechanisms. In Fisher S, Raskin A, Uhlenhuth EH (eds), Cocaine: Clinical and Behavioral Aspects. New York, Oxford University Press, pp 21-65
253. 2 dopamine antagonist in the self-administration of cocaine and piribedil by rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24:351-535
254. Woolverton WL, Balster RL (1981): Effects of antipsychotic compounds in rhesus monkeys given a choice between cocaine and food. Drug Alcohol Depend 8:69-78
255. Woolverton WL, Kleven MS (1988): Evidence for cocaine dependence in monkeys following a prolonged period of exposure. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 94:288-291
256. Woolverton WL, Johnson KM (1992): Neurobiology of cocaine abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:193-200
257. Woolverton WL, Kleven MS (1992): Assessment of new medications for stimulant abuse treatment. In Harris LS (ed), Problems of Drug Dependence 1991, NIDA Research Monograph No. 119, DHHS (ADM) 92-1888. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp 155-159
258. 2 dopamine antagonist on behavior maintained by cocaine or food. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 32:691-697
259. Woolverton WL, Goldberg LI, Ginos JZ (1984): Intravenous self-administration of dopamine receptor agonists by rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230:678-683
260. Wurster RM, Griffiths RR, Findley JD, Brady JG (1977): Reduction of heroin self-administration in baboons by manipulation of behavioral and pharmacological conditions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 7:519-528
261. Yanagita T, Deneau GA, Seevers MH (1965): A technique for chronic intravenous programmed or self-administration of drugs to monkeys. Proc Int Union of Physiol Sci 87:453-457
262. Young AM, Swain HH, Woods JH (1981): Comparison of opioid agonists in maintaining responding and in suppressing morphine withdrawal in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 74:329-335